On January 4th, President Xi signed Order No.1 of the Central Military Commission in 2022, and issued a training mobilization order to the whole army. The mobilization order for training emphasized: "All levels of the whole army must resolutely implement the decision-making instructions of the CPC Central Committee and the Central Military Commission, accurately grasp the changes in national security and military struggle, pay close attention to the changes in science and technology, war and opponents, vigorously promote the coupling of war and training, vigorously promote systematic training, vigorously promote scientific and technological training, and comprehensively promote the transformation and upgrading of military training, so as to train elite troops who can fight well." The officers and men of the whole army must resolutely follow orders, focus on the elite troops who can fight well, take "three eyes and three advances" as the strategic starting point, transform and upgrade to training with high quality and high efficiency, and strive to open up a new situation in military training in the new era.

Keep an eye on the changes in technology, war and opponents.

As the most direct preparation for military struggle, military training is a dynamic development process that adapts to the changes of the times and the requirements of winning. Our army’s military training has entered a new stage of all-round reform and overall improvement. Keeping a close eye on the changes in science and technology, war and opponents is the law of the innovation and development of military training and the inevitable choice and key measure to promote the transformation and upgrading of military training.

Keep a close eye on the changes in science and technology and grasp the growth points of transformation and upgrading. At present, the new round of scientific and technological revolution is speeding up in an all-round way, high-tech development is changing with each passing day, and the status and role of science and technology as the core combat power is more prominent. Facing the new opportunities and challenges brought by the scientific and technological revolution, increasing the transformation and application of advanced scientific and technological achievements and greatly improving the high-tech content of military training are the main growth points to promote the transformation and upgrading of military training. Only by keeping a close eye on the changes of science and technology, recognizing the leading direction and characteristics of the times of military science and technology development, accurately grasping the trend of weapons and equipment developing to remote precision, intelligence, stealth and unmanned, grasping the trend of the battlefield expanding to emerging fields and the emergence of new combat forces, and using scientific and technological forces as a lever to incite the innovative development of military training, can we provide stronger scientific and technological support for the transformation and upgrading of military training.

Keep a close eye on the change of war and grasp the focus of transformation and upgrading. Nowadays, under the impetus of the new military revolution in the world, the form of war is constantly evolving to the depth of information and developing rapidly to intelligence, and the temporal and spatial characteristics and combat style of war have undergone major changes. The evolution of war form is the vane of military training. Facing the revolutionary changes in the form of war, it is the focus of promoting the transformation and upgrading of military training to promote the transformation of military training from passive adaptation to active design of war and build a new military training system that meets the requirements of winning. Only by keeping a close eye on the changes of war, analyzing the new trend of the evolution of war forms, deeply studying the new changes in the characteristics and winning mechanism of modern war, adapting to the development trend of mechanized information and intelligent integration, and improving the actual combat level of military training at a higher starting point and standard, can we realize the high-starting point planning and high-quality promotion of military training transformation and upgrading.

Keep an eye on the changes of opponents and find the right point of transformation and upgrading. At present, the international strategic pattern is deeply adjusted, the security situation in China is undergoing new profound changes, the geo-strategic environment and the military struggle situation are becoming more complicated, and the task of preparing for our military struggle is more arduous and urgent. In view of the preparation needs of the actual military struggle, it is an important force to promote the transformation and upgrading of military training by practicing the excellent skills of balancing and winning powerful opponents. Only by keeping a close eye on the opponent’s changes, tracking and studying the opponent’s strategic strategy, technical equipment and combat mode, clarifying the enemy’s situation, battlefield situation and operational guidance, focusing on promoting our strengths and defeating the enemy’s weaknesses, strengthening the pertinence and applicability of the innovation of tactics and training methods, and taking out the countermeasures of "the road is one foot high and the magic is one foot high" can we ensure that the transformation and upgrading of military training are targeted and implemented.

Adhere to actual combat training and vigorously promote the coupling of combat training

As a preview of future wars, the higher the coupling degree between military training and actual combat, the greater its value. Vigorously promoting the coupling between combat and training profoundly reveals the internal logic of the close relationship and interaction between combat and training, which is the key to improve the degree and level of actual combat of military training. We must focus on the transformation of actual combat training, vigorously promote the effectiveness of the coupling of combat training, and push actual combat military training to a new level.

Pay close attention to focusing on actual combat and training with war. In essence, the coupling of combat training is an interaction based on actual combat and training. The more accurate the focus of training and actual combat, the greater the coupling effect of combat training. It is necessary to intensify research efforts, deeply explore the motivation trend of the evolution of war forms, explore the new changes in the winning mechanism of modern wars and operations, explore the new characteristics of the reform of war styles and combat methods, and continuously obtain practical research results; Increase the intensity of training, strive to practice skills to the extreme and use weapons to the extreme in accordance with the requirements of "it is really difficult to be strict", strengthen the practical training of weapons and equipment in extreme performance, interference conditions and complex environments, and beat and temper troops based on the most complicated, difficult and severe battlefield environment; Increase the difficulty of training, highlight command confrontation, system confrontation and actual combat confrontation drills, and enhance the forward-looking, adaptability and inspection of drills in view of possible difficult, dangerous and dangerous situations in future operations, so as to give full play to the greatest effect of improving actual combat capability.

Pay close attention to docking actual combat and consistent combat training. Realizing the organic integration and seamless link of combat training is the inherent requirement to promote the deep coupling of combat training. It is necessary to build an integrated training mode of warfare and training, meet the operational needs, set training topics according to operational tasks, determine training courses according to operational plans, strengthen the practical training of mission topics, strengthen the specialization and refinement of emergency response, and strengthen the rigid mandatory role of operational needs; Docking the future battlefield environment, starting from the most difficult, complicated and severe situation, carefully construct the training environment and conditions, improve the training difficulty, and ensure that the troops break through adversity, overcome obstacles and win the battle in wartime; Docking combat targets, grasping training and preparing for war with realistic enemy situation, innovating tactics and training methods for powerful opponents, and practicing enemy-control strategies for opponents’ combat attempts, strategies and methods to ensure that they can come at the call and win the battle.

Pay close attention to the training style and promote war through training. The coupling of war and training can not be separated from the unique function of training. It is necessary to establish a clear orientation of practicing for war, and always make unremitting efforts to solve the problem that the training style is not true. We should start with monitoring and supervising training, accountability and accountability, and resolutely correct the unhealthy phenomena such as training for watching, acting for watching, not training in danger, and not training in danger. We should cultivate the fighting spirit of not being afraid of hardship and not being afraid of death from beginning to end, resolutely get rid of the "accumulated disadvantages of peace" and the "28 phenomenon", and sharpen our tenacious will and fighting style that are not afraid of strong enemies and dare to fight and win; Let the training go ahead of the battle, verify the operational theory, operational plan and operational tactics through training, actively design and test the battle, and effectively promote the transformation of training results into actual combat capability.

Deepen joint war and joint training and vigorously promote systematic training.

Modern warfare is based on joint operations and system confrontation, which inevitably requires the construction of a corresponding military training system. Vigorously promoting systematic training reflects the trend of the times in the transformation and development of military training and is the only way to improve the quality of military training. We must focus on deepening the transformation of joint warfare and joint training, and make great efforts to build a joint training system with our military characteristics in vigorously promoting systematic training.

Highlight the leading force with the link as the key link We should focus on giving full play to the leading role of joint training, strengthen the cultivation of joint awareness, guide officers and men to update their combat training concepts, establish a thinking mode of joint victory, eradicate the habit of "fighting alone" and "fighting alone", and achieve joint training and concerted efforts to win; Strengthen joint command training, focus on improving the command efficiency of joint operations, do a good job in the strategic campaign training of the head office, strengthen the training of command strategy, command system and command skills, twist the outstanding contradictions and problems that restrict joint operations command, focus on gathering wisdom and concentrating on refining, open up the whole system and whole process command link of joint operations, and improve the ability to plan, guide and organize modern warfare.

Strengthen the supporting force of system integration. The basis of systematic training is to integrate the training of arms and services into the joint training system, realize the organic integration of various combat forces, combat units and combat elements, and give full play to the supporting role of systematic integration training. Strengthen the training of joint operations system, standardize the contents, courses and training methods of services and arms within the framework of joint training, clarify the standards and requirements of joint training for services and arms, and form a joint training link that changes from services and arms to alliance and from elements to integration; Strengthen the whole system, all elements and the whole process of training, highlight the cross-disciplinary and cross-service joint special training, strengthen the training of mutual conditions between services and arms, do a good job in the training of integrating new and new combat forces into the combat system, increase the intensity of joint confrontation drills and cross-regional base training, and comprehensively improve the integrated joint combat capability.

Improve the security of system energy gathering. Systematic training has the characteristics of overall linkage, system integration, accuracy and high efficiency, which puts forward higher standards and requirements for training support. It is necessary to do a good job in overall planning, strengthen training support demand calculation, planning and design, and benefit evaluation, focus on optimizing all aspects of the whole process, and focus on base training, confrontation training, and comprehensive drills to accelerate the construction of joint training environment conditions; Innovate the support mode, implement resource sharing, regional cooperation and military-civilian cooperation, accurately grasp the support information, accurately provide support resources, accurately use support forces, and explore the formation of a new standardized, accurate and intensive training support mode; Build a security system, adapt to the new requirements of joint training security, focus on optimizing the layout, improving the elements and innovating ways, and accelerate the construction of a high-level joint training security system in view of new characteristics such as wide coverage, diverse needs and rich content.

Deepen training through science and technology, and vigorously promote training through science and technology.

Science and technology make the country prosperous, and science and technology make the army strong. Vigorously promoting military training through science and technology reflects the essential requirements for the generation and improvement of modern combat effectiveness, and is the key to enhancing the times, science and innovation of military training. We must consolidate and develop the achievements of military training through science and technology, vigorously promote military training through science and technology at a higher starting point, and comprehensively improve the quality level of training through science and technology.

Accelerate the transformation and upgrading of training. Training through science and technology is a "propeller" for military training to adapt to the changes of science and technology, reform and combat, and a "power valve" for accelerating the transformation and upgrading of training. It is necessary to adapt to the new situation and new requirements, expand the connotation and form of scientific and technological training, grasp the needs of upgrading weapons and equipment, simultaneously compile training plans, develop simulation equipment, train technical backbones, conduct practical drills, and explore new training modes to accelerate the formation of combat effectiveness with new equipment; Grasp the characteristics and requirements of new combat forces, innovate training methods, training methods and exercise modes, and maximize the unique operational effectiveness of new combat forces; Grasp the mechanism of emerging combat fields, carry out embedded, development and docking training, explore new ways of specialization and specialization training, accelerate the improvement of multi-domain integrated combat capability, and promote the expansion of scientific and technological training to a higher level.

Accelerate training, innovation and breakthrough. Training troops through science and technology injects innovative vitality into military training. It is necessary to follow the forefront of scientific and technological development, turn more scientific and technological innovations into training effectiveness, and promote the transformation and upgrading of training means and conditions to "science and technology+","network+"and "intelligence+". Accelerate the upgrading of the training information network system, develop a network training platform with more advanced functions, richer resources and faster operation, and comprehensively improve the level of simulation, networking and intelligent training; Increase the research and application of high-tech training equipment, strengthen the use of training methods such as combat experiments, battlefield simulation, and chess deduction, and increase the confrontation intensity, realism, difficulty in reaching the standard, and effectiveness of actual combat training; Using new technologies such as big data, cloud computing and blockchain, a "training cloud" integrating data collection, dynamic query, analysis and demonstration, inspection and evaluation will be established to improve the scientific level of military training management, support, assessment and evaluation.

Give play to the role of training and educating talents. Training transformation, talents first. Training troops through science and technology has set up a broad stage for talent training. It is necessary to stimulate the enthusiasm of the broad masses of officers and men to learn, drill and use science and technology, and give full play to the role of military training in promoting the accelerated growth of talents. Strengthen the scientific and technological literacy of officers and men, guide officers and men to strengthen the study of modern science and technology, especially military high technology, update their knowledge structure, broaden their knowledge horizons, and enhance their cognition, understanding and sensitivity to high technology; Strengthen professional skills training, inject more scientific and technological elements into on-the-job training, carry out professional skills competition, and train more "military experts" and "military craftsmen" to make scientific and technological training a practical platform for officers and men to be fine and powerful; Strengthen the training of training talents, encourage and support officers and men to participate in the practice of scientific and technological innovation in military training, use scientific and technological means to solve key and difficult problems in training, actively create high-quality and professional training talent groups, and provide strong talent support for the transformation and upgrading of military training.

(Author: Joint Operations College of National Defense University)

　　Comics/He Zhaoxia

　　Changsha Evening News All-Media Reporter Shu Wen

　　Not long ago, the official announcement of Changsha Education Bureau that "starting from April 25th, Changsha Primary School will resume classes at the wrong peak" made many parents of primary school students relieved. In sharp contrast to the joy of parents of primary school students, it seems difficult for parents of kindergarten students who have started school irregularly to calm down: their children will go to primary school in the second half of the year, and now they will enter May, and they will stay at home and watch TV and play games. Will it affect the connection between young and old? The time of children in large classes in the park is shortened, and the training institutions are not yet open. How can parents help their children to make a good connection at home? The reporter interviewed many senior kindergarten directors and well-known primary school principals in Changsha to give advice to parents.

　　Stories alleviate the anxiety of young children’s connection, and parents buy textbooks to learn first.

　　Although the Ministry of Education explicitly proposed "zero starting point" enrollment, at this time last year, many parents transferred their children to a young connecting institution to learn some primary school knowledge in advance to adapt to the schedule of primary schools because they were worried that their children would lose at the starting line. However, this year, affected by the epidemic, not only the start time of kindergarten has not been clear, but also the training institutions listed in the final approval list are waiting. Undeniably, the lack of home cooperation and training institutions to help, the pressure of young convergence naturally falls more on parents.

　　In such a special period, the days passed quietly while waiting, which made the heart of Ms. Shen, the parents of large kindergarten students, more and more tight. She originally planned to send her children to a training class when the school started in the spring to make up for the young connection. However, the school start time has not been fixed, and she and her husband have to work during the day, so the children can only be taken care of by the elderly, resulting in the children being in a state of stocking almost all day. "I’m really worried that the child will suddenly switch from playing now to studying after school. Can he adapt?"

　　Like Ms. Shen, Ms. Chen has her troubles. In the second half of this year, her children will become first-grade primary school students, which makes her happy and worried. Happily, children will enter a new stage of life; Worryingly, the kindergarten starts late, and the young connection pressure on her and her husband is not small. "This semester’s kindergarten study is basically abandoned, and how to prepare for the child’s young connection" tests Ms. Chen and her husband. In order to relieve anxiety, she bought a textbook for the first grade and last semester, and studied it with her husband first.

　　"We can’t be ignorant of his learning content." After some research, Ms. Chen is confident that her children can master this knowledge. She told reporters that from the end of February to the present, in accordance with the principle of combining work and rest, in addition to arranging Chinese, mathematics and English knowledge study for children, she also interspersed poetry reading, picture book reading, calligraphy practice, skipping rope, roller skating and other sports. "It is only tentative to let children do some knowledge reserves in advance, without any assessment." Ms. Chen said that studying in advance may make children more confident about going to primary school, but after entering primary school, children may not listen carefully because they understand.

　　The survey is worried that children can’t keep up with their studies, and over 60% of parents will report to the young bridging course.

　　At present, how to do a good job of connecting young children is not only an urgent problem for parents of kindergarten students in large classes, but also the focus of education departments. In order to understand parents’ understanding and confusion about the connection between young and old children and their adaptability in primary schools, so as to grasp the future direction of parents’ education, not long ago, under the guidance of Yuelu District Education Bureau, Bocai Education Group distributed questionnaires to 2,102 kindergarten parents in the form of online questionnaires. The survey shows that many parents have different puzzles about the connection between young and young.

　　Many parents are worried about whether their children can smoothly adapt to the study and life of primary schools after attending primary schools, such as whether they can concentrate on lectures, whether they can adapt to the teaching methods of primary school teachers, whether they can take good care of themselves, and whether they can get along well with their classmates. There are also parents who worry from themselves, such as not being able to pick up their children too early after school; There are also a few parents’ worries from schools, such as campus safety and campus violence.

　　When answering the question "You will enroll your child in the young bridging course", over 60% of parents said "Yes". Among them, 58.75% parents think it is "very necessary" because they are worried that their children can’t keep up with their studies; 6.47% of parents think that other children have gone to school and their children can’t fall behind. Another 20.08% of parents said that they would not report, on the grounds that they would teach.

　　In addition, many parents who participated in the survey have doubts about what should be prepared and done in the early childhood bridging education, so that children can smoothly transition from kindergarten to primary school, and how to cultivate their various habits and skills.

　　"Through the feedback of literature and questionnaires, we can know that parents’ understanding of young convergence has made great progress compared with previous years. They no longer simply think that young convergence is only to teach children to read and count, but more importantly, to cultivate children’s good study habits and living habits. However, parents still have doubts about specific measures." The relevant person in charge of Bocai Primary School said in the investigation report.

　　Young convergence of views ≠ Parents should be patient and wait for the children who have just entered the school.

　　So, what can parents do to help their children make a good connection? Well-known primary school principals and senior public kindergarten directors in Yuelu District expressed their views.

　　Peng Qingqing, director of the Eighth Kindergarten of Yuelu Preschool Education Group, believes that when parents help their children to make young connections, they should first correctly define young connections. She said, "Young convergence ≠ Learning primary school content, learning quality training is far more important than learning knowledge and skills preparation. " She said, "From the perspective of the turn of education in the world today, it is from knowledge-based education to the cultivation of learning quality. Among them, learning quality refers to the positive attitude and good behavior tendency of children in the process of activities, including learning interest, learning habits, learning attitude and learning ability. "

　　Peng Qingqing suggested that parents should not only pay attention to the cultivation of their children’s learning quality, but also make their children well prepared for psychology, life, material, knowledge and sports. For example, help children prepare psychologically and stimulate their yearning for primary school life. When preparing for sports, you can help your child practice skipping, playing ball, running and other sports. "When entering primary school, it is necessary to carry out a sports compliance test, and the child’s physique, physical fitness and athletic ability must keep up. Studies have proved that skipping rope and racqueting can also cultivate children’s concentration. "

　　Long Sheng, the principal of Bocai Boarding Primary School, said that children in the young convergence stage have some characteristics and needs, and if parents understand them, they can be more patient. "6-year-old children’s cognitive ability and development level are not consistent. It is normal to have differences before and after. There is no right or wrong, and temporary backwardness should be allowed. In the face of many changes, the first psychological nutrition that children need in the young transition period is: a sense of security. " Longsheng said that the second demand of children at this stage is role model demand. They need to learn how to learn, how to manage their emotions and how to deal with problems in life, and this learning comes from an example, and parents are the best models.

　　"The basis of all learning abilities in the future is determined by whether you get enough psychological nutrition before the age of 7. Safety, example and recognition … … These are all psychological nutrition that children need. If you get it, children will naturally have the vitality to explore and learn new things; If he doesn’t get it, he will spend a lot of life energy to find unsatisfied psychological needs. Therefore, in the key steps of children’s growth, parents should be slower. Slow means feeding the child well first and giving him physiological and psychological nutrition; Slowness means creating high-quality parent-child relationship and teacher-student relationship first; Slow means waiting for a child to let his nature grow well. "

　　While advocating "slow education" and advising parents to be patient, Longsheng also put forward the view of "critical period", that is, growth is more important than children’s grades. "In such a critical period, what is the most critical, to cultivate? Years of educational work have made us realize that children should be cultivated when entering primary schools ‘ Freedom in rules ’ … … The process of helping children establish rules and habits is not simple and rude ‘ Pull weeds ’ , but should be ‘ Planting crops by throwing seedlings ’ The process. On the basis of rules, give them freedom of mind and thought. " Long Sheng said.

　　Worried that children can’t adapt to primary school? Try these six tricks.

　　What should parents do to help their children adapt to primary school study and life? Li Hui, the principal of the first primary school in Yuelu District, combined with 30 years of primary education practice, summed up the experience of six tricks to make children adapt to primary school life quickly.

　　These six tricks are: playing "family drama of primary school life" with children; One-day tour of primary school campus with children; Adjust your child’s schedule one month in advance; Adapt to not taking a nap; Develop three exclusive chores for children and cultivate their awareness of completing tasks on their own initiative; Establish a special study area for children and cultivate their concentration.

　　Taking the "Family Drama of Primary School Life" as an example, Li Hui suggested that parents can use 10 minutes to open a small family class every day, and family members can play the role of teachers and students in class, play games and make friends, so that children can learn to listen, learn to express and make friends on their own initiative. In terms of cultivating children’s awareness of actively completing tasks, she said that parents can arrange some tasks for their children every day, such as sweeping the floor, watering flowers, folding quilts and taking out garbage. After practicing for a month, children will build up the consciousness of actively completing tasks, so they don’t have to worry about their procrastination in doing homework and doing things, so as to avoid the trouble of parents nagging their children to do homework every day and urging them to "hurry up" in the future.

　　[Global Network Reporter Hou Jiaxin] Black man Jacob Blake was fired seven times by the police, causing the anger caused by paralysis to spread to American sports. Three Major League Baseball (MLB) games were postponed because the team refused to play; Major League Soccer (MLS) announced the postponement of five games and American Men’s Professional Basketball League (NBA) announced the postponement of three playoff games … …

　　According to a comprehensive report by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and Reuters, three MLB matches were postponed because the participating teams refused to play. According to reports, Major League Baseball Seattle Mariners, Milwaukee Brewers and Cincinnati Redskins all announced their refusal to attend Wednesday’s game to protest Blake’s violent law enforcement by the police.

　　On the evening of 26th local time, MLB issued a statement saying: "Considering the pain and injury experienced by the Wisconsin community after the shooting of Jacob Blake, we respect the decision of many players not to participate in the competition tonight." The statement also mentioned: "MLB is still United and working hard to change our society, and we will be allies in fighting racism and injustice."

　　In addition, MLS also announced the postponement of five games on the same day. Tennis star Naomi Osaka also announced on social media that she will not play in the 27 th match. She said: "It makes me uncomfortable to watch the police continue to slaughter black people."

　　According to previous reports, the NBA playoffs between Milwaukee Bucks and Orlando Magic scheduled for the afternoon of 26th were suspended because the Bucks refused to play. The NBA immediately announced that all three games of the day were postponed. Subsequently, a number of players tweeted to support the NBA decision and protest against police brutality. James, the star of the Lakers, directly condemned: We demand change! We’ve had enough!

　　All these protests originated from a recent case of police brutality in Wisconsin. On August 23, local time, the police in Kenosha, Wisconsin, USA fired at least 7 shots at the back of an African-American man, causing serious injuries. This incident subsequently led to a large-scale demonstration in the local area.

　　A video widely circulated on local social media shows that on the afternoon of 23rd, when Jacob Blake, a 29-year-old black man, walked to the driver’s seat and opened the door to get on the bus, he was grabbed by two policemen who followed him and fired at least 7 shots at his back at close range. Blake’s three children were sitting in the car at the time of the incident. Blake is seriously injured and is currently being treated in the intensive care unit of the hospital.

　　According to previous news from the US media, Blake’s father revealed to the media that Blake was paralyzed from the waist down. Doctors don’t know whether paralysis is permanent.

Summer is hot, rainfall increases,

Mosquito vectors are gradually active,

The spread risk of mosquito-borne infectious diseases also increases.

Today we will treat dengue fever.

13 questions that you care about most,

Make it clear at once.

What kind of disease is dengue fever?

Dengue fever is a viral infectious disease caused by dengue virus and mainly spread by the bite of Aedes mosquitoes. It is the most widespread insect-borne infectious disease in the world and is prevalent in more than 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions.

Dengue virus belongs to flavivirus genus in flaviviridae, and there are four serotypes, which are mainly transmitted by the bites of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic to severe dengue fever that may be fatal.

In recent years, with the climate warming, the acceleration of globalization and urbanization, and the change of ecological environment, the global dengue fever epidemic situation is on the rise rapidly.

Reproduction and use of copyright pictures in the gallery may lead to copyright disputes.

Is dengue fever prevalent in China?

In China, dengue fever has not yet formed a stable endemic epidemic, which is mainly characterized by local transmission caused by import, and the epidemic scale is affected by the global dengue fever epidemic. This year, the dengue fever epidemic in China is mainly concentrated in Guangdong, Yunnan, Guangxi and other provinces. At present, there is still the risk of dengue fever transmission in southern China, but as the weather gets colder and the precipitation decreases, the risk of dengue fever transmission will gradually decrease.

What are the characteristics of dengue fever epidemic in China?

In China, dengue fever has not yet formed a stable localized epidemic focus, but mosquito vectors that can transmit dengue virus are widely distributed. In the summer and autumn mosquito breeding season, dengue virus has the potential to spread rapidly after being imported, and local transmission epidemics caused by import occur every year. All endemic areas of dengue fever may be imported into China, but mainly to Southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar and Cambodia, and the risk of importing depends on the frequency of people coming and going.

The local epidemic mainly occurred after June, and peaked in August-October. People of all ages can be infected, mainly young and middle-aged, especially those who are active in cross-border exchanges and their related groups.

Is the clinical manifestation of dengue fever serious?

After being infected with dengue virus, it usually takes 5-9 days to get sick, and the symptoms are mostly mild, and some infected people may have no symptoms.

Typical clinical manifestations include sudden fever (up to 39℃), which may be accompanied by obvious fatigue, anorexia, nausea, severe headache, posterior orbital pain, muscle and joint pain (usually called "three pains"), flushing on face, neck and chest (namely "three reds"), and sometimes accompanied by rash and bleeding (nosebleeds and gingival bleeding)

The vast majority of patients can recover within 1-2 weeks, and a few patients progress rapidly after onset, and may have bleeding, shock or even death. Early treatment, early treatment and mosquito isolation can effectively avoid the aggravation of the disease and infect people around you. If you suspect that you are infected with dengue fever, you must take the initiative to see a doctor as soon as possible.

Reproduction and use of copyright pictures in the gallery may lead to copyright disputes.

Which areas are at risk of dengue fever?

Dengue fever is prevalent all the year round in many tropical and subtropical regions, and it is a common and frequently-occurring disease, mainly including South America, Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia and Pacific island countries. Nearly half of the world’s population (about 4 billion people) live in areas at risk of dengue fever. Large-scale dengue fever outbreaks often occur in Caribbean, Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Myanmar, Cambodia, Indonesia, Thailand, Laos, Malaysia and Pacific islands. In China, local dengue fever epidemic caused by import often occurs in Yunnan and Guangdong.

Under what circumstances should we consider?

You may have dengue fever?

If you have stayed in countries or regions where dengue fever is prevalent in the past two weeks, or dengue fever has occurred in communities, streets or even cities where you live and work, you should consider the possibility of contracting dengue fever when the above-mentioned suspected dengue fever symptoms suddenly appear. At this time, we should take measures to prevent mosquitoes as soon as possible, such as spraying repellent and wearing long-sleeved underwear, go to the hospital for medical treatment, and take the initiative to explain our travel history to the doctor so as to get a diagnosis and treatment as soon as possible.

How to treat dengue fever?

At present, there is no specific medicine for dengue fever, and support and symptomatic treatment measures are mainly taken, including rest, drinking more water and cooling down.

The fever of dengue fever is mainly reduced by physical cooling. Those with high fever can use acetaminophen and other antipyretic drugs, and avoid using drugs with anticoagulant properties, such as aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as ibuprofen). People with deficiency of erythrocyte glucose -6- phosphate dehydrogenase should avoid using antipyretic and analgesic drugs to prevent hemolysis.

Mild patients, such as home treatment, should do a good job of mosquito prevention and isolation, kill adult mosquitoes in the room, avoid family aggregation infection, closely observe symptoms, and see a doctor in time when the condition gets worse.

Can dengue fever be transmitted to family and friends?

After getting dengue fever, you are bitten by Aedes mosquitoes during the infection period (usually lasting until 5 days after the onset), and the virus in your blood can infect mosquito vectors. After 8-10 days of proliferation, mosquitoes are contagious and can transmit the virus to others through bites. Family cluster infection is a frequent event, and mild patients should take effective measures to prevent mosquito isolation during home treatment (for example, using mosquito nets, wearing long-sleeved underwear, using mosquito repellent products, etc.). We should avoid infecting family members with dengue fever and protect their health.

Reproduction and use of copyright pictures in the gallery may lead to copyright disputes.

How is dengue fever spread?

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne infectious disease, which is mainly transmitted by the bite of Aedes mosquitoes, and generally does not occur from person to person. After Aedes mosquitoes bite dengue fever patients or latent infected people, the virus can spread to others through bites after 8-10 days of proliferation in their bodies.

People in China are generally susceptible to dengue fever, and they may get sick after 5-9 days of infection. Some infected people may not get sick (called recessive infected people), but after infection, they will cause viremia, which is contagious. Perinatal infection of pregnant women can spread vertically and lead to infant infection. Dengue virus can be transmitted through blood through organ transplantation, blood transfusion or the use of blood products. Although there are reports of breastfeeding and sexual transmission, it is extremely rare.

What kinds of Aedes mosquitoes can spread dengue fever?

When is the high incidence of dengue fever?

Aedes mosquitoes of dengue fever are mainly Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti, commonly known as "flower mosquitoes", which belong to domestic mosquitoes and mainly breed in places where human beings live and often move. The incidence of dengue fever is seasonal, and the high incidence period is the active period of Aedes mosquitoes. The high incidence season of dengue fever in most parts of China is summer and autumn (August-October), and the local epidemic can start in June or even earlier. In parts of Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan with warm climate, the high incidence season can be May-November.

Image source: Yunnan CDC

How to prevent dengue fever in daily life?

The best way to prevent dengue fever is to protect yourself from mosquito bites. Use mosquito-repellent incense or electric mosquito-repellent incense liquid in rooms and offices, and at the same time use screen doors, screens and mosquito nets to prevent mosquitoes. Develop good hygiene habits, regularly remove all kinds of accumulated water in families and units. Terraces, potholes, tree holes, bamboo tubes and other places that are prone to accumulated water need to be dredged and leveled regularly, and ditches should be dredged, silt and weeds on the shore should be cleaned, and small containers of garbage should be removed to prevent mosquitoes from breeding. When going to parks, green belts and other places, you should wear long-sleeved clothes and trousers, and apply mosquito repellent drugs to exposed skin and clothes.

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What is the breeding ground of Aedes mosquitoes?

How should it be removed?

The breeding ground is the place where adult mosquitoes lay eggs and mosquito larvae mature and grow. After clearing the breeding ground, Aedes mosquitoes can’t reproduce, which is conducive to blocking the spread of dengue fever. The larvae of Aedes mosquitoes like clean water. Except for adults, the development of the other three stages of the whole breeding cycle is inseparable from water. Therefore, it is an effective means to put containers such as pots and cans upside down to avoid stagnant water and clean up all kinds of useless stagnant water in the home and surrounding areas in time. Aedes mosquitoes can also breed in the accumulated water in a bottle cap or eggshell-sized container, so when clearing the breeding ground, be sure to check carefully and don’t let go of the garbage in the corner.

It is necessary to keep the home and surrounding environment clean and tidy, and remove all kinds of sanitary corners and garbage. Drinking water containers for people and livestock or other useful water containers should be completely changed once a week. Reduce the cultivation of aquatic plants at home, and it is recommended that the containers that have been cultivated be completely changed once a week. Ornamental fish or local species of mosquito-eating fish can be stocked in homes and surrounding landscape waters. Tires should be neatly stored indoors or in rain-proof places, covered tightly with rain-proof cloth outdoors, and discarded tires outdoors should be perforated. For tires with accumulated water that are difficult to remove, you can use phosphorus dichloride to kill young mosquitoes. The vegetation around the home can be used to kill Aedes mosquitoes.

When traveling abroad,

How to prevent dengue fever?

Know the incidence of dengue fever in the destination in advance. The epidemic peak of dengue fever in tropical and subtropical areas is during and after the rainy season.

When going out, you should wear long-sleeved underwear, try to choose light colors, and use mosquito repellent and other mosquito repellent products on bare skin to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes.

When going to areas with high incidence of dengue fever, you can carry foldable mosquito nets with you; During your stay in the local area, close the screen doors and screens; Mosquito-repellent incense and mosquito-repellent aerosol can be used in hotel rooms. Note that Aedes mosquitoes may exist indoors in any type of hotel, so pay attention to mosquito control and mosquito killing.

If you have suspicious symptoms during your stay, you should see a doctor in time and take the initiative to explain the bite.

After returning to the local area, if you have fever within 2 weeks, you should see a doctor in time and explain your travel history. In order not to spread the disease to your family, please cooperate with the local health department and be hospitalized for mosquito isolation treatment. /health science popularization

Reproduction and use of copyright pictures in the gallery may lead to copyright disputes.

Laiyuan | China CDC

Author | Chen Qiulan, Ren Qian, Infectious Diseases Department of China CDC.

Lu Liang, Institute of Infectious Diseases, China CDC

Li Jiandong, Institute of Virology, China CDC

Audit | Infectious Diseases Department of China CDC, Zhang Yanping

Figure source | Yitu. com

Edit | Hu Die

Shengming | Part of the material source network is only used for popular science publicity, such as invasion and deletion.

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Original title: "13 questions about dengue fever that you are most concerned about, make it clear at once"

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Director:

Screenwriter: Gao Ke

Starring:

Special feature of 1905 film network Yang Jiazhen (Mary), a rich girl, is married to Li Mao (Chang Yuan), a young policeman. Although the husband and wife love each other, they have never been recognized by Jiazhen’s parents. Li Mao accidentally discovered that he had the same appearance as the prince of the dynasty. One wanted to get promoted in the palace, the other wanted to get free in the palace, and they exchanged identities, but they didn’t know that they were getting involved in the conspiracy of Shangshu step by step … …

You are me and I am you.

I have seen many wonderful plays of "Exchange of Life", and some classic works have been born, such as FACE/OFF’s "A Match Made in Heaven" and so on. Mary, the star of Li Mao Dressing as a Prince, once performed with Allen on the stage, which aroused strong reaction from the audience and earned more than 2.1 billion at the box office.

This time, Chang Yuan, another partner of hers, was responsible for one person to play two roles, challenging himself to play against himself, and switching freely between Li Mao, a timid and humble catcher, and the confident and noble royal prince. The precise performance was a highlight of the film, and even Mary watched the double play.

In order to play the two roles well, Chang Yuan constantly pondered their posture and voice. "Every day, I exist as two people. Li Mao belongs to the kind of person who is a tiger, and the prince is a high-ranking person, which is quite enjoyable! "

Judging from the title of the film, "Li Mao Dresses as a Prince" uses "homophonic terrier" with the same sound as "civet cats for princes". This is a folklore, and the plot tells the story of "switching identities". Two people with the same appearance and two completely different identities, after a conspiracy, decided to swap lives and start a new life.

This twist is not another twist.

Since the drama of the same name was put on the screen in 2015, Mahua FunAge has opened a smooth road, and under the strong impetus of "The Iron Fist of Shame", it has soared to become the head company of the comedy family in China. In addition, Mahua FunAge has also produced a large number of outstanding resident actors, such as Mary, Allen, Chang Yuan, etc. They have actively performed in other performances, contributing to the comedy family in China.

Although "Li Mao Dressing as a Prince" is not a project produced by Mahua FunAge Film Industry, it brings together a group of familiar "Twist" artists. Mary, Chang Yuan, Allen, Wei Xiang and others are all veteran resident actors in Mahua FunAge.

Seven years ago, in the "Charlotte" trio, Shen Teng was the joke, Allen was the force, and Mary was the wisdom and beauty. Each of them had a special person to label and kept it for a long time. In recent years, Mary, Wei Xiang and Chang Yuan have formed the "New Mahua FunAge Screen Trio", from "Li Mao Plays the Crown Prince" to "New Sparks".

The actors who appear in turn in the film all seem to be "stealing the play" and "laughing" is full of fruit.

Are the people competing for posts in Li Mao familiar? Huang Cailun, the "narrator" who never leaves Li Suona.

In the film, a guest star is a contractor.

There is also the blind doctor of "Scent of a Woman" played by comedian Yu Yang, who plays the role of "breaking through the barrier to see a doctor" all the way, and has no intention of stopping the audience’s laughter from the appearance.

Such a movie, which assembled a large number of comedians, opened its brains and laughed constantly under the overhead background of the times and the misplaced setting of "exchanging lives", and gained 462 million box office results at the beginning of this year.

On the occasion of family reunion, watching this crazy comedy with eye-catching lineup, diverse types and rich elements like "Spring Festival Evening" will definitely make you and your family have a pleasant holiday and get unexpected surprises. See you at 18:00 on October 3 rd!

　　Since the promulgation and implementation of "Decision on the Management of Judicial Appraisal" in the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) in 2005, the judicial appraisal industry has developed rapidly. According to statistics, in 2016, there were 4,872 judicial appraisal institutions and 54,198 judicial appraisers registered by judicial administrative organs, and more than 2.13 million cases of various judicial appraisal services were completed, more than eight times that of 2005. At the same time of rapid development, the development of forensic expertise industry is also facing some problems and troubles.

　　Violations of laws and regulations occur from time to time.

　　Document identification restores the authenticity of signatures and seals, and does not provide opportunities for counterfeiters; Forensic pathology identification, determine the responsibility of medical disputes; Recognition of relatives under the complicated situation of DNA identification … Judicial expertise opinions affect the nature of the case, the severity of the crime, the success or failure of the lawsuit, and the personal rights and property rights of the parties.

　　However, in the field of judicial expertise, some violations of laws and regulations occur from time to time, such as violating the rules of identification procedures and technical operation norms, carrying out identification activities beyond the scope of registered business, and organizing unqualified personnel to engage in judicial expertise business. In November, 2015, Jiangxi Jingsheng Judicial Appraisal Center was given a warning by Jiangxi Provincial Department of Justice, because it published false propaganda pictures of relevant qualification certificates on its website without obtaining relevant qualification certificates. In February this year, the Ministry of Justice informed the Lingshi Judicial Appraisal Center of Shanxi Province about the violation of laws and regulations: the center went beyond the registered business scope and organized appraisers who did not have the qualification of forensic pathologists to engage in forensic pathological appraisal illegally; Charge the blood alcohol content test and appraisal fee beyond the unified charging standard of Shanxi Province …

　　In 2016 alone, more than 230 cases of illegal judicial expertise were investigated and dealt with nationwide, and 132 appraisal institutions were cancelled. Thousands of appraisers were cancelled due to unqualified qualifications and unqualified related examinations, which effectively standardized the practice order and improved the overall ability level of the industry. However, this also reflects the problems existing in the entry threshold of judicial appraisal institutions and appraisers. "At present, China’s judicial appraisers have problems such as inconsistent qualification management and appraisal technical standards. On the other hand, it is difficult for some judicial organs to judge the professionalism of judicial authentication institutions when entrusting judicial authentication, which will also affect the accuracy and applicability of the authentication results. " Qin Xiyan, a lawyer from Hunan Province, introduced for example that a procuratorate needs to assess the value of real estate when handling criminal cases involving state-owned assets, but entrusts a price certification center to determine the price. However, the principles and standards on which the real estate value assessment is based are obviously different from the price determination, and the appraisal results will naturally affect the handling of cases by judicial organs.

　　The lack of appraisal standards and technical specifications for some appraisal matters is also a factor that causes dissatisfaction among the parties. The reporter learned that at present, the identification matters with more complaints and opinions from the parties are usually those that are difficult to rely on the detection of instruments and equipment and mainly rely on the appraisers to use professional knowledge and experience for identification and judgment, such as handwriting identification, forensic psychiatric identification, and medical damage identification. In practice, due to many theories and methods, these appraisal items often lack unified appraisal standards and technical specifications, which is easy to cause the parties to question and be dissatisfied with the appraisal opinions.

　　Profit-seeking, affecting the fairness of appraisal

　　Repeated identification and contradictory identification are a prominent problem in judicial expertise. Liu Jianwei, deputy director of the Institute of Forensic Science and Technology Appraisal of China University of Political Science and Law and an expert in document retrieval, analyzed that most appraisal institutions are responsible for their own profits and losses, and some of them are profit-seeking. In order to win more appraisal commissions, they relax their standards and control, which affects the quality and credibility of appraisal.

　　"In a labor contract dispute, the company sued Li for terminating the labor contract according to the contract, but Li argued that the contract was not signed by himself. The court entrusted an appraisal agency to conduct appraisal, and the first appraisal result was’ not signed by Li’; At the second trial, we appraised it, but the result was the opposite. This is because the sample used in the first appraisal was written by the party Li in court, not his real writing habits, which led to re-appraisal. " Liu Jianwei said that this is because the appraisal agency indulged the simple handling of the sample taken by the judge to a certain extent for the source of the case.

　　"In recent years, the business volume of paternity testing has increased rapidly. In order to do more paternity testing business, some appraisal institutions have set up cross-regional receiving points and sampling points to carry out false propaganda, which has seriously affected the image of the industry." Deng Jiaming, director of the Judicial Appraisal Administration of the Ministry of Justice, said, "The number of cases remains basically stable, and the tax authorities levy taxes on appraisal institutions according to enterprises, which is relatively heavy. In an environment of market-oriented free competition, it is also easy to objectively lead to profit-seeking behavior. In response to these problems, the Ministry of Justice carried out a special rectification of the paternity test business in 2016, which effectively standardized the identification order. "

　　With the development of society, the updating speed of identification instruments and equipment is accelerated, and the original equipment configuration standards can not meet the requirements of current litigation activities for identification work. In addition, the requirements for the number of appraisers and the requirements for funds and residences are not high in the access conditions of institutions, which leads to the emergence of a large number of judicial identification institutions with small scale and general technical conditions. "At the same time, due to the lack of scientific development planning, the number of some types of appraisal institutions is on the high side, while the number of appraisal institutions for some urgent litigation matters is less, and the regional distribution is not balanced. The situation of small, scattered and chaotic institutions cannot be fundamentally changed, which affects and restricts the healthy development of the judicial appraisal industry to a certain extent." The relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Justice introduced.

　　In terms of the access of appraisers, the standards for the identification of related majors in the legal access conditions are not very clear, and the professional requirements for appraisers are limited to professional titles, professional qualifications or working experience, resulting in a mixed team of appraisers. "In order to ensure that the appraisal opinions put forward by appraisers are authoritative, objective and scientific, they need certain professional knowledge and practical experience, that is to say, they should be experts in their appraisal business fields." The relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Justice said: "In practice, the judicial administrative organs have access to those who meet the statutory conditions, which leads to some appraisers’ professional mismatch, average technical ability and poor sense of responsibility, which affects the quality of appraisal."

　　Judicial expertise management should be refined

　　In 2015, the state delegated the pricing authority of judicial expertise fees to the provincial level, and some places failed to introduce new standards on time. Recently, the Ministry of Justice issued the "Notice on Further Strengthening the Management of Judicial Appraisal Fees", which requires that when formulating charging standards, all localities should scientifically and reasonably formulate charging standards for judicial appraisal according to the local economic and social development level and taking into account factors such as appraisal cost and difficulty; It is necessary to strictly standardize and uniformly implement, and study and standardize the setting of the charging standard "downward floating range" to avoid vicious competition among appraisal institutions; Where the local standards for judicial expertise fees have not yet been formulated, they must be completed before the end of June this year.

　　This is a policy response to the topic of "sky-high appraisal fee" In February of this year, Weibo, a lawyer in Sichuan, attracted attention: "A case of Chengdu Intermediate People’s Court needs to be appraised. A fingerprint, two seals and a signature were appraised, and the asking price was 170,000 yuan. The appraisal fee is catching up with the legal fees!" The appraisal fee of more than 170,000 yuan has attracted attention. One controversial point is that the Measures for the Administration of Judicial Appraisal Fees have been abolished, Sichuan has not yet issued local standards, and there is a gap in legal convergence. "This case is a target amount of 30 million, involving three projects. It is not too much to calculate 57,000 for each project alone, but it is not clearly defined whether all three projects in a case are calculated at 57,000." Liu Jianwei said.

　　"At present, the industry management of judicial expertise is still somewhat extensive." Guo Zhaoming, deputy director of the Institute of Forensic Science and Technology Appraisal of China University of Political Science and Law, said that the judicial administration should be more refined, and the judicial administrative department should further tighten the entry threshold for judicial appraisers and appraisal institutions, strengthen the training of professionals, and promote the justice of judicial appraisal through a series of measures.

　　The relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Justice said that in view of the problems existing in the access to judicial expertise, the next step is to take measures: First, strictly control the customs, strengthen the role of expert evaluation in the examination and registration work, and refuse to register legal persons or other organizations that do not have the instruments and equipment necessary for the appraisal and the testing laboratories that have passed the metrological certification or laboratory accreditation according to law, as well as personnel with weak professional relevance, unqualified professional skills or deregistered; The second is to refine the access standards, revise and improve the equipment configuration standards of judicial authentication institutions and the classification regulations of judicial authentication practices as soon as possible, and formulate and introduce the standards for the identification of related professions and related work of judicial authenticators, so as to provide a clear basis and reference for the audit and registration work; The third is to strictly implement responsibilities and seriously pursue accountability.

　　According to the relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Justice, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee clearly put forward the requirement of improving the unified judicial expertise management system. At present, in accordance with the requirements of the central authorities, the Ministry of Justice, together with relevant departments, is making every effort to promote and improve the reform of the unified judicial expertise management system and focus on solving the institutional and mechanism problems that affect and restrict the development of the judicial expertise industry. Relevant issues such as access, quality management, charging system and the public welfare nature of judicial authentication institutions, which are of social concern, will be gradually solved in the reform. He said, "The Ministry of Justice will continue to do a good job in the management and quality construction of judicial expertise, vigorously strengthen the supervision of the judicial expertise industry, and strive to promote the healthy development of the judicial expertise industry."