Editor’s note:Recently, the column "Repentance and Analysis" of CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection website launched: "The Doctor’s Guide: Eliminating the Cancer in the Deep Soul-A Warning Record of Corruption Cases in Liaoning Medical Industry", which disclosed in detail the corruption cases in the medical industry such as Zhang Lizhou, former party secretary of Liaoning Medical College, former vice president Liang Yuheng and Luo Junsheng, former president of the Third Affiliated Hospital, Wang Zhiming, former party secretary of Anshan Central Hospital, and Feng Hong, former president of Shenyang Medical College. The details are as follows:

■　character introduction

Liang Yuheng was born in April 1964. Former vice president of Liaoning Medical College, deputy department-level cadre. Professor, chief physician, master tutor. In August 2013, he was investigated by the Liaoning Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection for alleged violation of discipline and law. On December 19, 2014, he was sentenced to 11 years and 6 months in prison for accepting bribes.

Luo Junsheng, born in March 1968. Former vice president of Liaoning Medical College, deputy department-level cadre. Professor, chief physician, doctoral tutor, representative of the 11th Party Congress of Liaoning Province. Excellent expert in Liaoning Province, famous teacher in teaching in Liaoning Province, winner of special allowance of the State Council, and the fifth China Doctor Award in 2005. In 2012, it was selected into the National Hundred Talents Project in the New Century. In May 2013, he was investigated by the Liaoning Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection for alleged violation of discipline and law. In January 2014, he was sentenced to 15 years in prison for accepting bribes, and all the money was collected and fined RMB 1 million.

Wang Zhiming was born in October 1963. Dean of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical College. Professor, chief physician, master tutor. Deputy Director of Radiation Branch of Liaoning Medical Association, member of the second medical accident technical appraisal expert database of Liaoning Medical Association. In October 2013, he was investigated by the Liaoning Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection for alleged violation of discipline and law. In April 2014, he was sentenced to 9 years in prison for accepting bribes.

Zhang Lizhou was born in August 1952. Former Party Secretary of Liaoning Medical College, former Deputy Director of Liaoning Provincial People’s Congress Environmental Resources Urban and Rural Construction Committee, director level. Representative of the 11th and 12th National People’s Congress of Liaoning Province, Standing Committee of Liaoning Provincial People’s Congress. In December 2013, he was investigated by the Liaoning Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection for alleged violation of discipline and law. On December 23, 2014, he was sentenced to 10 years in prison for accepting bribes.

Wang Xu was born in May 1961. Former Party Secretary of Anshan Central Hospital. In November 2013, he was investigated by the Liaoning Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection for alleged violation of discipline and law. On December 15, 2014, he was sentenced to 13 years in prison for accepting bribes.

Feng Hong (female) was born in September 1958. Former President of Fengtian Hospital of Shenyang Medical College. Doctor, deputy to the National People’s Congress, winner of special allowance of the State Council. National outstanding dean, provincial and municipal outstanding experts. In March 2013, it was investigated by the Shenyang Municipal Commission for Discipline Inspection. In January 2014, he was sentenced to 18 years in prison for accepting bribes and corruption, and his personal property was confiscated 5 million yuan, together with the crime money totaling more than 24.37 million yuan.

■　Case warning record

"When I become a member of the medical profession, I will pursue my career with my conscience and dignity." This is an oath in the Geneva Declaration made by the World Medical Association in 1948 on the basis of the Hippocratic oath, which states the ideological quality, ethics and behavior requirements that medical practitioners must have.

However, there are some medical practitioners who have been kind-hearted and saved lives, but they never thought that they were "terminally ill" in the mud of corruption; They also preached and taught, guiding people, but never thought that they would go astray in life.

Since 2013, Liaoning Province has investigated and dealt with corruption cases in the medical industry, such as Zhang Lizhou, former party secretary of Liaoning Medical College, Liang Yuheng, former vice presidents, Luo Junsheng, former president of the Third Affiliated Hospital, Wang Zhiming, former party secretary of Anshan Central Hospital and Feng Hong, former president of Shenyang Medical College, which aroused strong repercussions in society.

Why did these famous doctors and experts who used superb medical skills to treat patients and were shrouded in a halo quietly get lost in the face of interest temptation and deviate from the track of life? How to make the bad thought factor "canceration" an incurable cancer? What kind of choice made them break their vows, leaving a deep regret and a ringing bell? A perspective of these series of corruption cases in the medical industry brings us profound warnings and dignified thinking.

The collapsed belief-mental "calcium deficiency" will lead to "rickets" and the body will collapse involuntarily.

Luo Junsheng, former vice president of Liaoning Medical College, was sentenced to 15 years in prison for accepting bribes in January 2014. Luo Junsheng’s fall was not accidental. His life trajectory from glory to corruption started from the deviation of values.

Born in a remote rural area of Liaoyang, Luo Junsheng grew up step by step under the organizational training with the spirit of research and struggle. He studied for a doctorate and became a professor of neurosurgery. At the age of 38, he won the "China Doctor Award", the highest award in China’s medical industry. In 2012, he was selected as one hundred candidates for the "Hundred Million Special Talents Program" of the Central Organization Department and the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security. His dream was to become an academician and a leader in the medical industry. However, the ideological deviance makes the ideal go up in smoke. Luo Junsheng never hides his desire for fame and fortune, which can be seen from the sculpture "Immediately Seal Hou" placed on his desk. Fame and fortune itself is not a fault, but a wise man gains fame and fortune in the right way and goes to success, while a fool pursues fame and fortune in the wrong way and loses himself. He used medical skills to save dying patients, but never thought that he had already been infected with "germs" because of greed, and eventually developed into an incurable serious disease.

After becoming the president of the First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical College, he began to inflate himself in the face of a wave of drug dealers and medical device manufacturers, and put a huge amount of "kickbacks" into his personal pocket. In 2011, the hospital spent tens of millions of yuan on purchasing equipment, and Luo Junsheng’s "rebate" was as high as one-sixth of the whole equipment price. At this point, he has gradually become "terminally ill" from "sub-health".

Another person who lost himself because of mental imbalance was Liang Yuheng, former vice president of Liaoning Medical College. At the age of 31, he served as the dean of the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical College, which can be described as young and successful. However, in successive job adjustments, I was out of balance because I didn’t reach my expected goal. The promotion and use of cadres is often the touchstone to test whether party member’s party spirit is strong or not, and it is precisely at this key node that Liang Yuheng wavered. In his view, "failure is because I won’t come, so I changed from tolerance to imitation of some corruption that I hated." Ideological deterioration, mental imbalance, followed by "a thousand miles" in action. Once the devil of greed is released, it can never be taken back. Liang Yuheng was finally severely punished by law for accepting bribes and was sentenced to 11 years and 6 months in prison.

Some people are influenced by all kinds of negative phenomena in society, relax their study and become greedy; Some people, after going astray, do not think about spiritual salvation, but ask the gods to bless peace, and perform a ridiculous farce in vain.

Feng Hong, former president of Fengtian Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, was sentenced to 18 years in prison in January 2014 for accepting bribes and corruption. In a prominent position in the living room and bedroom of her home, there are Buddha statues, religious supplies or fortune-telling books, and spells specially invited from Tibet are pasted above the door.As a special allowance of the State Council and twice elected as a representative of Shenyang and the National People’s Congress, she heard that when the organization investigated her violation of discipline and law, she actually went to the "Daxian" to predict good and bad luck.

Ideals and beliefs are the spiritual pillar of life. In the current complicated social environment, whether we can always stick to our own principles and bottom line is a serious issue faced by every cadre in party member. Luo Junsheng, Liang Yuheng, Feng Hong and others, either captured by fame and fortune, or fettered by secularity and luxury, did not believe in Marxism-Leninism and ghosts, believed in the vulgar relationship of money supremacy, deviated from their purpose, abandoned their vows, and were trapped in the quagmire of corruption.

The runaway power-refusing to supervise, abusing power has no "bottom line", and selecting and employing people has crossed the "red line"

As the "top leader" of a medical college or hospital, he has the right to control funds, use human rights and make decisions on major issues. When the virus of greed in his heart gradually erodes the rational nerve, the "human feelings" and "interests" behind the power often stimulate some people to take risks.

Zhang Lizhou, former Party Secretary of Liaoning Medical College and former Deputy Director of Liaoning Provincial People’s Congress Environmental Resources Urban and Rural Construction Committee. On December 23, 2014, he was sentenced to 10 years in prison for accepting bribes.

"As the’ top leader’, it is difficult to bring a good team if you are not right; If you don’t grasp it well, it will be quite harmful to organizations and units. " Zhang Lizhou reflected on himself like this. Born in August 1952, he has ten years’ working experience as a secretary of the Disciplinary Committee of the College. However, as he approaches retirement, greed has destroyed the bottom line of incorruptibility that he once adhered to.

From 2008 to 2012, Zhang Lizhou received bribes from three people, namely Liang Yuheng, Luo Junsheng and Wang Zhiming, and promoted Luo Junsheng and Liang Yuheng from the positions of the Dean of the First Affiliated Hospital and the Dean of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical College to the vice president of Liaoning Medical College, and the official to the deputy department level; Wang Zhiming was promoted from the vice president of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical College to the dean, and the official was at the level.

When the ideological defense line is loosened, selfishness prevails, and the rules and disciplines that have been carefully observed are broken, the "willful" power will do whatever it wants. In the selection and employment of people in hospitals, Zhang Lizhou regards the power in his hands as a "harvester" for interests, which has become a kind of human kindness and interest exchange. What is even more frightening is that this deformed "upward effect" is also spreading like a plague.

There are thousands of people in the hospitals where Luo Junsheng, Liang Yuheng and Feng Hong are located, and the decision-making power is in their hands. During his tenure as dean of Fengtian Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Feng Hong pocketed millions of dollars from employers alone.

Absolute power leads to absolute corruption. With heavy power in hand and no supervision and restraint, this is tantamount to wild horses running wild and tigers pouncing on food.

"In the hospital, no one raised objections to what I decided." Luo Junsheng said when he repented. As the dean, he has provided help and care for the promotion and transfer of many people in the First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical College, and collected a lot of cash, bank cards and passbooks. Until the case-handling personnel found Luo Junsheng and found these cards and bankbooks, the password note provided by the briber was still brightly attached to it.

Losing the power of supervision will inevitably lead to corruption. The aura above the heads of medical leading cadres of experts and scholars can become the "golden signboard" of hospitals, but it cannot be the "amulet" for them to use their power indiscriminately. Power is a double-edged sword, which can make people noble and corrupt. As a leading cadre in party member, we should always abide by the party discipline and state laws, always be strict with ourselves, accept supervision voluntarily, not be a "special person" outside the supervision of party organizations and the masses, and make good use of the power in our hands.

The temptation of beauty-hidden rules are popular, and "procurement" and "infrastructure" have become the hardest hit areas of corruption.

Liang Yuheng, Luo Junsheng, Wang Zhiming, Wang Xu, Feng Hong and others, as the "top leaders" of hospitals, all violated the party discipline and state laws in the procurement of medicines and medical devices, bidding for construction projects, and personnel arrangements for cadres, and accepted bribes many times, some of which even exceeded 10 million yuan. What is shocking is that some people still frankly think that they are just following the "rules" when being examined. However, these so-called "rules" can only be hidden in the dark and are "hidden rules" that hide from the sun.

"It’s like going to the hospital for surgery to give a red envelope. In fact, the drug dealer won’t give me money, and the medicine that should be taken in is the same. But the drug dealer is afraid of affecting making money and wants to fix the relationship with the dean first." Wang Xu said in an organizational review. "In order to maximize profits, a businessman will take part to do the work of the dean", and Wang Zhiming is well aware of this.

One has to send it and the other has to take it. What is the relationship between the drug dealer and the dean? How to manipulate the balance between interest temptation and power supervision? How do these powerful deans escape heavy supervision and pocket public funds?

From the procedural point of view, the procedures of medical equipment procurement and drug procurement are quite strict, and it is necessary to declare at all levels, but in fact, it often evolves into a "sunshade umbrella" operated in a black box. It is easy to make public bidding procurement a form and a formality through the practice of "openly bidding and secretly deciding" and become a "fig leaf" for individual leading cadres to rent power.

In August, 2002, drug dealer Mao met Wang Xu, who is in charge of drugs in Anshan Central Hospital. From October of the same year to April of 2006, he sold tens of millions of drugs through Wang Xu and gave him several million yuan in cash. From the initial monthly rebate of tens of thousands of yuan to more than 100 thousand yuan per month, there are additional indications on holidays. During his tenure as the vice president in charge of drugs, Wang Xu received bribes from drug dealers for hundreds of times, and drug kickbacks became his fixed income.

In the process of reconstruction and expansion of some hospitals, deans often become the targets of "hunting", and construction projects have become the "hardest hit" favored by "hidden rules". In order to obtain the design fee for the reconstruction and expansion of the office building of Fengtian Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, the dean of a design institute gave the dean Feng Hong a one-time rebate of more than 200,000 yuan. A similar situation also occurred during the new office buildings of the First Affiliated Hospital and the Third Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical College. Luo Junsheng and Liang Yuheng also received bribes of up to one million yuan from engineering builders.

Temptation is like an invisible net, knowing that it is a beautiful trap, but some people are still desperate to jump in and finally unable to extricate themselves. As senior experts in the medical and health industry and the head of the first hospital, these people should take the lead in practicing medicine in a clean and honest manner, strive to eliminate the persistent diseases in the medical system reform, and solve the problem that it is difficult and expensive for the people to see a doctor. However, under the greedy desire, they regard the drugs and medical equipment for saving lives as "money printing machines" for claiming benefits, which not only betrays the oath of medical practitioners, but also violates the party discipline and state law.

Hidden rules can never replace clear rules. Only by firmly establishing a correct outlook on the world, power and career can we be "not tempted by meager profits, not dazzled by five colors" and be immune to hidden rules. For party member leading cadres who are capable and level and are in key positions and key links, they should always "pull their sleeves" to remind them, always "whisper" to each other, and always build a dam of thoughts, so that hidden rules can’t run rampant.

The heavy price-corruption makes them lose their freedom and happiness, and repentance from the bottom of their hearts is like a ringing bell.

Only when these former medical experts were in prison did they deeply realize that the generous kickbacks they received were a pair of heavy shackles that imprisoned freedom and happiness.

"I regret every day. If I make a mistake, I have to bear it myself. People, learn to control their desires." Now Wang Zhiming often tells himself this.

Luo Junsheng, who is in prison, is most worried about whether his wife can support a family independently. The children are still young, and the elderly still need to take care of them. Every time his wife replies, it becomes his most anticipated and happy thing.

Liang Yuheng is no longer inexplicably worried and depressed for fear of getting caught. He now understands that "being honest is better than anything".

The confession written by Feng Hong is even more painful: "Today, how much I yearn for freedom, but freedom is so extravagant for me; But when I yearned for luxury yesterday, I didn’t expect to lose my freedom today. "

They used to be brilliant; They also ruined their dreams with their own hands. When they forget the solemn promise of a party member, break the oath of being a doctor, and lose the self-discipline and introspection of words and deeds, they lose their career and family, freedom and happiness, and lose the coordinates of life.

In a forest, it is inevitable that there will be dead wood and sick trees. This is the law of nature. Seriously investigate and punish Zhang Lizhou, Luo Junsheng, Liang Yuheng, Wang Zhiming, Wang Xu, Feng Hong and others, and eliminate the "rotten wood and sick trees" among the cadres in party member, which shows the majesty of party discipline and state law. People who have freedom and dreams now should learn from and be alert to the series of corruption cases in Liaoning medical industry.

Case review

Don’t let "angel" become "devil"

-Comment on corruption cases in the medical industry in Liaoning Province.

Doctors are admired by the world for saving lives and saving lives. However, in the case of corruption in the medical industry in Liaoning Province, six party member cadres with various auras such as "medical experts" were dismissed because of corruption, and their glorious lives were ruined, which made people feel sad. What is the reason, so that these once "angels in white" has become a wanton corruption "devil"?

Life is like a boat, ideals and beliefs are sails, and you can’t deviate for a moment. Six people, including Liang Yuheng and Luo Junsheng, are masters, doctors or have overseas study experience, some are academic leaders, some enjoy special allowances from the State Council and have high professional attainments. There is no doubt that the past achievements cannot be separated from the guidance of firm ideals and beliefs. However, with the promotion of their positions and the increase of their power, they have left their ideals and beliefs behind and lost themselves in feasting and even praying for God to worship Buddha. Spiritual "calcium deficiency" and behavioral "misdirection", the smooth sailing of the past will inevitably become the waves that capsize the boat of life.

A philosopher once said that those who keep discipline are the most free. "Working and living within the scope of discipline, breathing is free and the mood is carefree." If you ignore discipline and lack awe, freedom will definitely leave you. Six people, including Liang Yuheng and Luo Junsheng, started from breaking the discipline and finally developed into breaking the law. They basically ignored discipline and arbitrarily used power. The result is as they said in their confessions: Today, how much I yearn for freedom, but freedom is so extravagant for me; But yesterday, when I yearned for luxury, I didn’t expect to lose my freedom today.

It is the fundamental guarantee to coordinate and promote the "four comprehensiveness" and strictly manage the party in an all-round way. Undeniably, the investigation and handling of a series of corruption cases in the medical industry in Liaoning Province has injected a strong impetus into the ongoing medical reform pilot. (Xiaoxuan)

　　On February 27th, the Pterosaur Ⅱ UAV developed by aviation industry corporation of china Chengdu Aircraft Design and Research Institute successfully made its first flight, which not only has multiple characteristics such as high cost performance, long endurance and multi-purpose, but also is suitable for military, police and civilian fields.

　　All four engines of the large-scale amphibious aircraft AG600 (Jiaolong 600) for fire fighting and water rescue were successfully tested for the first time, which laid a solid foundation for the next first flight. The aircraft was equipped with a communication and navigation system developed by CLP Avionics Co., Ltd.

　　The deep connection and transformation between "people joining the army" and "military conversion to the people" has stimulated the vitality of enterprise development and innovative achievements have emerged continuously. As an important bearing area of national defense science and technology industry, Chengdu has formed a relatively complete industrial cluster in aviation, aerospace, information security, military electronics, nuclear energy and nuclear technology applications, electromechanical equipment and materials, and has strong industrial strength.

　　Based on its own advantages, Chengdu will further implement innovation-driven and integration of defense and civilian technologies, and cultivate and develop the national defense science and technology industry as a high-end growth industry. According to integration of defense and civilian technologies’s industrial development plan, Chengdu will vigorously develop integration of defense and civilian technologies industrial cluster park as the starting point, accelerate the reform and innovation of integration of defense and civilian technologies mechanism system, and open up the innovation channel of integration of defense and civilian technologies; We will focus on building a "1+N" industrial system in integration of defense and civilian technologies, and strive to cultivate 100 billion-level clusters by 2025.

　　Breaking institutional barriers and stimulating endogenous vitality of both military and civilian sides

　　Sichuan Province has been listed as one of the experimental areas to systematically promote comprehensive innovation and reform. To shoulder the heavy responsibility of being the first city in Sichuan, Chengdu must open up an innovation channel for deep integration of military and civilian, and set an example for accumulating experience for comprehensive innovation and reform.

　　In Chengdu Kaitian Electronics Co., Ltd., several young R&D personnel are preparing to start a business by using AVIC’s joint creation platform. The military technology based on Kaitian Electronics’ sensors for decades has set foot in the civil security industry, which is also a transformation growth point of Kaitian Electronics.

　　"The integration of military products and civilian products is very different, and it is necessary to reform the mechanism and system, and even many aspects such as product modeling and design concepts need to be changed." The relevant person in charge of Kaitian Electronics said that introducing strategic investors to form joint-stock companies and accelerating the reform of institutional mechanisms have also become one of the key directions of the company’s future efforts.

　　Breaking the shackles of institutional mechanisms and giving full play to the role of the market can stimulate the endogenous vitality of both the military and the people. "integration of defense and civilian technologies involves many fields, such as industry, science and technology, military affairs and education. It is a complex systematic project. There are different management systems and mechanisms between military and civilian enterprises, and institutional mechanisms and technologies cannot be well integrated." The relevant person in charge of the Municipal Economic and Information Committee also said that to promote the development of integration of defense and civilian technologies, it is necessary to fundamentally solve these problems.

　　Taking accelerating institutional innovation as a breakthrough, Chengdu focuses on key projects, focusing on screening major projects in integration of defense and civilian technologies with large investment, strong driving ability and leading technical level, and strengthening follow-up; Actively implement the strategic agreement with the military industry group and promote the signing of a number of projects; Through the project guidance, actively guide social resources to participate in the reform of mixed ownership of military industry, give full play to the advantages of flexible system and mechanism, rapid decision-making and strong financial strength of private enterprises, and explore the development model of integration of defense and civilian technologies in which civilian enterprises participate in the reorganization and restructuring of military enterprises by means of equity participation, holding and acquisition.

　　In order to accelerate the deep integration of military and civilian and promote the industrial development of integration of defense and civilian technologies, in the second half of last year, the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for the Industrial Development of integration of defense and civilian technologies in Chengdu" and "Several Policies and Measures for Chengdu to Accelerate the Industrial Development of integration of defense and civilian technologies" were successively issued, which clarified the development direction and put forward the goal of building a national integration of defense and civilian technologies Innovation Demonstration Zone, "by the end of the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan, the income from the main business of integration of defense and civilian technologies’s industry exceeded 150 billion yuan".

　　The support of relevant policies has stimulated the vitality of enterprise development: Sichuan Haite High-tech Co., Ltd. actively participated in the reform of mixed ownership of state-owned enterprises, successfully invested in Chengdu Jiashi Technology, a subsidiary of 29 CLP, and established Haiwei Huaxin Company to enter the field of semiconductor integrated circuit chip manufacturing and build a world-leading compound integrated circuit production line; Sichuan Chuanda Zhisheng Software Co., Ltd. took the shareholding system reform as an opportunity to form a set of mechanism suitable for the industrialization of scientific and technological innovation achievements, featuring the deep integration of Industry-University-Research, and embarked on a new way to transform scientific and technological achievements in colleges and universities into national defense scientific and technological strength; AVIC Chengfei Civil Aircraft not only manufactures the nose for the domestic large aircraft C919, but also actively participates in the development and production of the front and rear boarding gates of Airbus A320 series aircraft …

　　Planning and building characteristic industrial parks to expand the industrial spatial development pattern of integration of defense and civilian technologies.

　　In August last year, a comprehensive strategic cooperation agreement between Chengdu and Beihang University was formally signed, involving seven projects with a total contracted amount of 11.4 billion yuan. According to the agreement, Chengdu, Beihang University, xihua university and other universities and research institutions will give full play to their advantages in location, resources, technology and talents, and strive to build an international innovation port in the west of Beihang University with "one body and two wings".

　　Among them, "integration" means that Beihang cooperates with Chengdu Tianfu New District to focus on building an international innovation port in the west of Beihang, including Beihang Innovation Research Institute, Beihang Innovation Science and Technology Park, Beihang Chengdu Graduate School and Beihang Tianfu International Exchange Center; The "two wings" are to build the Chengdu Aeronautical Power Innovation Research Institute of Beihang University (Blue Power Silicon Valley) and the Chengdu Aeroengine Industrial Base of Beihang University.

　　Industrial park is the carrier support of industrial development. All new projects in cooperation with Beihang University will also be located in integration of defense and civilian technologies Industrial Park planned by Chengdu. At present, Chengdu has started and completed the integration of defense and civilian technologies Innovation Industrial Park in Tianfu New District, integration of defense and civilian technologies Aviation Industrial Base in Xindu District, Pengzhou integration of defense and civilian technologies Aviation Power Industrial Park, and the aviation industrial park construction schemes in Shuangliu District, Hi-tech Zone, Qingyang District and Jintang County have also been completed. The construction of six provincial-level integration of defense and civilian technologies industrial bases undertaken by Chengdu, namely, the complete aircraft industrial base, the nuclear power industrial base, the information security industrial base of China Dianke (Chengdu), the "Yinhe 596" industrial base, the Shuangliu industrial base of the Western Institute and the aerospace high-tech industrial park, are all progressing in an orderly manner.

　　According to the plan, Chengdu will focus on the key areas of integration of defense and civilian technologies’s industrial development, such as aviation, information security, military electronics, nuclear energy and nuclear technology application, mechanical and electrical equipment, new materials and other fields, and plan to build a number of industrial parks with integration of defense and civilian technologies characteristics and industrial bases supported by major projects of leading enterprises, initially forming a spatial development pattern with reasonable layout, multi-park support and coordinated promotion.

　　After years of development, the pattern of mutual support and transformation of military and civilian technologies and capabilities in Chengdu has initially appeared, with the main body of military industry becoming more and more lean, the scientific research capability becoming stronger and stronger, and the level constantly improving; While participate extensively in that scientific research and production of weapons and equipment, civilian enterprise have brought the market mechanism into the field of military industry, showing their ability to compete with the existing military industry, and a scientific research and production system characterized by high technology is bee established.　

Author | Yifei

Do you prefer to brush videos on your mobile phone or watch videos on the big screen?

At the watermelon PLAY Curiosity Conference held yesterday, Ren Lifeng, President of Watermelon Video, delivered a speech entitledMulti-screen era of Chinese videoThe speech.

Why do you say "Chinese video" is on fire? Ren Lifeng believes that this is due toDiversification of broadcasting channels.At present, the mobile phone channel is close to the top, and new channels such as smart TV, TV set-top box and tablet still have incremental space. People have not only watched videos on their mobile phones.

Take Mr. Li Yongle, a well-known creator of watermelon video, for example. In the past month, the amount of his video played on TV has surpassed that on mobile APP, with the former playing 26.63 million a month and the latter 23.29 million.

Tuyuan Watermelon PLAY Curiosity Conference

Smart TV has the advantages of image quality and size, which can effectively enhance the user’s visual experience. In the past, TV platforms mainly focused on movies and dramas, and now it is expected to expand into the field of medium and short videos.

Users can brush videos on their mobile phones and watch videos on the big screen, and new user habits are being developed.

Obviously, watermelon video doesn’t want to miss the popularity of this new channel.

Fresh Time TV: Watermelon Video on TV

In June 2019, Watermelon Video cooperated with China Digital Media to launch "Fresh Time TV" for smart TV. Users can download and use it directly on smart TV.

Fresh Time TV’s homepage hastwentyA column,Only the three columns of "watching blockbusters", "cartoons" and "documentaries" are long video columns, and the rest are short video columns.The layout of the waterfall program list and the playing window is basically copied from the interface of the mobile phone. Users can switch videos directly with the remote control, and like, follow and collect them. The page also displays data such as the amount of play and the number of fans.

Judging from the video content, Fresh Time TV is the main one.Horizontal screen videoOnly the video content in the "Small Video" column is vertical. This is the same as the development route of watermelon video APP focusing on video for more than 3 minutes. The horizontal video has a high adaptability on the TV side, so the content on the APP side can be directly migrated to the TV side.

It can be seen from some recent actions that watermelon video intends to accelerate the promotion of "Fresh Time TV".On May 1st this year, National Film and Television IP Hi, Mom exclusively logged into Fresh Time TV, attracting viewers with the slogan "Free viewing within a limited time". This movie was only logged into the watermelon video mobile APP after 7 days. This is the first time that watermelon video puts the status of TV big screen in front of the mobile APP, which may be intended to fit the warm theme of the movie and render the atmosphere of family watching, but it can also glimpse the intention of watermelon video to drain the TV big screen.

China Guangshi Sophomore CSM once pointed out in the "Research Report on the User Value of Short Video in 2020": "With the continuous upgrading of technology, the interaction between large and small screens has become the norm, and the big screen of TV has become a new way to open short videos, among which the proportion of short video users who have used TV to watch short videos is about 55.8%." The entry of Internet short video APP conforms to this trend and accelerates the expansion of TV short video content ecology.

In addition to watermelon video, Aauto Quicker also launched the "Cloud Audio-visual Fast TV" application in April 2020. Since then, both short video platforms have landed on smart TV channels.

　How was the TV short video?

From the perspective of industry data, the head player of smart TV APP is still a long video platform, and the popularity of short video platform has not caught up. The "OTT Big Screen User Behavior Monthly Report in December 2020" released by Aowei Entertainment shows that the daily activities of the two short video platforms, China Digital Fresh Time TV and Cloud Audio-visual Fast TV, are only between 2 million and 3 million, while the top ones in the rankings are "Galaxy Kiwi Fruit" created by iQiyi and "CIBN Cool Meow Video" by Youku, both of which are mainly long video content such as dramas and movies.

The data shows that,TV short video is still in its infancy.For mobile short video apps that have entered the stock competition, the big TV screen may be able to give them new increments.

In the whole TV short video industry, the fresh time TV of watermelon video belongs to the content side.In addition to the content side, the industry also needs terminal manufacturers and licensees, all of which are indispensable.

Terminal manufacturers are also innovating in line with the trend of TV short video.For example, Konka, a smart TV terminal manufacturer, launched a short video product "Shake Screen" in December 2019, which is dedicated to improving the operating experience of short videos. "Shaking Screen" is also building its own content system. At present, the video content deposited has reached 1 million hours, and it is drained by popular movies such as My People My Homeland.

The licensee is the top priority of the whole industry.In 2009, in order to regulate the development of Internet TV, the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television began to issue TV licenses to TV groups. The State Administration of Radio, Film and Television has issued Internet TV licenses twice, and will not issue them in the future. The existing seven licensees are Guangdong CIBN, Galaxy Internet GITV, BesTV BESTV, China Digital TV, Southern Media, Mango TV and ICNTV. Internet TV products must cooperate with any of the seven licensees before they can broadcast content on TV.

Fresh Time TV is a cooperation with China Digital TV. Huashu TV was founded by Zhejiang Radio and Television, Hangzhou Wenguang Group and Ningbo Radio and Television, and has been invested by Ali. In April 2021, Fresh Time TV also signed a contract with Fujian Radio and Television, and users can watch the content of Fresh Time directly on Fujian Radio and Television Network TV.

At present, the business models of TV short video applications such as Fresh Time TV and Cloud Audio-visual Fast TV are still unclear. However, applications that focus on long videos and series movies, such as Galaxy Kiwi, have explored business models. Duan Youqiao, senior vice president of iQiyi, once proposedThree business models:First, diverse and interactive focus advertising, second, user members pay, and third, realizing around IP. All three business models are likely to migrate to short video platforms.

Users’ demands for TV short videos

Tencent Media Research Institute released a research report in April 2020, and investigated the pain points of users of smart TV short videos to 4364 users. The report pointed out: Long advertising time, poor remote control experience, and difficulty in finding video portals are the top three reasons why users are dissatisfied with TV short videos. In addition, there are pain points such as insufficient video clarity and slow update of TV content.

From the user’s experience, although the TV big screen and the mobile phone screen are both interactive screens, there is still a big gap in the specific operation. The touch experience of the mobile phone is different from the remote control of the TV. The latter is obviously not as flexible as the former and has a lot of room for improvement.

In addition, it is worth noting that the survey shows thatMore than one third of users watch TV short videos alone.The users who watch smart TV alone account for only 16% of the total users, and the former is 2.3 times that of the latter. It can be seen that although 83% of smart TVs are placed in the living room, short-sightedness still tends to be a tool for individuals to pass the time, and the personalized distribution mode on the mobile phone side is not suitable for family scenes.

For this pain point,Perhaps Ren Lifeng’s "Chinese video" strategy can effectively deal with it.. He pointed out that the classic programs we used to watch on old TV, such as Animal World and I Love My Family, all lasted for 1-30 minutes. These programs are suitable for many people to watch together, which is very suitable for the family living room scene.

It seems that watermelon video has found that supporting professional content that the public likes is an important way for short video platforms to adapt to home TV scenes.

At the watermelon PLAY conference, Xian Yubo, the head of watermelon content ecology, proposed to support Chinese video creation.Chinese video partner program”。 He pointed out that TV traffic has become a source that cannot be ignored, and the partnership plan will not only support mobile works, but also achieve "multi-screen coverage".

Under the background that the content of short video platform is richer, it is bound to differentiate the content that is more suitable for TV screen and the content that is more suitable for mobile phone screen. Nowadays, the competition of short video on mobile phone screen has fallen into the Red Sea, and the complete TV short video ecology has not yet formed. Perhaps, smart TV will become the next soil for short video platforms.

At that time, the rapid rise of Tik Tok and Aauto Quicker,It is largely due to the exploration of the 9: 16 vertical screen content mode.. Facts have proved that one-handed mobile phone browsing vertical screen content can best meet people’s real needs in the fast-paced era and stimulate users’ "addiction". After Jikuai swept through the short video industry, traditional video portals such as "Youaiteng" began to accelerate the layout of 9: 16 vertical screen content, but the market has been set, and it is too late.

Smart TV, a new channel, is on the rise, and the previous experience and lessons on the mobile side cannot be ignored. It is foreseeable that whoever can explore the TV short video mode that can attract users the most as soon as possible will occupy the forefront in this industry.

Watermelon video is determined to support the content of "Chinese video", which is an obvious signal: they want to attack the city and plunder the pool on TV media.

Disclaimer: This article creates original translated articles for Flint. Individuals are welcome to forward and share them. Reprinting on websites and WeChat official account requires authorization.

I. Literature sources

Taubenberger J　K, Morens D　M. 1918 influenza: the mother of all pandemics[J]. Emerging infectious diseases, 2006, 12(1):15-22.

The literature was published in the American CDC academic journal Emerging Infectious Diseases, January 2006, Volume 12, No.1, with the title "1918 Influenza: Mother of All Pandemic Diseases". （ www.cdc.gov/eid）

II. Introduction to the author

Dr. Taubenberger: Director of Molecular Pathology, United States Army Pathology Institute, Rockville, Maryland. The research direction is the molecular pathophysiology and evolution of influenza virus.

Dr Morens: epidemiologist, working for the American institute of allergy and infectious diseases. His research interests are emerging infectious diseases, virology, tropical medicine and medical history.

foreword

From 1918 to 1919, Spanish influenza caused about 50 million deaths in the world, and it is still an ominous haze of public health. There are still many unanswered questions about the origin, such as unusual epidemiological characteristics and main pathogenic factors. Although we are now trying to overcome the spread of pandemics such as H5N1 or other viruses, the impact of the 1918 influenza on public health is still uncertain. The information of the 1918 influenza is still being updated, such as sequencing the whole genome from the autopsy in the archives, but the virus genome alone cannot answer the key questions. To understand the 1918 flu and its impact on the future, we need detailed experiments and in-depth historical analysis. Tip: The number of words in the full text is 7279, and it takes an average of 15 minutes to finish reading.

background

During the 1918-1919 flu, about one third of the world’s population (about 500 million people) was infected and developed clinical symptoms. The pandemic is more serious than expected. Compared with the mortality rate of other pandemics (< 0.1%), the mortality rate of influenza in 1918 was > 2.5%. It is estimated that the total death toll is about 50 million, and the pessimistic view is as high as 100 million.

The influence of 1918 influenza was not limited to 1918-1919. Since then, almost all influenza A (except avian influenza virus, such as H5N1 and H7N7) in the world are descendants of 1918 influenza virus, including drifting H1N1, recombinant H2N2 and H3N2. The latter is the integration of the key genes of the 1918 influenza by the later avian influenza, thus expressing new proteins. It can be said that the 1918 flu is the mother of all pandemics.In 1918, it was unclear how human influenza was related to avian influenza and swine flu. Although the clinical and epidemiological characteristics are similar to those of influenza pandemics in 1889, 1847 or even earlier, the high mortality rate makes many people wonder whether it should be called influenza. This problem was not solved until 1930, when the influenza virus (now called H1N1) was isolated from pigs, and later it was also isolated from humans. Seroepidemiological studies soon linked the virus with the 1918 flu. Subsequent research shows that the offspring of 1918 virus has always existed in pigs, and may still appear in humans continuously, experiencing the continuous iteration of antigenic drift, and leading to an annual epidemic outbreak until the 1950s. In 1957, a new H _ H2N2 epidemic (namely "Asian influenza") began to appear, and the H1N1 virus, the offspring of the 1918 virus, completely disappeared from the human circulation, although the related pedigree was still attached to pigs. But in 1977, it suddenly "reappeared" from the laboratory freezer and began to be popular among humans.
In 2006, two natural lineages and two recombinant lineages of the offspring of 1918 virus became popular: human H1N1, swine H1N1 (swine flu), recombinant human H3N2 and recombinant swine H3N2, but none of the offspring was close to the pathogenicity of 1918 virus. Swine strains H1N1 and H3N2 rarely infect humans, while the morbidity/mortality of human strains H1N1 and H3N2 are lower than that of 1918 virus.In fact, the fatality rate of natural H1N1 is even lower than that of H3N2 (prevalent since 1968). The H1N1 and H3N2 viruses originated from the 1918 influenza have been prevalent all over the world for 29 years, and there are almost no signs of extinction.

First, try to understand what happened?

By the early 1990s, 75 years of research had failed to answer the most basic question of the 1918 flu: Why was it so deadly? People didn’t isolate any virus from the 1918 influenza epidemic, but their descendants continued to invade humans slightly. A follow-up survey of influenza epidemic in the 1920s showed that in the years after 1918, influenza epidemic became an annual epidemic with low mortality due to gene drift. Did one genetic event greatly reduce the pathogenicity of the 1918 virus, and then another genetic event turned the 1918 virus into a weaker H1N1 virus?

In 1995, a scientific team determined the autopsy materials of influenza in the autumn of 1918 from the archives, and began a long sequencing experiment on small RNA virus fragments, so as to deduce the whole genome of the 1918 virus. At present, the whole genome of one virus and partial gene sequences of four other viruses have been determined. The above experiments and a series of other articles related to 1918 virus have confirmed that 1918 virus is most likely the ancestor of human/pig H1N1, H3N2 and extinct H2N2. No mutation related to the genome of 1918 virus has been found in other highly pathogenic influenza viruses of human or animals, but the continuous study on virulence factors has produced some interesting results. Nevertheless, the 1918 gene sequence data can not answer the origin and epidemiological characteristics of the virus.

Second,When and where did the 1918 flu begin to spread?

Before and after 1918, most influenza pandemics originated in Asia and spread all over the world.During the 12-month period from 1918 to 1919, the 1918 flu spread more or less simultaneously from three regions: Europe, Asia and North America (the first wave is thought to have started in the United States in March 1918). Historical and epidemiological data are not enough to identify the geographical origin of the virus, and the recent 1918 gene system research can not analyze the geographical origin.

Although there was no national influenza disease reporting system in 1918, and the diagnostic criteria for influenza and pneumonia were not clear, since December 1915, there was an epidemic of respiratory diseases in the United States, and the mortality rate of influenza and pneumonia rose sharply in 1915 and 1916, and then decreased slightly in 1917. The first wave of influenza pandemic appeared in the spring of 1918, and the second wave and the third wave of influenza pandemic with higher mortality rate appeared in the autumn of 1918 and the winter of 1919 respectively, as shown in Figure 1.

Is it possible that the weak-adaptability H1N1 virus had spread in 1915, and although there were some serious diseases, it had not caused a pandemic?At that time, data consistent with this was also reported from European military camps, but the opposite conclusion was given: if the virus strain with new hemagglutinin (HA) affected the mortality rate of influenza and pneumonia in the United States, it should have caused a pandemic long ago, and someone should be immunized or at least partially immunized by 1918. It is difficult to determine that the "pioneer" events of the 1918 flu came from 1915, 1916 or even early 1918.

Figure 1 Three waves of epidemics: the weekly mortality rate of influenza and pneumonia in Britain from 1918 to 1919.

Another unique feature of the 1918 influenza pandemic was that people and pigs were infected almost at the same time.The 1918 virus probably expressed a new subtype of antigenicity, which led to the low immunity of most people and pigs. Recently published genetic studies show that hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminic acid (NA) expressed by the 1918 virus gene were probably derived from the avian influenza virus shortly before the start of the pandemic, and the precursor virus failed to spread widely in humans or pigs for decades. More recent reports of the virus gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the virus also support this conclusion. Regression analysis of human/swine flu sequences from 1930 to the present shows that the precursor of 1918 virus first spread in humans from 1915 to 1918. Therefore, the precursor of the 1918 virus may have spread widely among humans before 1918, and so far no research has directly indicated the transition from any bird. In a word, its origin is still confusing.

Are the three waves of epidemics from the same virus?

Historical records since the 16th century show that a new influenza pandemic may occur at any time of the year, which is not necessarily the regular pattern in winter every year, because the behavior pattern most likely from the new influenza has been found among infected people. After that, these pandemic viruses began to drift in the face of the selective pressure of population immunity, and eventually the pattern of annual epidemic recurrence was triggered by drifting virus mutants.

During the 1918-1919 pandemic, the first spring tide began in March 1918 and spread to the United States, Europe and even Asia in different degrees in the next six months. The prevalence rate was very high, but the mortality rate in most areas was not significantly higher than the normal value. The second wave of autumn tide began in September-November, 1918, and it spread rapidly around the world and was fatal. The third wave of epidemic began in early 1919. According to the clinical similarity, some contemporary observers have come to the conclusion at the beginning that the three epidemics should be caused by the same disease: the mild symptoms in the three epidemics are the same, and they have the typical flu characteristics of the 1889 pandemic and earlier pandemics. However, in retrospect, there are few cases in which the first wave of spring tide developed rapidly from simple influenza to fatal pneumonia, and fatal pneumonia is the symbol of the last two waves of epidemic tide; Comparatively speaking, the frequency of complex, serious and fatal cases in the last two waves will be higher.

It is unprecedented for three large-scale epidemics to occur in a year. To some extent, the antigenic drift of the virus is the reason why it keeps recurring every year, and an antigenic virus variant appears about every 2 ~ 3 years. If there is no drift characteristic, once the immunity of human/livestock reaches the critical threshold, the influenza virus may disappear, and under this critical threshold, the further spread of the virus is limited. For decades, people have been speculating about the time and space between influenza pandemics. In addition to human/livestock immune restrictions, the factors of virus transmission include low ambient temperature, nasal cavity temperature (which is beneficial to heat-labile viruses, such as influenza), suitable humidity, indoor congestion and poor ventilation.
However, none of the above factors can explain the three waves of epidemic in 1918-1919, which occurred in spring and summer, summer and autumn and winter respectively. The first two waves occur at the time of unfavorable influenza transmission every year; The second wave broke out in the northern hemisphere/southern hemisphere from September to November; In addition, the period between epidemic tides is so short that it is almost impossible to detect in some areas. It is difficult for epidemiology to explain the sharp decline of cases between the first wave and the second wave, and the sharp rise of cases between the second wave and the third wave. Even assuming that the acquired immunity after infection is short-lived, there are too few susceptible people to maintain the spread at one point. How can a new explosive pandemic be triggered in a few weeks? Will the virus mutate completely at the same time in almost a short time around the world?
However, according to scientific experience, it takes several years for influenza virus to spread globally, not just a few weeks. Moreover, even the mutant that has drifted will take several months to spread around the world. Other influenza pandemics have not been reported continuously within one year. For example, the 1889 flu began in the late spring of 1889, and it took several months to spread around the world, reaching its peak in northern Europe and the United States in late 1889 or early 1890; The second recurrence occurred in late spring of 1891 (one year late) and the third in early 1892. Like the 1918 flu, more people died when the second epidemic wave recurred, but the spread time of the three epidemics in 1889-1892 was more than three years, while the spread time of the successive epidemics in 1918-1919 was compressed to August-September.The ability of the 1918 influenza to rapidly develop a continuous pandemic is still unknown. Because the autopsy materials we identified only came from the second wave of 1918 influenza, it is inconclusive whether the first wave or the third wave also came from the same virus or mutant. The experimental data show that the second wave of infected people may have obtained immune protection during the third wave of epidemic, but the data is not enough to support whether the second/third wave of infected people obtained immune protection from the first wave of epidemic, nor can they answer the question whether the three waves of epidemic came from the same virus or mutant. Only by getting the RNA positive samples of infected people before 1918 and the three waves of epidemic in 1918 can we answer this question.

4. Did the 1918 virus host come from animals?

The data of 1918 virus gene sequence shows that the whole genome may be new to human beings in 1918 or not long ago. It was not produced by recombining one or more new genes from previous viruses (unlike the 1957 or 1968 epidemic). On the contrary, the 1918 virus seems to be derived from an unknown source of avian influenza virus (eight gene fragments are different from the current avian influenza genes). The gene sequence of influenza virus collected from wild bird specimens around 1918 is not much different from that of today’s avian influenza virus, which indicates that even for a long time, the antigenic changes of avian influenza virus may hardly occur in natural reservoir.

For example, the sequence of 1918 nucleoprotein (NP) gene is similar to the virus in wild birds in amino acid level, but it is very different in nucleotide level, which indicates that the source of 1918 nucleoprotein is far from the virus nucleoprotein in wild birds at present. One way to check the evolutionary distance of genes is to compare the ratio of synonymous nucleotides to non-synonymous nucleotides. Synonymous substitution means that the nucleotide change in the sequence will not lead to amino acid substitution; Non-synonymous substitution means that nucleotide changes will lead to amino acid substitution. Generally speaking, viruses under immune drift pressure or adapting to new hosts show a larger proportion of non-synonymous mutations, while viruses under minimal pressure mainly accumulate synonymous substitutions, which are considered to reflect the evolutionary distance.

Because the 1918 influenza virus gene fragments known from wild birds have more synonymous substitutions than expected, they are unlikely to come directly from viruses similar to avian influenza virus. One of them is particularly obvious. When people check the 4-fold degenerate codons (a subset of synonymous substitutions), they find that the third codon can replace any of the 4 nucleotides without changing the amino acids. At the same time, although the 1918 virus has been adapted to the intermediate host of human/pig for many years, the amino acid level of its sequence is still very small compared with that of wild birds. One possible explanation is that these abnormal gene fragments were obtained from an unidentified influenza virus database.All these findings lead to a question: Where did the 1918 virus come from?

Contrary to the 1918 virus, the gene fragments of the recombinant viruses of 1957 and 1968 influenza were from Eurasian avian influenza virus. Both human viruses are produced by the same mechanism: it is the recombination of Eurasian avian influenza virus and the previously popular human H1N1 virus. To prove the origin of the 1918 virus, samples more similar to the 1918 virus sequence are needed: samples before the 1918 virus epidemic and wild epidemic samples.

5. What is the biological basis of the pathogenicity of the 1918 virus?

Single gene sequence analysis can not provide the cause of pathogenicity of 1918 virus. Through a series of in vitro/animal model experiments, the researchers tried to model the virulence of the virus constructed by reverse gene.

Influenza virus infection requires HA protein to bind to sialic acid receptors on the surface of host cells.However, the configuration of HA receptor binding site of influenza virus suitable for avian infection is different from that of influenza virus suitable for human infection. Avian influenza virus preferentially binds sialic acid receptor with α(2-3) linked sugar; Human influenza virus is considered to preferentially use α(2-6) linked sugar. This avian receptor configuration can be transformed into infection only by changing one amino acid, while the HA protein of five sequenced 1918 viruses has this change, which is probably a key step to adapt to human hosts. There is also a second possibility that three of the five sequenced 1918 viruses have another change in their HA sequence that enhances the binding of human receptors.

This means that at least two H1N1 receptor-binding mutants spread in 1918: one shows high affinity with human receptor and the other shows mixed high affinity with avian/human receptor. But there is no geographical or chronological indication that one of the variants is the precursor of the other.Did these viruses have the same transmission ability in 1918, did they have the same replication pattern in the respiratory tree, and did they spread the same virus in the first and third epidemics? Are unknown.

In a series of in vivo experiments, recombinant genes containing gene fragments 1 and 5 of 1918 virus have been produced. These recombinants with 1918 HA/NA showed high pathogenicity in mice. In addition, the microarray analysis of gene expression in lung tissue of these mice showed that cell apoptosis, tissue damage and oxidation were all related to the expression of such genes. These findings are unexpected, because the virus with 1918 gene has not adapted to mice; The control group (mice infected with other modern human viruses) showed little pathogenicity and virus replication. Mice infected with 1918 HA/NA recombinant showed necrosis of bronchial and alveolar epithelium and obvious inflammatory infiltration in their lungs, which indicated that 1918 HA (and possibly NA) contained pathogenic factors for mice. It is not clear whether the pathogenicity of mice can effectively simulate the pathogenicity of humans, and the potential role of other 1918 single or combined proteins is not clear. The researchers plan to further draw the genetic basis of the toxicity of the 1918 virus on other animal models. These experiments may help to determine the pathogenic components of the 1918 virus, but it is impossible to determine whether it is the main factor in the death pattern of the 1918 influenza.

Why did the 1918 virus kill so many healthy young people?

From the historical experience, the flu death curve by age has been U-shaped for at least 150 years (Figure 2), which shows the peak of death in childhood and old age, and the death rate in the middle age group is lower. On the contrary, the 1918 flu showed a unique pattern, a "W-shaped" curve that had never been recorded, and there was another death peak among people aged about 20-40.During 1918-1919, the mortality rate of people aged 15-34 suffering from influenza and pneumonia was more than 20 times higher than in previous years. Nearly half of the 1918 flu deaths came from people aged 20-40, which was unique to the 1918 flu.

Another unique point is that the mortality rate of people under 65 years old is much higher than that of people over 65 years old, and it accounts for 99% of the flu deaths in 1918. In comparison, the mortality rate of people under 65 years old accounted for 36% of the 1957 H2N2 influenza and 48% of the 1968 H3N2 influenza.

Figure 2 Mortality rate of influenza and pneumonia per 100,000 population of all ages in the United States from 1911 to 1918.

Further dividing the influenza mortality curve by age, we can clearly see that the prevalence rate of people under 35 years old is very high (Figure 3-a), but there is still a W-shaped death peak among young people, which is obviously different from the U-shaped curve of influenza in 1928-1929 (Figure 3-c). The same 1918 flu, the prevalence rate of 5 ~ 14 years old is also high, but the mortality rate is much lower (Figure 3-a/b). In order to explain this model, we must jump out of the host and environmental factors and look further, which may include immunopathological factors (such as increased antibody-dependent infection associated with virus exposure) and other risk factors (such as concurrent infection, drugs used and environmental factors). See figure 3.

Fig. 3 Community survey results of American public health institutions in 8 states in 1918.
Note: Figures A, B and C show the prevalence rate, mortality rate and mortality rate of influenza and pneumonia in different age groups respectively.

There is a theory that can partially explain these findings. The 1918 virus is highly toxic, but for patients born before 1889, that is, people who are over 35 years old and have been exposed to the virus at that time, they have obtained partial immune protection against the 1918 virus. But there is a paradox in this theory: this nameless virus precursor must have appeared before 1889, and then reappeared 30 years later, but no trace has been found today.

Epidemiological data collected from 1900 to 1918 provided good evidence for the emergence of a new antigenic virus in 1918. It shows that from 1900 to 1917, the age group of 5 to 15 years old accounted for 11% of the total number of influenza cases, while the age group over 65 years old accounted for 6% of the total number of influenza cases. However, in 1918, the age group of 5-15 years jumped to 25% of the total number of influenza cases, while the age group over 65 years accounted for only 0.6% of the total number of influenza cases. This is consistent with the results of protective immunity obtained by previous exposure to the same or related viruses, and the mortality data is also consistent. In 1918, the number of deaths from influenza and pneumonia in the age group over 75 was less than that in 1911-1917 before the pandemic. At the other end of the age group (Figure 2), the infant mortality rate in 1918 was similar to other pandemic patterns.

Will the 1918 flu reappear? If so, what should I do?

As far as the course of disease and pathology are concerned, the 1918 influenza pandemic is different from the historical pandemic only in degree, not in species.Despite the large number of deaths worldwide, most infected people (> 95% from industrialized countries) are mild, which is not much different from today’s influenza. In addition, the experimental results of recombinant influenza virus containing 1918 virus gene show that 1918 virus and 1918-like virus are as sensitive to the anti-influenza drugs rimantadine and oseltamivir (approved by FDA) as other typical influenza viruses.

However, the 1918 flu has some characteristics of its own: in particular, the mortality rate is 5 ~ 20 times higher than expected. From the clinical and pathological point of view, these high mortality rates seem to be caused by many factors, including a higher proportion of severe respiratory infections (organ failure not caused by influenza); In addition, death cases are concentrated in an unusually young age group; Finally, in 1918, three influenza epidemics appeared one after another at an unusually rapid speed. Each feature may reflect the genetic characteristics of the 1918 virus, but to understand them, it is necessary to check the host and environment.

Until we can’t determine which factors lead to the influenza pandemic and high mortality rate, these can only be guesses. We can only come to the conclusion that since it has happened before, similar conditions may lead to the same serious pandemic.

Like the virus in 1918, H5N1 is an avian virus, although it is a distant relative. The reasons for the evolutionary path of the 1918 pandemic are completely unknown, but it seems to be different from the current H5N1 situation in many aspects. No matter the 1918 pandemic or any other infectious disease pandemic, there is no historical data showing the existence of a pandemic "precursor virus", which led to the outbreak of highly pathogenic infection in poultry; There is no historical data to prove that highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, including other virus subtypes such as H5N1, can cause human epidemics, let alone pandemics.

Effective human-to-human transmission is the main prerequisite for the emergence of pandemic.Although the adaptation of influenza viruses to human cells (such as receptor binding) has begun to be understood at the molecular level, how various influenza viruses adapt to humans is not completely clear at present. In 1918, the virus acquired the characteristics of adapting to human beings, but at present, we have no way to know whether the H5N1 virus will acquire the ability of human-to-human transmission in a parallel process. Although the data about the 1918 virus has increased geometrically in the past ten years, we don’t know much more about the 2006 influenza pandemic than about the risk of the 1976 H1N1 "swine flu" epidemic.

Even with modern antiviral drugs, vaccines, and knowledge of infectious disease prevention, if there is another virus like 1918, it may still kill more than 100 million people all over the world. An outbreak of a pandemic virus with high pathogenicity potential, such as the recent H5N1 virus, may cause more deaths.

No matter the virus, host or environmental factors, the virus of the first wave in 1918 had nothing to do with the abnormal pathogenicity of the second and third waves. And more, identify the virulence models of the first wave of influenza RNA positive cases from different gene sequences; Identification of human influenza RNA samples before 1918 is helpful to understand the time when the 1918 virus appeared; The observation and sequencing of a large number of animal influenza viruses will help us to understand the genetic basis of adapting to the host and the natural reservoir range of influenza. Generally speaking, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of the 1918 influenza from the aspects of history, epidemiology and biology in order to answer many unsolved mysteries.

Acknowledgement:This article was reviewed by Dr. Zhu Xun, a famous immunologist and an expert of the former National New Drug Advisory Committee. I sincerely thank Mr. Zhu for his careful guidance!

Translation: Shi Junxin　

Editor: Ginger

　　BEIJING, April 24 (Xinhua) On the morning of the 24th, the Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council held a regular press conference. Spokesperson Ma Guang Xiao answered reporters’ questions on the recent 2020 election in Taiwan Province, Tsai Ing-Wen’s "Taiwan independence" remarks, cross-strait exchanges, and the draft amendment to the Regulations on People’s Relations across the Taiwan Strait. Ma Xiaoguang said that the mainland has never intervened in the elections in Taiwan Province, and the Democratic Progressive Party authorities have constantly obstructed and restricted the exchanges and contacts between compatriots on both sides of the strait, suppressed the voice calling for cross-strait reunification, raised cross-strait opposition, and exposed its true features of seeking one-party interests and seeking "Taiwan independence".

　　Profile photo: Guo Taiming, chairman of Taiwan Province Hon Hai Group, decided to participate in the primary election of 2020. Zhongxin.com reporter Li Junshe

　　[Talking about the 2020 election: the statement of "mainland intervention" is sheer nonsense]

　　Tsai Ing-Wen said a few days ago that in the "general election" in 2020, Kuomintang candidates appeared in South Korea’s Yu and Guo Taiming successively. She did not believe that the mainland did not intervene. Ma Xiaoguang said that we have emphasized many times that we have never been involved in elections in Taiwan Province. Democratic Progressive Party authorities are used to spreading slanderous words and spreading rumors to discredit the mainland. The question of Taiwan Province is an internal affair of China, and no external interference is allowed. The so-called "mainland intervention" is sheer nonsense with ulterior motives.

　　[Criticism of Tsai Ing-Wen’s "Taiwan independence" remarks: undermining the peaceful development of the two sides of the strait]

　　In an interview a few days ago, Tsai Ing-Wen declared that he did not accept the "1992 Consensus" and insisted on the so-called "sovereign independence", saying that "maintaining the status quo" means maintaining the so-called "independence" status quo. Ma Xiaoguang pointed out that the remarks made by the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party authorities were unsolicited, exposing a political plot to overthrow the common political foundation of the "1992 Consensus" and undermine the peaceful development of cross-strait relations, and fully demonstrating that the Democratic Progressive Party authorities are the makers of cross-strait conflicts, the saboteurs of peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait and the injurers of the interests of the people in Taiwan Province.

　　In addition, Li Yi, a mainland American scholar who was invited to visit Taiwan, was expelled from the country by the Taiwan authorities a few days ago. Tsai Ing-Wen said, "If people from mainland China come to Taiwan to promote &lsquo; One country, two systems &rsquo; 、&lsquo; Unification by force &rsquo; Wait, control measures should be taken to refuse entry when necessary. " Ma Xiaoguang said that for some time, the Democratic Progressive Party authorities have constantly obstructed and restricted the exchanges and contacts between compatriots on both sides of the strait, suppressed the voice calling for reunification on both sides of the strait, raised cross-strait opposition, and exposed their true colors of seeking one-party interests and "Taiwan independence".

　　On April 14th, local time, South Korea Yu, Mayor of Kaohsiung, Taiwan Province, delivered a speech in Los Angeles, talking about his political career. China News Service reporter Zhang Yushe

　　[Comment on South Korea’s remarks on Yu’s visit to the United States: Cross-strait affairs should be discussed by family members]

　　South Korea Yu said during his visit to the United States a few days ago, "Taiwan Province &lsquo; National defense &rsquo; Relying on the United States, technology depends on Japan, and the market depends on the mainland. " In this regard, Ma Guang Xiao emphasized that compatriots on both sides of the strait are a family, and cross-strait affairs are the family affairs of compatriots on both sides of the strait, which should be handled by family members through consultation. I hope all Chinese people, including Taiwan Province compatriots, will conform to the historical trend, share the national justice, firmly hold the national destiny in their own hands, and create a bright future for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　[On the Draft Amendment to the Regulations on Cross-Strait People’s Relations: Ruining the Future of Taiwan Province]

　　The "Draft Amendment to the Regulations on People’s Relations between the Two Sides of the Taiwan Strait" recently passed by Taiwan’s administrative authorities, in which it is proposed to add that "the signing of political agreements through cross-strait negotiations should be subject to double deliberation and referendum by the legislature" and stipulate that "it shall not be an item of agreement". Ma Xiaoguang pointed out that the Democratic Progressive Party authorities violated the common aspiration of compatriots on both sides of the strait for peace and development for the sake of one party and one self-interest. The peaceful development of cross-strait relations is the common aspiration and common interest of compatriots on both sides of the strait. Everything that is beneficial to the interests of compatriots on both sides of the strait and the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation should be vigorously promoted.

　　On April 17th, Chief Executive Chui Sai On (right) of the Macao Special Administrative Region met with James Soong, Chairman of the People First Party, at the government headquarters. The two sides exchanged views on deepening exchanges and cooperation between the two places and promoting Taiwan Province compatriots to participate in the construction of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area in the future. China News Agency issued Zhong Xin photo

　　[The Taiwan authorities distorted James Soong’s delegation’s visit to Hong Kong and Macao: obstructing exchanges and cooperation]

　　A few days ago, James Soong, Chairman of the People First Party, led a delegation to visit Hong Kong and Macao to enter the Liaison Office of the two places and met with the directors of the Liaison Office of the two places respectively. The Mainland Affairs Council claimed that the mainland arranged this trip with the intention of "united front" and eliminating the so-called "sovereignty of Taiwan Province". Ma Xiaoguang pointed out that James Soong led a delegation to visit Hong Kong and Macao, and the heads of the Liaison Offices in Hong Kong and Macao met with him respectively, which was a normal exchange. Democratic Progressive Party authorities distorted and slandered, fully exposing their attempts to obstruct cross-strait exchanges and cooperation with Hong Kong and Macao and harm the interests and well-being of compatriots.

　　On September 13, 2018, Luo Tianhao, a Taiwan compatriot who worked in chengdu normal university for five years, took over the residence permit of Taiwan Province residents from the staff. China News Service reporter An Yuan photo

　　[Taiwan people’s residence permit in the mainland has not been declared or the practice of being punished by the Taiwan authorities is unpopular]

　　A few days ago, the Taiwan Province Affairs Council worked out to issue an administrative order in the second half of the year, stipulating that people who receive mainland residence permits must declare voluntarily, or they will be punished. Ma Xiaoguang said that the mainland issued residence permits to Taiwan Province compatriots in order to meet the needs of Taiwan Province compatriots, which was a good thing to benefit Taiwan and the people, and was also welcomed by the vast number of Taiwan Province compatriots. For the sake of one-party interests, the Democratic Progressive Party authorities are everywhere against the interests of our compatriots in Taiwan Province and sabotage the good deeds of our compatriots in Taiwan Province. This is unpopular and will not succeed.

　　[The mayor of Taixian County came to the mainland to communicate and meet the needs of the people]

　　Recently, many county mayors in Taiwan Province visited the mainland for exchanges. Ma Xiaoguang pointed out that the mayor of Taiwan county came to the mainland to meet the needs of the people. We are willing to continue exchanges and cooperation with Taiwanese counties and cities in various fields on the basis of adhering to the "1992 Consensus" to enhance the well-being of Taiwan Province compatriots.

　　[Encourage Taiwanese enterprises to invest in the mainland without discrimination]

　　Want Want Group, a Taiwan-funded enterprise, has issued a statement to refute the report that it has received high government subsidies in the mainland and tried to "smear and discredit" the enterprise. Ma Xiaoguang said, over the years, we have encouraged and supported Taiwan-funded enterprises to invest and start businesses in the mainland, and taken active measures to provide them with various conveniences and equal treatment, so as to share the opportunities for development in the mainland and help them achieve greater and better development in the mainland. Our policy is inclusive, in accordance with laws and regulations, and all Taiwan Province enterprises are treated equally.

　　The 2019 China Beijing World Horticultural Exposition will be held in Yanqing, Beijing from April 29th to October 7th. China News Service reporter Hou Yushe

　　[Introduction to two activities: the Straits Forum is well prepared, and the Taiwan Province Garden of the World Expo has its own characteristics]

　　When introducing the situation of the 2019 Straits Forum, Ma Xiaoguang said that the 11th Straits Forum will be held in Fujian Province on June 15th, and will continue to focus on and serve grassroots people and youth groups. At present, all preparations are progressing smoothly. Taiwan Province compatriots are welcome to actively participate in this forum, and media friends on both sides of the strait are also welcome to report.

　　Regarding the 2019 China Beijing World Horticultural Exposition to be held in Yanqing District, Beijing on April 29th, Ma Xiaoguang said that at the invitation of the Beijing World Horticultural Exposition Bureau, Taiwan Province Garden covers an area of 2,000 square meters, which is divided into six landscape nodes: Xiangshan, Orchid, Time Road, Sun Moon Lake, farmland and mountain top. The garden is very attractive with Taiwan Province characteristics.

CCTV News:What you are looking at now is the Yunnan Huangguo Abies forest located in Chayu County, Linzhi City, southeast Tibet. These firs are very tall, and the tallest one is 83.2 meters high, which is equivalent to the height of 28 floors. Chayu has a warm climate and lush vegetation, with a forest area of more than 1.696 million hectares. A large number of rare wild animals and plants inhabit and grow here, and biodiversity is effectively protected.

　　China Youth Daily, Beijing, February 19th (reporter Zhao Limei, trainee reporter of Zhongqing.com, reporter Zhang Junbin) After the Hong Kong stock market closed at 16: 30 today, Meituan announced that it would pay social security for full-time and stable part-time riders nationwide, which is expected to be implemented in the second quarter of 2025.

　　Following the launch of the anti-fatigue mechanism and the cancellation of overtime deduction, this is another measure taken by Meituan to improve the social security of new employment groups in recent years. Since July 2022, Meituan has taken the lead in paying new occupational injury insurance premiums for new employment groups. At present, Meituan has invested 1.4 billion yuan to pay occupational injury protection for riders in seven pilot provinces and cities. In the future, this measure will further cover all riders in all provinces and cities.

　　Industry sources said that with the steady development of take-away and other industries, at present, a relatively clear division of "professional" and "part-time" groups has been formed among new employees such as take-away riders. Many riders have become stable practitioners after accumulating relevant experience and skills. Providing all kinds of security for stable employment is not only in line with the real interests of workers, but also conducive to the long-term development of the industry and the formation of a relatively stable and professional distribution group.

　　It is worth noting that since the beginning of the year, Meituan has continuously introduced heavy measures to strengthen the protection of new employment groups, including canceling overtime deductions and online anti-fatigue mechanisms, and has built 16,000 rider communities in conjunction with all sectors of society to help riders smooth the distribution path. The relevant person in charge of the US Mission said: "We will continue to increase resources and capital investment, continue to improve the rider welfare treatment system, and strive to contribute more positive forces to building harmonious labor relations."

　　In December 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and the Pacific War broke out. Since then, the Japanese divided forces to attack all parts of Southeast Asia, and the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway and Hong Kong Passage, two major transportation lines connecting China and the outside world, were cut off one after another. Western aid materials to China could only be delivered to Yangon, Myanmar, and then to Kunming via the Yunnan-Myanmar Highway. "If the Japanese invaders invade Myanmar, the soldiers and civilians behind us will be trapped in the isolated city and sit still."

　　In December 1941, the vanguard troops of the 15th Army of the Japanese invaders invaded southern Myanmar, pushing Yangon. China, Britain and the United States held a joint military meeting in Chongqing that month, and decided that China would "send troops to Myanmar in a few days to fight a decisive battle with the Japanese aggressors".

　　One hundred thousand troops marched south.

　　For Chinese, which is in the arduous period of Anti-Japanese War, ensuring the security of Myanmar is directly related to the safety of the rear area of the Anti-Japanese War. But for Britain, Myanmar is at best a peripheral barrier of India. Although the British who colonized Myanmar have taken care of their own affairs, they have not forgotten to plan their own "career"-what if China’s army beat the Japanese away in Myanmar and persisted? In this way, the Chinese Expeditionary Force’s operation in Myanmar was delayed by the British, and it lost its excellent fighter plane to "strike it halfway" while the Japanese army was unstable in Myanmar. American President Roosevelt was determined to convince the British, because he knew that only China persisted in the war of resistance in Asia could Britain and the United States concentrate on dealing with Nazi Germany in Europe. At the end of 1941, the Allied Forces decided to merge the war zones of Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam and China into the China-Myanmar-India war zone. In order to coordinate the relationship between the British and Chinese armies, Roosevelt also sent General Stilwell as the chief of staff of the theater.

　　While Roosevelt was busy threading a needle between China and Britain, the Japanese were not idle. On December 23, 1941, the Japanese army began a full-scale invasion of Myanmar. In January of the following year, the British garrison collapsed and Yangon fell on March 8. However, the Japanese did not expect that at this time, the 100,000 troops of the 5 th, 6 th and 66 th armies of the Chinese Expeditionary Force were marching into Myanmar. China National Government took out 9 of all 15 mechanized divisions to fight in Myanmar, which shows that it attaches great importance to this campaign.

　　In March, 1942, Dai Anlan led the 200th Division to leap thousands of miles and arrived in Tonggu, an important town in southern Myanmar.

　　Tonggu is located 260 kilometers north of Yangon, which is at the crossroads of land and water. When the 200th Division arrived here, the first thing they saw was not the Japanese army, but a large number of British troops defeated from Yangon. These British troops were really frightened by the Japanese, and many of them, together with the ancient capital, fled to Mandalay in the north, leaving a large number of abandoned weapons on both sides of the road. It was here that the Chinese Expeditionary Force fought the first fierce battle with the Japanese aggressors since they entered Myanmar. From March 19th, the 200th Division, which was alone, and the 55th Division of the Japanese Army in the north were killed in utter darkness. On the 24th, more than 100 Japanese death squads touched the most cup position, and the platoon leader Ma Licheng was killed by six bullets. On the 26th, the Wudun position was lost twice, and the 3rd Battalion of the 597th Regiment repeatedly fought with the Japanese army, all of them died heroically … Although the Japanese army dispatched more than 100 sorties every day to bombard the ancient city, the Tonggu defense line was still not broken. However, 11 days later, the Japanese army tore open the defense line of the 200 th Division. The reason is not that Hironaka Takeuchi, the head of the 55th Division, has made any amazing move, but that their reinforcements, the 56th Division, suddenly appeared. On the evening of the 30th, under the cover of the new 22nd Division, the 200th Division fought its way out and successfully broke through. In the end, the Great War with Ancient China ended with the active withdrawal of China troops.

　　In April, 1942, the Chinese Expeditionary Force set out for a decisive battle with the Japanese main force in the Pingmanna area of central Myanmar. The war is just around the corner, but the British on the west side of the front line have lost their chains again. On 16th, the 33rd Division of the Japanese army quickly crossed the three lines of defense of the British army and surrounded nearly 10,000 British troops in yenangyaung. On the evening of 17th, at the moment when the British commander began to pray to God, a miracle really appeared-an China army suddenly appeared, and a United wing of the Japanese aggressors was destroyed, which opened a retreat channel for the trapped British army. This unit is the new 38 th Division of the 66 th Army of the Chinese Expeditionary Force. To thank China’s army for its rescue, the Queen of England awarded the "Commander of the Empire" to General Sun Liren, the commander of the new 38th Division. Although the victory of the battle of Ren ‘an Qiang can’t be called "brilliant", it was the first victory of the Chinese expeditionary force after it entered Myanmar, which dealt a severe blow to the arrogance of the Japanese aggressors.

　　Poor cooperation leads to a thousand miles of failure.

　　Due to the British army’s flight on the West Road and the defeat of the Chinese Expeditionary Force on the East Road, the plan of Pingmanna Battle fell through. At that time, however, the strength of the allied forces in Myanmar was still stronger than that of the Japanese army. Based on Mandalay, an important town in central Myanmar, they planned to concentrate the 5th, 6th and 66th armies of China and five British divisions, with a total of 250,000 troops to fight the Japanese aggressors. However, the British once again abandoned his China allies. On April 20th, 1942, the British and Burmese troops on the front line in Mandalay once again began to retreat without informing the friendly forces in China. The treacherous British completely shook the last confidence of China’s army, and the expeditionary force was forced to change the battle plan of Mandalay to "defense in depth" to keep the enemy out of the country and focus on defense in Lashio.

　　腊戍是滇缅公路的门户和远征军回国的通道。1942年4月28日，由日本本州造船工厂工人组成的第56师团奔袭1500公里绕到了盟军防御空虚的后方，对腊戍发起了猛攻，当天腊戍失守。此时中国远征军被三面包围，留给他们的出路只有撤退。然而，日军第56师团并没有停止进攻。4月30日，该师团分兵两路，一路扑向缅甸密支那，以切断中国远征军的退路，另一路沿滇缅公路向中国境内推进。一周后，密支那被攻占，中国远征军回国的最后一条通道被掐断了。

　　此刻，摆在远征军面前的只有两个选择——要么往北杀回祖国，要么往西退入印度。以师长孙立人为首的新38师果断撤往印度，实力得到较好保存。而远征军指挥官杜聿明则坚持把部队带回祖国，其心情亦可以理解——回想当初远征军是以消灭日军为目的开赴缅甸的，而今不仅没能歼灭日寇，还被追得狼狈不堪，要是连所剩部队都没带回国内，他还有什么脸面去见江东父老？于是，杜聿明带领主力大部队向北进发。1942年5月10日，当他们来到缅北境内的野人山附近时，侦察部队传来消息：日军正张网以待。杜聿明决定扔下重武器，率部队一头扎进野人山，而这个决定竟成为生还远征军军人心中永恒的噩梦！

　　After the main force of the expeditionary force fled into Savage Mountain, the 200th division, which served as a defender, was divided by the enemy. Dai Anlan was fearless in the face of crisis and decisively commanded the troops to break through. Unfortunately, he was seriously injured in the fierce battle and died heroically on May 26, 1942, at the age of 38. Like the 200th Division, other troops of the Chinese Expeditionary Force who withdrew from the north also paid a heavy price in the savage mountain. The unpredictable climate, poisonous snakes and beasts, plagues and hungry teams went hand in hand, and this black jungle swallowed tens of thousands of expeditionary officers and men. According to the figures released by the allied forces after the war, the number of Chinese expeditionary forces entering Myanmar for the first time was 100,000, with a total of more than 61,000 casualties, of which nearly 50,000 people died or disappeared during the retreat.

　　远征军在野人山苦苦挣扎的同时，日军攻入滇西。从1942年5月2日开始，日寇相继攻陷畹町、遮放、腾冲等地，所幸惠通桥守军及时炸毁了这座连接天险怒江两岸的唯一通道，日军前进的铁蹄才被迫停止。不久前热播的电视剧《我的团长我的团》中龙文章带领大伙在南天门抵挡日军，讲述的应该就是这段历史。之后，中国守军和日本侵略者在怒江两岸对峙了1年多。剧中炮灰团在祭旗坡上的那段“安逸”日子，也正源自于此。

　　重整旗鼓痛击日寇

　　1942年5月2日，史迪威在给美国总部的一份急电中，首次提到在印度建立基地训练中国军队和反攻缅甸的计划。随后，中国国民政府将退到印度的新22师、新38师残部整编为X部队,将撤退到云南的远征军与新增派的部队整编为Y部队。

　　1943年，为提高部队战斗力，中国的昆明、大理和印度的兰姆伽等地分别设立了干部训练团和训练学校，对官兵进行兵器、射击、战术等训练，并配备盟军提供的新式装备。

　　1943年10月20日，在中国远征军曾经的伤心地——野人山，孙立人率领的新38师对素有“丛林作战之王”之称的日军第18师团发起攻击。上午11时，新38师搜索连在行进途中与日军的一个大队遭遇，双方几乎同时向对方开火。从前，日军一个营的战斗力相当于或超过中国军队一个师。所以，此次战斗一开始，日军根本没把中国士兵放在眼里，立即发起冲锋。他们做梦也没想到，此时的中国军队已今非昔比：搜索连配有迫击炮12门，反坦克炮3门，轻重机枪25挺，300余名士兵人手一支美制“汤姆逊”冲锋枪。战斗一打响，手持“三八大盖”的日本人便被密集的子弹打得血肉横飞。

　　接下来，X部队势如破竹，连克欣贝延、达邦加、孟拱、密支那等战略要地。“孙立人”这个名字更是让日寇闻风丧胆。值得一提的是，曾有名军官请示孙立人如何处理一个被擒的日本兵，孙立人大喝：“你去审审，只要到过中国的一概枪毙，以后都照此办理。”

　　与X部队相呼应，1944年5月中旬，中国远征军Y部队近20万人也渡过怒江向日军据点发起雷霆般的攻势。《我的团长我的团》结尾描写的攻击南天门战斗，应该是取自Y部队发起的松山大反攻。和剧情相比，真实的战斗更加惨烈——

　　One morning in July, an expeditionary force commander rushed to the front to fight the enemy. Lao Cui, the cookhouse squad, took out the most exquisite craftsmanship and prepared to greet the brothers with a delicious meal. After the meal was ready, Lao Cui waited from noon to evening, and finally there was good news from the front. He shouted excitedly, "What are you waiting for? Go! " After that, he led the cooking soldiers to pick up the food and send it to the front line. The Songshan Mountain in the sunset is a river of blood. The cookhouse squad turned several hills and didn’t meet a brother. Suddenly, someone exclaimed, "Brothers are here!" Old Cui hurried over, but tears streamed down. I saw that the brothers were bloody one by one, and lying with them were double the dead bodies of the Japanese army. Counting carefully, all 141 officers and men of the company died … The kitchen soldiers cried into tears one by one. Lao Cui wiped a tear and cried, "We can’t let the brothers be starved to death. Even if we feed them, we have to feed them and send them on their way!"

　　In the process of the Expeditionary Force’s counterattack against western Yunnan and northern Myanmar, there are many tearful stories like this. It is this indomitable spirit that enabled the Chinese Expeditionary Force to conquer several cities and kill tens of thousands of enemies, and won the counter-offensive operations in western Yunnan and northern Myanmar. It is also this kind of loyalty that casts the unyielding soul of the Chinese nation! History will not forget, and we should not forget this group of magnificent China soldiers on the battlefield in Yunnan and Burma more than 60 years ago!

Editor: Li Yongchao

　　Cctv news On the morning of December 26th, China North Chemical Research Institute Group Co., Ltd., China Ordnance Industry Explosives Engineering and Safety Technology Research Institute and North Explosives Technology Co., Ltd. held a grand opening ceremony. Wen Gang, Chairman and Party Secretary of China Ordnance Industry Corporation, Wu Yanhua, Deputy Director of the Bureau of Science and Technology for National Defense, Li Bing, Director of the Capital Operation and Income Administration Bureau of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, and other senior leaders, academicians and leaders of relevant departments of the Central Military Commission. Zhang Shi ‘an, Chairman and Party Secretary of Beihua Research Institute Group, Cui Jingxue, General Manager, Qiu Jiang, Chairman of the Board of Supervisors and other leaders, as well as leaders of enterprises affiliated to Beihua Research Institute Group, attended the opening ceremony.

Speech by Zhang Shi ‘an, Chairman and Party Secretary of Beihua Research Institute Group

　　At the beginning of the ceremony, Zhang Shi ‘an delivered a speech at the conference. In his speech, he said that today, China North Chemical Research Institute Group Co., Ltd., China Ordnance Industry Explosives Engineering and Safety Technology Research Institute and North Explosives Technology Co., Ltd., which are highly concerned by the CPC Central Committee, national ministries and commissions, group companies and all walks of life, were officially unveiled. This is an important measure for Ordnance Industry Group Company to implement the important instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary and make overall plans for the healthy and sustainable development of the explosives industry.

　　On behalf of Beihua Research Institute Group, he pays high tribute to leaders and institutions at all levels who have long cared about and supported the development of the industry!

　　He introduced the development process of the enterprise in the past 30 years, and said that the current explosives industry has ushered in a new "spring" of development. The adjustment and change of Beihua Group into Beihua Research Institute Group, and the establishment of Institute of Explosives Engineering and Safety Technology and North Explosives Technology Co., Ltd. will surely become a milestone and watershed in the transformation of China’s explosives industry from traditional manufacturing to technology-leading, making Beihua Research Institute Group further become the "pillar" of the upgrading of national weapons and equipment, the main force to achieve the strategic goal of "strengthening the army" for a hundred years, and the "national team" representing the development level of the national explosives industry.

　　Standing at a new starting point, Beihua Research Institute Group will resolutely implement the thought of the Supreme Leader General Secretary to strengthen the army, resolutely fulfill the core mission of strengthening the army, resolutely inherit and carry forward the people’s military spirit, live up to the mission, live up to the times, and live up to the great trust. Focusing on the core point of realizing the independent and controllable technology of explosives and explosives, we will make every effort to forge ahead.

　　Fu Mengyin, president of Nanjing University of Science and Technology, expressed heartfelt congratulations on the establishment of Beihua Research Institute Group. He said: Considering the long-term development of explosives, adjusting and changing Beihua Research Institute Group, establishing Institute of Engineering and Safety Technology of Explosives, and North Explosives Technology Co., Ltd. have really identified the "breakthrough" in the development of explosives industry and seized the "bull’s nose" to solve the development problems of explosives, which will more favorably integrate and allocate resources and systematically promote the research, development, manufacture and development of explosives. South Institute of Technology and all the institutes, schools and institutes engaged in the research and development of explosives, together with the weapons and explosives industry, are of the same origin. We will train and bring up more explosives professionals, build a broader "stage" and provide a higher "platform" for the country. Finally, he hoped that under the strong leadership of Ordnance Group and the efforts of Beihua Research Institute Group, colleges, schools and institutes, the high-quality, systematic and modern development of explosives would be accelerated, and the overall progress of technology, research and development, manufacturing and application of explosives in China would be promoted.

Speech by Wen Gang, Chairman and Party Secretary of Ordnance Industry Group.

　　Wen Gang, Chairman and Party Secretary of Ordnance Industry Group, made a wonderful speech at the opening ceremony. First of all, on behalf of the ordnance industry group, he expressed his heartfelt thanks to the leaders and experts who have long cared about and supported the reform and development of the ordnance industry! He pointed out that the weapons, explosives and explosives industry, as a strategic and basic industry of national defense science and technology industry, is the core support of the whole army’s damage attack and an important guarantee for "being able to fight and win the battle." The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader is very concerned about the innovative development of weapons, explosives and explosives, which has pointed out the way forward and provided fundamental follow-up for us to accelerate the reconstruction of the capabilities of the explosives industry. The establishment of "two institutes and one company" is an action measure to thoroughly implement the spirit of the important instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary. It will concentrate the resources and strength of the whole group, accelerate the major special scientific research, accelerate the structural adjustment, accelerate the transformation and application of scientific research achievements, and vigorously promote the innovative development of explosives and damage technologies in China.

　　At the new historical starting point, the "two institutes and one company" should thoroughly implement the thought of strengthening the army by the supreme leader, closely focus on the strategic goal of "three steps" in the modernization of national defense and the army, Do not forget your initiative mind, keep in mind the mission, persist in independent innovation and strive for first-class; Adhere to the future-oriented and practical orientation; Adhere to integration of defense and civilian technologies and open sharing, and make new contributions to the construction of national defense equipment.

　　On the day of the inaugural meeting, Academician Wang Zeshan sent a congratulatory letter, in which he said: I have been engaged in the business of explosives all my life, and I love this job. I have grown up under the cultivation of leaders and colleagues in the field of explosives. In the future, we will be able to unite sincerely, strengthen cooperation, and break through the advanced manufacturing technology and key technologies of complete sets of equipment of explosives in accordance with the development idea of independent innovation, key leap-forward, segmented development and leading the future, so as to form a new situation of independent innovation in the development of explosives and build an internationally leading industrial system of R&D and manufacturing of explosives.

　　At the conference, Wen Gang and Wu Yanhua jointly unveiled China North Chemical Research Institute Group Co., Ltd., China Ordnance Industry Explosives Engineering and Safety Technology Research Institute and North Explosives Technology Co., Ltd.

　　The conference was presided over by Cui Jingxue, general manager of Beihua Research Institute Group.