synopsis

　　Socialist core values are the concentrated expression of contemporary China spirit, which embodies the common value pursuit of all China people and is a powerful force to unite people’s hearts and gather people’s strength. In the new era, the construction of socialist core values has been further promoted and achieved remarkable results. We should adhere to the guidance of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era, thoroughly study and implement the cultural thought of the Supreme Leader, focus on cultivating and practicing socialist core values, and better inspire China’s strength with the spirit of China.

　　Core values are an important stabilizer of a country. Whether we can build core values with strong appeal is related to social harmony and stability and the long-term stability of the country. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader made important instructions on propaganda and ideological and cultural work, emphasizing "focusing on cultivating and practicing socialist core values". Cultivating and practicing the socialist core values is the basic project to gather the spirit and strengthen the foundation. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has attached great importance to ideological work and incorporated upholding the socialist core value system into the basic strategy of upholding and developing Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era. In the new era and new journey, propaganda and ideological and cultural work is facing new situations and new tasks. We should adhere to the guidance of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, thoroughly study and implement the cultural thought of the Supreme Leader, focus on cultivating and practicing socialist core values, further promote the construction of socialist spiritual civilization, and gather the majestic strength of unity and struggle for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　Cultivating and practicing the socialist core values is the basic project to gather the spirit and strengthen the foundation.

　　The socialist core values are the concentrated expression of contemporary China spirit, which embodies the common value pursuit of all China people. Cultivating and practicing the socialist core values is an important task to uphold and develop Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, and it is also an inevitable requirement to unite social consensus and enhance people’s spiritual strength. It is necessary to cultivate and practice the socialist core values, so that all the people can closely unite in ideals, beliefs, values and moral concepts, and constantly consolidate and develop the common ideological foundation for the United struggle of all the people.

　　An important way to unite social consensus. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "There are various values and orientations in any society. To unite the will and strength of the whole society, we must have a set of core values that are compatible with the economic foundation and political system and can form a broad social consensus." People’s heart is the biggest politics, and consensus is the driving force for forging ahead. Human society is in a period of great development, great change and great adjustment. All kinds of ideas and cultures around the world are stirring with each other, and our social ideas and concepts have undergone profound changes. Cultivating and practicing socialist core values and adhering to the guidance of socialist core values are conducive to correctly handling the relationship between main melody melody and diversity, consistency and diversity, effectively integrating social consciousness, striving for the greatest common denominator, drawing the greatest concentric circle, mobilizing all positive factors to the maximum extent, uniting all those who can unite, and maximizing the consensus and joint efforts of the whole society.

　　The inherent requirement of strengthening people’s spiritual strength. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "Socialist core values and Chinese excellent traditional culture are powerful forces to unite people’s hearts and gather people’s strength." To realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation requires not only strong material strength, but also strong spiritual strength. Socialist core values are formed in the great practice of leading hundreds of millions of people to struggle for a long time. They have profound historical background and solid realistic foundation, profound nationality, distinctive times, inherent advancement and extensive inclusiveness. Cultivating and practicing the socialist core values will help us hold high the banner of ideals and beliefs, carry forward the national spirit and the spirit of the times, improve the ideological realm of the people, enrich the spiritual world of the people, unite the national will with common ideals and beliefs, and inspire China’s strength with the spirit of China.

　　An important support for maintaining the independence of national spirit. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "Cultivating and carrying forward the socialist core values and enhancing Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s road confidence, theoretical confidence, institutional confidence and cultural confidence are important supports for maintaining the independence of the national spirit." Core values are the spiritual ties that a nation depends on and carry the spiritual pursuit of a country and a nation. Only by standing up and standing firmly in spirit can a nation stand firm in the tide of history. In today’s world, exchanges and exchanges between different civilizations are more frequent. We must speed up the construction of a value system that fully reflects China’s characteristics, national characteristics and characteristics of the times, and strive to seize the commanding heights of the value system. Cultivating and practicing the socialist core values is conducive to strengthening our faith and confidence in our own value pursuit, consolidating cultural subjectivity, constantly strengthening the "four self-confidences" and standing among the nations of the world with a high degree of national pride and self-confidence.

　　Significant achievements have been made in cultivating and practicing socialist core values in the new era.

　　Thought is the forerunner of action, and theory is the guide of practice. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "It is necessary to strengthen the construction of the socialist core value system, actively cultivate and practice the socialist core values, comprehensively improve the moral quality of citizens, and cultivate a good fashion of knowing honor and disgrace, stressing righteousness, making contributions and promoting harmony." A series of important expositions by the Supreme Leader General Secretary provide a scientific action guide for cultivating and practicing socialist core values. Under the scientific guidance of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, the construction of China’s socialist core values has been further promoted and achieved remarkable results.

　　The CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has taken a series of major measures to cultivate and practice the socialist core values. Give full play to the policy-oriented role, and successively formulate and issue a series of guiding policy documents such as Opinions on Cultivating and Practicing Socialist Core Values and Guiding Opinions on Further Integrating Socialist Core Values into the Construction of the Rule of Law. The socialist core values run through the daily situation propaganda, achievement propaganda, theme propaganda, typical propaganda, hot spot guidance and public opinion supervision, and run through the cultural activities and literary works that the people love, and actively promote the online promotion of socialist core values. Insist on cultivating people with socialist core values, promote socialist core values into textbooks, classrooms and minds, and strive to cultivate new people of the times who are responsible for national rejuvenation. Promote the integration of socialist core values into various spiritual civilization creation activities, and strive to draw rich nutrition from Chinese excellent traditional culture, so as to better cultivate the spiritual world of contemporary Chinese. Closely link the promotion of socialist core values with people’s daily lives, make efforts to implement them in detail, and strive to transform socialist core values into people’s emotional identity and behavior habits. We will continue to strengthen institutional guarantees, improve the codes of conduct such as citizens’ conventions, village rules and regulations, and student codes, integrate socialist core values into the rule of law, and promote the normalization and long-term promotion of cultivating and practicing socialist core values.

　　From advocacy to practice, from concept to action, the core values of socialism have been widely promoted, and the people’s ideological consciousness, moral standards and civilized accomplishment have been significantly improved. In the process of cultivating and practicing socialist core values, the exemplary role of advanced models has been fully exerted, the activities of mass spiritual civilization have been deepened, the construction of social morality, professional ethics, family virtues and personal morality has achieved fruitful results, the soft power of national culture and the influence of Chinese culture have been significantly improved, and the socialist core values have been internalized, externalized and educated to the public, giving full play to the important role of rallying social consensus and enhancing people’s spiritual strength. By cultivating and practicing the socialist core values, and constantly strengthening the spiritual calcium of the Chinese nation and the soul of rejuvenating the country in contemporary China, the "four self-confidences" of the whole party and people of all ethnic groups have been significantly enhanced and their mental outlook has become more energetic.

　　Give further play to the leading role of socialist core values

　　In the new era and new journey, there must be new weather and new actions. To build a socialist modern country in an all-round way and promote the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation in an all-round way, we need to further play the leading role of socialist core values and let the people of all ethnic groups in the country think in one place and work hard in one place. We should adhere to the guidance of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the new era, thoroughly study and implement the cultural thought of the Supreme Leader, focus on cultivating and practicing socialist core values, and gather stronger spiritual strength for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　Promote the normalization and institutionalization of ideal and belief education and build a common ideological foundation for the United struggle of people of all ethnic groups throughout the country. Vigorously carry forward the spiritual pedigree of the Communist Party of China (CPC) people with the great spirit of party building as the source, carry out publicity and education on the history of the Party, the history of New China, the history of reform and opening up, the history of socialist development and the history of the development of the Chinese nation, deepen the education of patriotism, collectivism and socialism, guide people to strengthen the "four self-confidences", and enhance their confidence and determination to stick to their common ideals and realize their common dreams. Strengthen the protection and utilization of red sites, revolutionary cultural relics and memorial facilities, make good use of communist party Historical Exhibition Hall and patriotism education base, and play the role of red tourism education. Make good use of the "fresh values" of advanced models, persistently publicize the revolutionary heroes, the model of the times, the moral model, the most beautiful figures, etc., and publicize the typical figures from all walks of life who study hard and dedicate themselves, and carry forward the power of example.

　　Grasp the key groups of young people and cultivate new people of the times who can shoulder the heavy responsibility of national rejuvenation. Guided by socialist core values, we should cultivate talents who can shoulder the heavy responsibility of the times, run socialist core values through basic education, higher education, vocational education and continuing education, innovate working methods, promote the integration of ideological and political education in universities, primary and secondary schools, and guide young people to buckle their first buttons and take the first step in life. Adhere to moral education and moral education as the first priority, cultivate innovative consciousness, encourage young people to be brave in hardships and dangers, unite and struggle, shoulder the heavy responsibility of the times to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and ensure that the party’s cause and the construction of a socialist modernization power will be followed by others.

　　Adhere to the rule of virtue and law, and integrate socialist core values into the whole process of rule of law construction and social governance. Constantly improve the legal and policy system to carry forward the socialist core values, improve the people’s awareness of the rule of law and moral consciousness, integrate the mandatory provisions of laws and regulations with the internal spirit of the socialist core values, and cultivate people’s legal beliefs and concepts of the rule of law. Strengthen the supporting role of morality in the rule of law, implement the civic morality construction project, lead the construction of social morality, professional ethics, family virtues and personal morality with socialist core values, improve the long-term mechanism of honesty construction, and create a social trend of advocating morality and doing good.

　　Promote the construction of socialist spiritual civilization and make socialist core values become people’s emotional identity and behavior habits. Insist on breaking and breaking at the same time, be guided by trees and establish rules, and resolutely resist, confuse and clarify the words and deeds of advocating money worship, hedonism and extreme individualism, and the phenomena of breaking through the bottom line of value, subverting moral cognition and violating public order and good customs. Adhere to the people as the center, optimize the selection and commendation activities of civilized cities, civilized villages and towns, civilized units, civilized families and civilized campuses, and improve the effectiveness of work. Innovate ways and means of spiritual civilization construction, enrich people’s spiritual and cultural life, and constantly satisfy people’s yearning for a better life. Integrating the socialist core values into all aspects of social development and social life has become people’s emotional identity and behavior habits. Let the socialist core values be as ubiquitous and ubiquitous as the air, become the common value pursuit of all the people, and become the code of conduct that the people use every day without knowing it.

　　(Written by: Xu Zhong Wang Qingjie)

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CCTV News:Walking into the cinema to enjoy an audio-visual feast has become a holiday choice for many people. As the key schedule of the year, this year’s National Day film has distinctive features, and the theme and feelings of home and country have become the key words of many films.

As the first film focusing on the behind-the-scenes story of China diplomats’ assistance in evacuating overseas Chinese, The Return of Wan Li, based on the real evacuation event, tells the story of China diplomats who opened a life channel with courage and wisdom in order to protect the safety of overseas compatriots. The film "Ordinary Hero" is based on the real incident of "rescuing a boy with a broken arm in Xinjiang", focusing on ordinary people, showing the process that a 7-year-old boy was finally rescued because of his accidental broken arm, with the cooperation of medical staff, airplane crew, many passengers and policemen Qi Xin. The film "Iron Will" tells the story that the broad masses of cadres and workers in Angang put into production and supported the battlefield of resisting US aggression and aiding Korea with iron will in the early days of liberation, overcoming difficulties and turning crises into opportunities, showing the feelings of home and country.

While the theme of the main melody leads the National Day movie, children’s movies such as "New Big Head Son and Little Head Dad 5" and "I am Tyrannosaurus Rex" will also be released during the National Day to attract more audiences of all ages to enter the cinema.

Earlier, the State Film Administration said that while insisting on the prevention and control of the epidemic, it will take measures to stimulate film production and consumption and promote the orderly recovery of the film industry through activities such as launching the film consumption season for the benefit of the people and issuing coupons for watching movies.

Special feature of 1905 film network The movie "Save the Suspect" became a dark horse in November with a box office of nearly 300 million. Then, this week’s film "priceless treasure" is expected to create the second miracle this month.

The two films have many similar shadows — — A remake of an overseas film, the former is a Korean film "Seven Days" and the latter is another Han Ying film "Guarantee".

More than that, "remake of overseas movies" seems to have become the key word in the recent film market.Japanese word-of-mouth masterpieceLove like a bouquetAfter the official announcement that the China version will be remake, various versions of outline creation have sprung up on the online platform, and netizens have created interesting stories for the China version according to the local settings of different cities such as "Beishangguang".

The movie "Second-hand Masterpiece" that is still being shown is a remake of the American movie "The Greatest Father in the World", and the recently officially announced movies "Extreme Escape" and "What’s in the Zoo? "Brilliant She" is waiting to be shown.

Remaking movies has become a trend, and these films have different word-of-mouth and market performance. What can remake this business bring? Why do film companies constantly broaden their remake film layout?

"The dilemma of remake"

At the Gulangyu Forum, the opening forum of China Golden Rooster and Hundred Flowers Film Festival, when talking about the exchange of learning from overseas films, director Guan Hu specifically said that domestic film creation should learn from European films now. What is the creative motivation? "We have too many remakes and remakes now, and China films should pay attention to originality."

Undoubtedly, the remake of overseas movies has already ushered in a small climax.

From loyal dog and eight husbands at the beginning of the year, please don’t believe her, to the summer movie "The Lost Woman" and "The Super Family", to the second-hand masterpiece "It doesn’t seem so exciting" and "priceless" and "Crossing the Sea", the number of remakes is amazing.

What needs to be emphasized here is that the remake of this article is aimed at the original film or the adaptation of the original script. Not including "I love you! "Cloister Pavilion" is an adaptation of original novels/comics.

We have simply combed the market performance of several major remakes this year, and it is not difficult to find that the film "Disappeared She" has a great performance, which has also set a box office record for the remake in the China market. This achievement is also completely different from the production and marketing behind it.

Chen Sicheng, the producer, talked about the remake in an interview and said that the impulse to create The Disappeared She was to talk about the violence in intimate relationship. However, when the movie was turned on, I found that the core idea of the movie was "stumbling", so I went to make up the copyright for the possible problems in the follow-up. After the film was released, the story was just linked to the real hot events, and the marketing of sinking channels finally realized the box office income.

Not only the adjustment of creation, but also we can find that most of the above-mentioned films are works after the Millennium, even the story of loyal dogs and eight public officials in 1987 is still in the radiation category of public viewing. With the appearance of this kind of film, the audience naturally takes a microscopic trial.

This goes back to the core issue — — Localization.

"Loyal Dog Eight Men" is a remake that has been released so far this year, with the highest reputation, reaching 7.6 points, but it is far from the original 9.2 points. Back to the issue of localization, the China version has made excellent adjustments according to local conditions, and made use of the geographical advantages of Chongqing Mountain City and the historical events of the Three Gorges immigrants to make the film’s key "waiting" more textured. More importantly, although the title of the film continues the name of the original, in the film, the name of the puppy has become "Ba Tong", which makes the audience in China more friendly.

It’s a pity that Zhu Yu is ahead. Although the IP value has been spread in marketing, the film adaptation is more likely to be criticized by the audience.

In localization, some films focus on the characters’ emotions and set the events in the aerial cities in Southeast Asia, such as Disappearing She and Saving the Suspect. The former appropriately grasps the context of the times and tells the story from a more modern perspective. In contrast, although the expression of the latter is more in line with the China market in terms of emotional concentration, the loopholes in the original version are not handled properly in the logical handling of the whole case, which makes it difficult for the film to make a breakthrough.

Of course, not all works are "sinicized". Especially the remake of Sunny Sisters Amoy by Han Ying of the same name, the original background implies the local social sentiment under the financial crisis. However, after adaptation, it only copied the story and even shot a split lens, which made the film’s depth weakened after the story became a single youth theme.

On the contrary, the film "Priceless Treasure" adapted from "Guarantee" set the background of the times in the 1990s. After some people in the Northeast experienced the tide of unemployment, their lives changed in the torrent of the times, and the feelings of this group of people in the story were expressed in the most local way. This adaptation successfully removes the traces of the original, which is also half the battle.

"The limitation of remake"

During the Tokyo International Film Festival, Zhang Yimou lamented, "The ideal state of my work is that while shooting a movie, there is another prepared script waiting for me. If the script is always enough, I can keep the rhythm of one movie a year. " It’s just that in his opinion, there are too few good scripts now.

Even the great director Zhang Yimou suffers from the script, not to mention other creators.Good scripts are hard to find, which seems to be the self-comfort of some film companies in their pursuit of "remake". Compared with the time-consuming and laborious polishing of the original script, perhaps polishing and adjusting the film can avoid many risks. just asGoodbye mr. loser.Just because I was questioned by film critics to copy 1986′ sPeggy Sue is getting marriedEven in the end, the filmmakers and film critics "went to court."

Of course, it needs to be emphasized that in the past, there were many scripts in the market, such as Finding You, Returning to the Age of 20 and Lobster Interpol.

Nowadays, in the market, the speed of remake has become faster and faster, which has quite the benefit of "one copy and more shots" in the past. The film "Priceless Treasure" started in 2021, but the Korean version of "Guarantee" was released in 2020.

Coincidentally, the China version of "Extreme Escape", which was just officially released recently, was originally released in 2019. At that time, with the help of the power of the Internet, it had a high spread in China, and the number of viewers on the single douban platform was as high as 220,000, nearly 10 times that of the film "Guarantee".

Such cases are not isolated cases, and even many original films have been shown in China.

The original movie "Basketball Story" of "It doesn’t seem so hot" was released in China market in 2019. If the box office and attention of this movie were weak at that time, then the original movie "Invisible Guest" of "Crossing the Sea" can definitely be called a movie with certain popularity.

"Invisible Guest" was released in Spain in 2017, and then spread in the China market with the help of the power of the Internet, and was interpreted by many video bloggers in many dimensions. It can even be said that the interpretation of this film was the originator of "3 minutes to watch a movie". At the end of the same year, it was released in the mainland market of China, and achieved 172 million. Not only that, Italy made a "zero adaptation" in 2018, and the Chinese translation of "Death tells no tales" was released in the mainland in 2020, with a box office of less than 30 million.

Nowadays, although Greg Han Hsu, Kara Wai and other topical actors have joined the Chinese version of "Crossing the Sea", the remake of this original film, which has a high spread, has a very high test for writers.

As mentioned repeatedly above, the number of viewers of some movies on domestic online platforms has led to the fact that even old movies will still be contradicted after the remake because they are classic enough. In addition to "loyal dogs and eight males" and "five teenagers who save water", they also have a good reputation, but the box office feedback is still not as good as expected.

The same is the filmmaker who often remakes overseas movies. Bao Beier not only directed Sunny Sisters Amoy, but also deeply participated in the remake of Han Ying’s Secret Zoo, What’s in the Zoo? ",as well as the remake of" When Men Fall in Love "and" Northeast Love Brother ",and the results are not satisfactory.

On the contrary, director Chen Sicheng found his own rules in the remake market. Sheep Without A Shepherd made a remake of the movie "Mistaken Killing to Hide the Truth", and "Mistaken Killing 2" was remake from "It’s Urgent" and "She Disappeared". Although the original works of the first two films are all after the Millennium, the films are relatively unpopular, which also keeps the story suspense.

At the same time, during the remake, the Chen Sicheng team always worked hard on the script, which really made it possible to break the original and tell a brand-new story in a new context. It is inevitable that some netizens will ridicule under many remakes of movies, "questioning Sicheng, understanding Sicheng and becoming Sicheng."

Jokes belong to jokes, and only when the creators truly grasp the significance and value of the remake can they have a chance to gain market recognition. Of course, a blind remake will not be a long-term solution, and Chen Sicheng’s subsequent "Three Battalions" and "Decryption" will be a good proof.

In any case, the market is always eager for original scripts.

Observing the Golden Rooster Awards in China Film Festival in recent years, the Best Screenplay Awards have focused on original scripts since the nomination.

Of the five works nominated this year, four are original scripts and one is an adaptation of a novel, which was finally won by Cosmic Exploration Editorial Department (Kong Dashan and Wang Yitong). Looking back nearly five years, the Golden Rooster Award and the Best Screenplay Award were all awarded to original scripts (Love Myth, 1921, Leap and Forever).

Maybe one day, the wave of remake will come down. But in fact, we are not rejecting the remake, but we hope to have a good remake and more excellent China stories.

　　Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, March 17th

The Supreme People’s Court work report

— — At the first meeting of the 14th National People’s Congress on March 7th, 2023.

Zhou Qiang, President of the Supreme People’s Court

Delegates:

　　Now, on behalf of the Supreme People’s Court, I would like to report my work to the General Assembly for your consideration, and invite members of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference to give their opinions.

　　Main work in the past five years

　　2022 is an extremely important year in the history of the development of the party and the country. The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held, which drew a grand blueprint for building a socialist modern country in an all-round way and comprehensively promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with Chinese modernization. Under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, and under the strong supervision of the National People’s Congress and its Standing Committee, the courts all over the country have resolutely built political loyalty, firmly maintained security and stability, served the overall situation of development according to law, effectively protected people’s livelihood rights and interests, deepened the reform of the judicial system, and made efforts to forge the iron army of the courts. The Supreme People’s Court accepted 18,547 cases and concluded 13,785 cases; Local people’s courts at all levels and special people’s courts accepted 33.704 million cases, concluded and executed 30.81 million cases, with a closing amount of 9.9 trillion yuan.

　　In the five years since the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, our party has United and led the people to effectively cope with the severe and complicated international situation and the huge risks and challenges that followed, and promoted the great achievements that attracted worldwide attention in the cause of the party and the country. Over the past five years, under the guidance of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the New Era, the Supreme People’s Court has thoroughly implemented the Supreme Leader’s thought on the rule of law, comprehensively implemented the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and its previous plenary sessions, conscientiously studied and implemented the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, implemented the Regulations on Political and Legal Work in the Communist Party of China (CPC), conscientiously implemented the resolutions of the previous sessions of the 13th National People’s Congress, and profoundly understood the decisive significance of the "two establishments". Strengthen the "four consciousnesses", strengthen the "four self-confidences" and achieve the "two safeguards", closely focus on the goal of "trying to make the people feel fair and just in every judicial case", adhere to the principle of serving the overall situation, serving the people and administering justice fairly, faithfully perform the duties entrusted by the Constitution and laws, and promote the work of the people’s courts to achieve new changes and development. Earnestly implement the amnesty decree of the Supreme Leader Chairman and the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC)’s amnesty decision, and decide to grant amnesty to 23,593 criminals according to law on the eve of the 70th anniversary of the founding of New China. From 2018 to 2022, the Supreme People’s Court accepted 149,000 cases and concluded 145,000 cases, up by 81.4% and 81.5% respectively over the previous five years, and formulated 114 judicial interpretations.119 guiding cases were issued to strengthen the supervision and guidance of court trials throughout the country; Local people’s courts at all levels and special people’s courts accepted 147 million cases, concluded and executed 144 million cases, and the amount of closed cases was 37.3 trillion yuan, up 64.9%, 67.3% and 84.7% respectively over the previous five years. By giving full play to the role of judicial function, we will promote the construction of a higher level of peaceful China and China ruled by law, and provide powerful judicial services and guarantees for building a well-off society and a socialist modern country in an all-round way.

　　I. Resolutely safeguard national security, social stability and people’s peace.

　　We have fully implemented the overall concept of national security and adhered to the criminal policy of combining leniency with severity. In the past five years, we have concluded 5.906 million criminal cases of first instance and sentenced 7.761 million criminals.

　　Resolutely safeguard national political security. Severely punish all kinds of crimes such as infiltration, subversion, violent terror, ethnic division and religious extremism, and firmly safeguard the security of state power, system and ideology. Trial Shi Zhengping, Li Mengju, Li Henry, Chatal Shawuti and other cases, and severely punish criminals who spy, steal secrets, finance criminal activities endangering national security and attempt to split the country. Counter illegal sanctions and "long-arm jurisdiction" in accordance with the law and firmly defend national sovereignty, security and development interests.

　　Resolutely safeguard social stability. We continued to carry out the struggle against evil, and concluded 39,000 cases involving evil and 261,000 people according to law. Sun Xiaoguo, Du Shaoping, Chen Huimin and Huang Hongfa were sentenced and executed according to law. The implementation of "black wealth" reached 246.1 billion yuan. A group of "village tyrants", "street tyrants" and "mine tyrants" who harmed one side were brought to justice. Punish epidemic-related crimes according to law, maintain normal epidemic prevention order, and optimize and adjust judicial policies. Strictly punish illegal crimes that infringe on the rights and interests of medical personnel, such as violent injury to doctors, disturbing doctors and making troubles, and earnestly safeguard the safety and dignity of angels in white. Punish the crime of assaulting a police officer according to law, and let those who violently resist the law pay the price. 238,000 cases of serious violent crimes such as intentional homicide, rape, robbery, kidnapping, arson and explosion were concluded, and 347,000 cases of drug crimes were concluded, with 442,000 people. A number of criminals with extremely serious crimes such as Gao Chengyong, Zhang Weiping and Chen Yuping were sentenced to death according to law. In general, criminal cases and serious violent crimes in China have been on the decline, and the people’s sense of security has been significantly enhanced.

　　Punish corruption crimes according to law. Cooperate with the reform of the national supervision system, improve the linkage mechanism between supervision and law enforcement and criminal justice. 119,000 cases and 139,000 cases of duty crimes such as corruption and bribery were concluded. 92 former middle-ranking cadres, including Sun Zhengcai, were severely punished according to law, Zhao Zhengyong, Sun Lijun, Wang Like, Fu Zhenghua and Leo Liu were equally sentenced to life imprisonment according to law, and Lai Xiaomin was sentenced and executed according to law, demonstrating the firm determination of the CPC Central Committee to punish corruption and eliminate greed. Resolutely punish "fly greed" and "ant rot" that infringe upon the interests of the masses, and punish hell to pay for corruption crimes such as misappropriating funds for benefiting farmers, deducting compensation for land acquisition, and embezzling subsidies for renovation of dilapidated buildings. 12,000 cases and 13,000 people of bribery crimes were concluded, and bribery crimes of repeatedly paying bribes, paying huge bribes and "hunting" cadres for a long time were severely punished. We tried 979 cases in which Xu Chaofan and other fugitives returned to China for trial. Cheng Sanchang, who had fled for a long time, was tried in absentia, and the illegal income at home and abroad of dead or fleeing corrupt elements such as Zhang Zhengxin and Peng Xufeng was ruled to be confiscated. The "legal net" of pursuing and recovering was becoming tighter and tighter, which had a great shock to corrupt elements.

　　Punish information network crimes according to law. 226,000 cases of telecommunication network fraud and related crimes have been concluded, and every effort has been made to help the deceived people recover their losses. A number of criminals involved in cross-border telecommunication network fraud such as "10 18" and "11 20" have been brought to justice. Punish crimes such as infringing citizens’ personal information and helping information network criminal activities according to law, and intensify the crackdown on the whole chain. Through the trial of online fraud cases such as single rebate, false financial management, and dating traps, we will expose the innovative fraud routines and help the whole people fight fraud. Severely crack down on online gambling crimes, and severely punish defendants in cross-border gambling criminal syndicates such as Zhang Ningning. We will try cases involving network "water army" and network "black public relations", severely punish criminal acts of spreading false information and endangering network ecology, and never allow cyberspace to become a place of extra-legality.

　　Punish crimes that endanger the vital interests of the masses according to law. We concluded 30,000 criminal cases with 46,000 people endangering food and drug safety, severely punished unscrupulous counterfeiters, and banned criminals who manufacture and sell toxic and harmful foods in accordance with the law to protect people’s table safety and medication safety. We will launch a special campaign to crack down on the crime of medical insurance fraud and severely punish behind-the-scenes organizers and professional fraudsters. Severely crack down on the rectification of pension fraud, conclude illegal fund-raising cases against the elderly, such as "Laoqingxiang", "Sunset Red" and "House for the Elderly", and sentence 4,523 criminals to recover 3.19 billion yuan to protect the people’s pension money.

　　Maintain public safety according to law. 11,000 criminal cases with 20,000 people endangering production safety were concluded, and a number of persons responsible for serious production safety accidents were sentenced to heavy penalties according to law to safeguard the lives and property of the people. In view of the safety problems that the public is worried about, such as throwing objects at high altitude, stealing manhole covers, and hindering safe driving, judicial policies have been issued to promote comprehensive management and effectively safeguard the safety of the masses "above their heads" and "under their feet" and during travel.

　　Second, serving according to law, building a new development pattern and promoting high-quality development

　　Completely, accurately and comprehensively implement the new development concept, conclude 24.723 million commercial cases of first instance, maintain market order, optimize the legal environment, and serve the high-quality development of economy and society.

　　Help stabilize the economy and increase confidence according to law. In the three years since the epidemic prevention and control in COVID-19, the people’s courts have tried their best to reduce the burden on enterprises and help the masses solve problems. Twenty articles were issued to help small and medium-sized enterprises develop, and to solve the urgent problems of small and medium-sized enterprises such as squeezing the space for survival and development and defaulting on accounts. We will introduce 30 measures to promote consumption, severely rectify the "overlord clause", consumer fraud, prepaid consumption traps and other behaviors, protect new retail formats and new individual economies according to law, support and standardize diversified business models such as social e-commerce, and promote the enhancement of consumer confidence. Fourteen articles on stable employment were issued, and the wage judgment standards for home office or flexible office were clarified, so as to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of college graduates in employment probation and probation, and to protect the rights and interests of employers and workers in a balanced way. Properly resolve 779,000 epidemic-related disputes such as contract performance, store leasing, logistics and transportation, and most of them were resolved through mediation and reconciliation, helping large, medium and small enterprises to understand each other, help each other and tide over difficulties together. We will actively coordinate the small and medium-sized enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households affected by the epidemic to fulfill their debts by delaying payment and installment payment, and encourage owners or creditors to reduce rent and overdue interest. Adhere to good faith and civilized justice, and adopt "live seal and live buckle" according to law for the property that should be sealed up and preserved, effectively releasing the use value and financing function of the seized property involved in 3.61 million cases. 1.79 million enterprise credits were repaired in time, and compulsory measures were suspended for 130,000 enterprises.Through a series of flexible measures of "releasing water to raise fish", trustworthy enterprises can get rid of difficulties and go into battle lightly. Courts in Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, etc. have implemented the economic impact assessment mechanism of enterprise-related cases, while courts in Tianjin, Hebei, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Shandong, Guangdong, etc. have taken the initiative to provide legal services for enterprises that rush to the sea to fight for orders and try their best to create a "warm environment" for market players to fight for the economy.

　　Serving innovation and driving development according to law. Strengthen judicial protection of intellectual property rights and stimulate innovation. 2.194 million IPR cases were concluded in the first instance, up by 221.1% year-on-year. We will try high-tech cases involving 5G communications, new energy and new materials, and high-end equipment manufacturing, and increase the protection of intellectual property rights such as key core technologies, emerging industries, and key areas. Judicial interpretation of new plant variety rights was issued, and 1,585 cases of "Jinjing 818" rice and "Danxiahong" pear tree were tried to stimulate breeding innovation. Hainan court strengthened the judicial guarantee of "Nanfan Silicon Valley", Shaanxi court established a judicial protection base for intellectual property rights of seed industry, and Gansu court set up a seed court to protect "agricultural chips". Opinions on strengthening intellectual property protection of traditional Chinese medicine were issued, and courts in Tianjin and Jiangxi improved judicial measures to ensure the inheritance, innovation and development of traditional Chinese medicine. Intensify punitive damages. In 2022, the amount of compensation for IPR infringement cases increased by 153% compared with 2018. China’s specialized trial system for intellectual property rights has basically taken shape.

　　Serving according to law and optimizing business environment. The quality of judicial procedures has maintained a leading position in the world, making a positive contribution to the world ranking of China’s state-owned business environment. Strengthen the judicial protection of property rights, implement the principle of equal protection, and treat all state-owned private enterprises, domestic and foreign-funded enterprises, large, medium and small enterprises equally and equally. Retrial was conducted according to law to correct 209 major criminal wrongs involving property rights, such as Zhang Wenzhong case, involving 283 people. Compulsory measures such as bail pending trial and residential surveillance were applied to 6,250 detained business operators, and 290 business operators involved were acquitted according to law, resolutely preventing economic disputes from being treated as crimes, and resolutely protecting the legitimate property rights and interests of market participants. Carry forward the spirit of contract through judicial judgment, confirm the validity of contracts in accordance with the law in the trial of sales contracts, equity transfer and other cases, and encourage honest transactions. Strengthen contract execution and reduce transaction costs. We will strictly prevent the evasion of debts through false litigation, and resolutely pursue legal responsibilities for malicious arrears of accounts, impairment of assets and expansion of debts. Punish crimes that undermine the order of the market economy, such as contract fraud, collusive bidding and false bankruptcy, according to law. We will try administrative agreement cases according to law, promote administrative organs to improve the mechanism of keeping promises and keeping promises, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of private economic and social capital partners.

　　Maintain fair competition in the market according to law. 29,000 cases of monopoly and unfair competition were concluded. We will try monopoly cases in the fields of medicine, telecommunications, building materials and cultural consumption, punish monopoly agreements and abuse of market dominance according to law, and protect the vitality of market competition and the legitimate rights and interests of consumers. Punish acts that violate the principle of good faith and business ethics, such as infringement of business secrets and malicious registration of trademarks. Strengthen the judicial protection of traditional brands, time-honored brands and well-known trademarks, try cases involving trademark rights and unfair competition such as Wuchang Rice, Qinzhou Yellow Millet and Yunnan Baiyao, and stop "alongside famous brands" and "hitchhiking". Say no to "green pepper" and other "porcelain-touching rights protection", support legitimate operators and let illegal operators be punished.

　　Promote the healthy development of digital economy according to law. We will try cases such as big data ownership transactions and unfair competition of public data, and clarify the rules for judicial protection of data rights. Punish the abuse of data and algorithms to exclude and restrict competition, and resolutely stop the "big data killing", forced "two choices" and other "big store bullying" behaviors. Standardize new formats and modes such as live broadcast with goods and pay-per-view on demand, protect innovative management and punish illegal profit-seeking. Zhejiang Wenzhou court actively explores the professional trial mechanism of data resources. The courts in Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai banned the piracy of the Beijing Winter Olympics and the World Cup in time to promote the optimization of the digital culture market environment.

　　Create a good financial environment ruled by law. 101,000 financial crime cases and 10.377 million financial civil and commercial cases were concluded, helping to serve the real economy and prevent and control financial risks. Significantly reduce the upper limit of judicial protection of private lending interest rates, deny the effectiveness of disguised high-interest clauses according to law, and reduce the financing cost of the real economy. Carefully handle cases involving serial guarantee and P2P peer-to-peer lending, and prevent and resolve financial risks by means of marketization and legalization. Judicial interpretations were issued to punish crimes such as illegal fund-raising and manipulation of the securities and futures markets, and there was zero tolerance for financial fraud, "rat warehouse" and other capital market crimes. The judicial interpretation of securities class action lawsuit was issued to protect the legitimate rights and interests of small and medium-sized investors. In the Kangmei Pharmaceutical case, 55,000 investors were compensated 2.459 billion yuan through special representative litigation. Science and technology innovation board, Growth Enterprise Market and Beijing Stock Exchange successively issued judicial protection opinions to serve the basic system reform of the capital market.

　　Promote the efficient allocation of market factor resources. 47,000 bankruptcy cases were concluded, involving 6.3 trillion yuan of creditor’s rights. High-debt enterprises that still have market potential were reborn through legal restructuring, and enterprises that were insolvent and hopeless were declared bankrupt and the market was cleared. Explore the personal bankruptcy system, so that honest and unfortunate debtors can have a chance to return to the market to fight hard. We promoted "breaking through through" and handled 15,000 cases of bankruptcy. 2,801 bankruptcy and reorganization cases were concluded, 3.4 trillion yuan of assets were revitalized, 3,285 enterprises were helped out of difficulties, and 923,000 employees were stabilized. The bankruptcy reorganization case of HNA Group successfully resolved the debt risk of 1.1 trillion yuan, and a number of valuable and promising enterprises such as Peking University Founder, Ziguang Group, yongtai energy, Dachuan Offshore Engineering, "Construction Engineering Department", Zhongfu Industry, Guiyang Big Data Exchange and Qinghai Salt Lake Co., Ltd. were reborn through bankruptcy reorganization.

　　Serve rural revitalization and regional coordinated development according to law. Introduce judicial policies to serve poverty alleviation, rural revitalization and agricultural and rural modernization. We will try cases involving "separation of powers" in rural land according to law, support the orderly transfer of land management rights according to law, and protect the legitimate land rights and interests of farmers who have settled in cities. Properly resolve disputes over the production and marketing of agricultural products, investment in characteristic industries, rural e-commerce and rural tourism, and optimize the rural business environment. Heilongjiang court opens green channel to ensure spring ploughing production. Shandong court promotes the development of Shouguang vegetables and other industries with professional courts. Jiangsu court resolved the dispute over the clearance of 10,000 mu of aquaculture water surface and attracted enterprises to invest an additional 400 million yuan. Follow up the major strategies such as the coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta, the new pattern of western development, the comprehensive revitalization of the Northeast, the high-quality development of the central region, the construction of xiong’an new area, and the construction of the twin-city economic circle in Chengdu and Chongqing, and formulate judicial service policies. Support the construction of Nanjing rule of law park and legal areas in Jilin, Fujian and Sichuan. Support the Hebei court and the State Sports General Administration to build a research base on legal issues of ice and snow sports to help the post-Olympic economic development.

　　Serve the construction of ecological civilization according to law. In-depth implementation of the concept of "two mountains", 1.293 million environmental resources cases were concluded, and 17,000 environmental public interest litigation cases filed by procuratorial organs and social organizations were concluded. Implement the principles of giving priority to protection, giving priority to prevention, and taking responsibility for damage, and formulate judicial interpretations such as prohibition orders and punitive damages for ecological environment infringement. We will try cases such as illegal import of "foreign garbage", falsification of environmental monitoring data, illegal reclamation of sea areas, etc., and help to fight the battle for blue sky, clear water and pure land. Yunnan court tried the public interest litigation case of preventive protection of green peacock to strengthen the judicial protection of biodiversity. We will improve the judicial policies for ecological protection and restoration of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, and the judicial cooperation of the courts in the basin will be "beaded into a chain" to jointly protect the "mother river". Jiangsu courts handed over the ecological restoration fund of the "Extraordinary Illegal Sand Mining Case in the Yangtze River" across provinces to implement integrated protection of the whole basin. Innovatively applied restorative judicial measures such as replanting and greening, proliferation and release, and ordered more than 90.85 million trees to be replanted and more than 510 million fry released. Guizhou courts support subscription of carbon sinks to restore ecology, while Fujian courts innovate the measurement and compensation mechanism of forestry carbon sinks losses to promote green and low-carbon development. Courts in Henan, Hubei, Chongqing, Shaanxi and Ningxia have built ecological judicial restoration bases in the Yellow River Wetland, Danjiang, Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Qinling Mountain and Helan Mountain, so that the damaged ecology can be restored. The Jiangxi court tried the case of the damage of the Sanqingshan Giant Python Peak according to law.Severely punish acts of vandalism of natural relics. Strengthen the judicial protection of cultural relics and cultural heritage, the case of "Zhang Gong Zushi" sitting in the Buddha statue created a new way to recover the lost overseas cultural relics through domestic civil litigation, and the courts of Shanhaiguan in Hebei and Youyu in Shanxi established a judicial protection mechanism for the cultural heritage of the Great Wall. A trial organization system of environmental resources with China characteristics has been basically established, and environmental justice in China is playing an increasingly important role in global environmental governance.

　　Serve the law and open to the outside world at a high level. 95,000 foreign-related commercial cases and 76,000 maritime cases were concluded. Unswervingly implement the basic national policy of opening to the outside world, and introduce judicial service policies around the high-quality construction of the "Belt and Road" and the construction of a free trade pilot zone and a free trade port in Hainan. We will implement the system of national treatment plus negative list before the entry of foreign investment, try cases such as disputes over the confirmation of shareholders’ qualifications of foreign-invested enterprises, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese and foreign investors equally. Set up 10 international commercial courts in Nanning and other places. To hear the dispute over the real right of railway bill of lading and promote the innovation of international trade rules on land. Improve the specialized trial mechanism of international railway transport cases such as China-Europe trains. Promote the construction of an international maritime judicial center, safeguard the national maritime rights and interests, and serve the development of the marine economy. The advantages of justice, efficiency and transparency in China’s maritime justice have been fully demonstrated in the trial of cases such as the seizure of the "Pralis" and the labor contract of the crew of the "Angel Power", and more and more foreign parties have taken the initiative to choose the jurisdiction of China courts. Abide by international treaties, respect international practices, and actively participate in the formulation of international rules. The China-ASEAN Chief Justice Forum, the World Executive Conference, the World Internet Rule of Law Forum, and the World Environmental Justice Conference have achieved fruitful results, and the international influence of China’s judiciary is increasing day by day.

　　Third, adhere to the road of justice for the people with China characteristics

　　Adhere to the people-centered development thought, thoroughly practice the purpose of justice for the people, implement the Civil Code, conclude 45.833 million civil cases in the first instance, focus on solving the difficult problems of the people in the judicial field, and earnestly safeguard their legitimate rights and interests.

　　Comprehensively strengthen the protection of personality rights. 875,000 cases of disputes over personality rights were concluded. In the judicial policy, we should improve the prohibition of infringement of personality rights, personal safety protection orders and other provisions to make personality rights more secure. The judicial interpretation of face recognition was introduced, and cases such as visual doorbell infringing on neighborhood privacy, scanning code to order food infringing on personal information, and social software collecting user information privately were tried to build a "firewall" for privacy and personal information protection. We will try cases that infringe upon the reputations of Yu Min, the meritorious service of "two bombs and one satellite", and Yuan Longping, the father of hybrid rice, so as to protect personal dignity from cyber violence. Hearing the case of "AI companion" software infringing on personality rights, it was found that unauthorized use of other people’s images to create virtual characters constituted infringement. Hearing the case of requesting the return of frozen embryos, protecting the rights and interests of widowed wives in assisted reproduction, and making a warm judgment that "human relations and reason win". Through a series of judicial policies and fair judgments, people’s face safety is guaranteed, privacy and tranquility are not disturbed, reputation and honor are not vilified, personal interests are paid more attention, and people’s value and dignity are fully respected and protected by law.

　　Ensure that people live and work in peace and contentment. 22.241 million livelihood cases involving education, employment, medical care, old-age care and housing were concluded. Jointly with relevant departments to issue opinions on safeguarding the rights and interests of workers in new employment forms, and promote the solution of problems such as difficult identification of labor relations, no compensation for work-related injuries, and zero payment of social security, so that new business practitioners such as courier brothers and take-away riders have dignity and security. Formulate a judicial interpretation of online consumption to protect the legitimate rights and interests of online consumers such as car rental, online shopping and new tourism. Strengthen the trial of consumer public interest litigation cases, explore the application of punitive damages, and investigate the responsibility for acts that harm consumers’ lives and health according to law. Properly handle 4.604 million cases of real estate disputes, give priority to protecting the legitimate rights and interests of buyers who just need and improve their needs according to law, and help ensure the delivery of buildings, people’s livelihood and stability.

　　Maintain family harmony and happiness. 8.961 million cases of marriage and family were concluded, and efforts were made to maintain the harmony of "small families" and protect the stability of "everyone". Together with the All-China Women’s Federation, we will deepen the reform of family trial, improve the systems of family mediation, family investigation and psychological counseling, and improve the protection mechanism of women’s and children’s rights and interests. We will intensify efforts to obtain evidence of domestic violence cases ex officio, issue 13,000 personal safety protection orders in a timely manner, and coordinate all parties to promote the implementation of the protection orders. We will introduce national strategic judicial measures to serve the aging population, strengthen the protection of the rights and interests of the elderly, and improve the litigation service mechanism suitable for the elderly. We will try cases of support for "empty nest" elderly people and remarried elderly people, support their spiritual support requests, make the happiness and freedom of the elderly respected in their later years, let their children often go home to see and become conscious, and carry forward the traditional virtues of filial piety and respect for the elderly of the Chinese nation.

　　Care for the healthy growth of children. We will implement the principle of being most beneficial to minors, implement the system and mechanism of round-table trial, sealing up misdemeanor criminal records, bringing suitable adults to the scene, and paying a return visit to help and educate, so as to improve the juvenile justice system in Socialism with Chinese characteristics. Efforts will be made to educate and reform minors who have lost their footing, and the number of juvenile offenders sentenced will be reduced from 56,000 in 2013 to 28,000 in 2022. Be tolerant but not conniving, and punish those who are subjective and vicious, cruel and incorrigible according to law. There is zero tolerance for crimes against minors, and the severe punishment should be resolutely sentenced according to law. Together with the Ministry of Education, we issued opinions, strictly enforced the prohibition system for criminals who infringe on minors in accordance with the law, and sentenced 202 defendants to be banned from engaging in close contact with minors for life. We implemented the Family Education Promotion Law, issued 10,308 family education orders, and urged parents to fulfill their family education responsibilities according to law. Work with relevant units to prevent bullying and violence among primary and secondary school students, and actively prevent minors from indulging in the Internet or being infringed by the Internet. We will carry out a pilot project of the linkage mechanism between justice and administration, family, school and community protection to jointly protect the future of the motherland.

　　Safeguard national defense interests and the legitimate rights and interests of military personnel and their families in accordance with the law. 2,503 cases of military-related crimes such as destroying military facilities, pretending to be soldiers, and destroying military marriages were concluded. Complete the task of judicial service guarantee for military-related suspension compensation as scheduled, and help realize that military assets will not be lost and the interests of the people will not be damaged. Military courts carry out the strategy of administering the army according to law and promote the pilot of military administrative trials. Comprehensively promote the "Xinyang model" and "Hubei, Henan and Anhui model" for military-related rights protection. The courts in Hebei, Anhui and Hunan have properly solved the law-related problems of border guards’ families, so as to reduce worries for border guards and soldiers who defend their country. Jiangsu and Jiangxi courts, together with the local government, safeguard the rights and interests of widows of revolutionary martyrs and survivors of retired soldiers according to law. We will severely punish criminals who vilify the "Ice Sculpture Company to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea" and blaspheme heroes who defend the country and defend the border, resolutely defend the dignity and glory of heroes and heroes, and hold high the lofty integrity of heroes in the whole society.

　　Safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan. 121,000 cases involving Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan were concluded, 46,000 cases involving mutual legal assistance between Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan were handled, and 44,000 cases involving overseas Chinese were concluded. Basically achieve full coverage of judicial assistance in civil and commercial matters between the mainland and Hong Kong and Macao. Opinions on serving the construction of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, supporting and guaranteeing the construction of Hengqin Guangdong-Macao Deep Cooperation Zone, and comprehensively deepening the reform and opening-up of Qianhai Shenzhen-Hong Kong Modern Service Industry Cooperation Zone will be issued to serve the integration of Hong Kong and Macao into the overall situation of national development. Formulate 36 judicial benefits to protect the legitimate rights and interests of Taiwan compatriots and enterprises equally. Receive internship visits from students from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, and let young people from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan feel the achievements of the rule of law in the motherland. We will promote cross-border online filing and online diversified settlement of disputes involving overseas Chinese, and build a "heart-to-heart bridge" to safeguard the rights and interests of overseas Chinese. Hold cross-strait and Hong Kong and Macao judicial forums, give play to the role of China Judicial Research Association, inherit China’s excellent traditional legal culture, and jointly promote the development of the rule of law in China.

　　It is convenient for the masses to resolve conflicts efficiently. Keep close to the expectations and needs of the masses, face up to difficulties, continue to attack, and solve problems one by one. After fully implementing the registration system for filing a case and solving the long-standing problem that it is difficult for the masses to resolve disputes and file a case, it is necessary to let the masses resolve contradictions and make things easy. Courts at all levels adhere to and develop the "Maple Bridge Experience" in the new era, implement the requirements of "promoting the diversion of complicated cases, separation of light and heavy cases, and separation of speed and speed", build a one-stop diversified dispute resolution and litigation service system with China characteristics, and provide menu-style, intensive and one-stop dispute resolution services, truly leaving convenience to the masses. Construct a diversified dispute resolution mechanism. Cooperate with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce, the Department of Veterans Affairs, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission of China, the Association of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises and other units to form a new pattern of "total-to-total" online multi-mediation covering 12 fields. Since the opening of the people’s court mediation platform, 96,000 mediation organizations and 372,000 mediators have settled in, and 38.32 million disputes have been settled online. In 2022, an average of 75 disputes per minute were successfully resolved online before litigation. Strengthen the governance of the source of complaints, the mediation platform connects 76,000 grassroots governance units online, and embeds them in villages, communities and grids, so as to resolve contradictions and disputes at the grassroots level in a timely manner and resolve them in the bud, and strive to achieve a settlement between people and peace. Provide universal and equal modern litigation services.The online service platform of the people’s court provides "one-line service" such as filing a case, paying fees, mediation, hearing and execution. The judicial service is "closed" all day, and the masses can do things in the whole process. The 12368 hotline handled litigation affairs in substance and answered 32.5 million calls from the masses. Cross-domain filing service outlets cover urban and rural areas, providing 167,000 cross-domain filing services, alleviating the pain of people’s litigation in different places. 448,000 lawyers and grassroots legal service workers registered to use the lawyer service platform, and handled 8.84 million cases of filing applications, marking papers, investigating and collecting evidence online. Optimize online intensive trial assistance services. The online preservation platform handled 1.23 million pieces of preservation, with a target amount of 4 trillion yuan. In 2022, 93% of the pre-litigation preservation was ruled within 48 hours. The average appraisal period of the entrusted appraisal system is 26 working days, which is 1/3 shorter than offline. Documents were delivered electronically for 170 million times, and 336 postal intensive delivery centers basically realized the "next day delivery" of legal documents in major cities across the country. One-stop multi-dispute resolution and litigation service system can truly solve the worries of the masses, help judges reduce their burdens and speed up justice.

　　Strengthen the construction of people’s courts in the new era. Vigorously create the "Fengqiao People’s Court", with 10,050 people’s courts taking root at the grassroots level, giving full play to the advantages of being in the front line of serving the people, and actively promoting urban and rural grassroots governance and building a safe and legal countryside. Inheriting and carrying forward Ma Xiwu’s trial method, courts in Inner Mongolia, Chongqing, Tibet, Gansu and Ningxia rely on horseback courts and vehicle-mounted courts to carry out circuit trials, so as to unblock the "last mile" of judicial service for the masses. The "Field Court" in Lishu, Jilin and Jiansanjiang, Heilongjiang guarded the "black soil granary"; the "Island Court" in Pingtan, Fujian served the island fishing village and prospered in the sea; the "Guomen Court" in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan protected the legitimate rights and interests of border residents and overseas Chinese; and the people’s courts in Anqing, Anhui and Fuhai, Xinjiang used the "six-foot-lane mediation method" and "winter mediation method" to resolve conflicts, so that the people could truly feel that fairness and justice were at hand.

　　Consolidate and expand the results of "basically solving implementation difficulties". Relying closely on the leadership of the Party Committee, we won the three-year tough battle of "basically solving the implementation difficulties", and reported to the Second Session of the 13th National People’s Congress in 2019 that the goal of "basically solving the implementation difficulties" was achieved as scheduled. Continue to consolidate the achievements of tackling key problems, maintain the high-level operation of implementation work, and strive to honor the rights and interests of the people in winning the case. In the past five years, 45.773 million cases were accepted for execution, and 45.121 million cases were executed, with an amount of 9.4 trillion yuan, which exceeded 2 trillion yuan for the first time in 2022. The network execution inspection and control system has one-click inquiry and online control of 16 types of property of the executed person nationwide, and accumulated 85.35 million cases of inspection and control, effectively solving the problem of finding things. The online judicial auction transaction exceeded 2 trillion yuan, saving 62.14 billion yuan in commission for the parties, effectively solving the difficulty of realizing property. The joint credit punishment system has made the untrustworthy executors "one place is untrustworthy and limited everywhere", and 9.18 million people have voluntarily fulfilled their obligations under the pressure of credit punishment. While strengthening the punishment of dishonesty, we should strengthen the incentive of trustworthiness. Zhejiang Lishui Court invited the trustworthy old people who started their business and paid their debts in their octogenarian years to speak for "good faith performance", which led more than 1,260 executed persons to take the initiative to perform their debts. Standardize the implementation of standard procedures, strengthen supervision and management, and improve the standardized system.For many years, we have carried out special enforcement actions involving people’s livelihood security, arrears of wages for migrant workers, and arrears of accounts for private enterprises, of which 62.68 billion yuan was involved in people’s livelihood. We will improve the long-term mechanism for solving implementation difficulties and continue to promote comprehensive management and source management of implementation difficulties. Through unremitting efforts, the implementation system and mechanism with China characteristics have been improved, and the implementation mode has undergone fundamental changes, which has effectively promoted the construction of a society ruled by law and a society with integrity.

　　Strengthen publicity and education on the rule of law. We will fully implement the responsibility system for popularizing the law, make full use of the Internet and other media platforms, strengthen the interpretation of the law by case, guide the whole people to enhance the concept of the rule of law, and create a good atmosphere for respecting the law and abiding by the law in the whole society. Extensively carry out court open days and activities such as sending the law to the organs, entering the campus, entering the countryside, entering the community, entering the enterprise, and entering the military camp. Hold all-media live broadcasts such as "now in court" and "being executed" to let the masses feel judicial justice "at zero distance". Directed the creation of TV series "The Bottom Line", "The Court in the Sun" and documentary "Family Matters as Heaven", and showed the people’s courts’ persistent pursuit of fairness and justice in a way loved by the masses, showing the achievements in the construction of China ruled by law in the new era.

　　Fourth, resolutely hold the last line of defense to maintain social fairness and justice.

　　Keep in mind that fairness and justice are the soul and life of justice, always take facts as the basis and law as the criterion, adhere to strict and fair justice, and safeguard and promote social fairness and justice.

　　Adhere to the combination of law and emotion. Adhere to the law as the basis, convince people by reasoning, and empathize with people, firmly establish the socialist judicial concept in the new era, firmly stand on the people’s stand, resolutely correct the wrong practices such as mechanical justice and handling cases, and strive to achieve the organic unity of political, legal and social effects in handling cases. Adhere to the principle of adapting crime to punishment, change and approve the death penalty of the defendant in the passion fruit girl murder case according to law, properly try the parrot case, the blue draft case and the case of buying guns for organizing the anti-Japanese war memorial exhibition, so as to achieve heavy punishment for felonies, light punishment for misdemeanors and no criminal investigation for innocence, so that the judicial judgment can truly conform to the simple concept of fairness and justice in the hearts of the people.

　　Resolutely defend the dignity and authority of the law. Carry out the death penalty policy of the party and the state, and never tolerate crimes that challenge the legal and moral bottom line and seriously endanger the public and social security. If the crime is punishable by death, the death penalty will be resolutely sentenced and approved according to law. Strictly control the quality of death penalty cases, make acquittals in the first instance of Tao Xue’s case and Fan Taiying’s case with unclear facts and insufficient evidence according to law, and refuse to approve the death penalty in Xiong Qiubao’s case according to law. Afterwards, the real culprits appeared, effectively preventing the occurrence of major unjust cases. For bending the law, false meritorious service, etc., cases that lead to "light sentences for serious crimes" will be retried according to law, and Zhang Chenggong and others will be sentenced to death, so as not to be wasted. Comprehensively investigate 13.345 million cases of "temporary reduction of leave" since 1990, rectify 59,000 cases with problems or defects on a case-by-case basis, strengthen the substantive trial of commutation and parole cases, and resolutely prevent "serving a sentence on paper" and "getting money out of prison".

　　Strengthen judicial protection of human rights. Insist on seeking truth from facts and correcting mistakes, find, verify and correct wrongs together, and correct 26 major criminal wrongs, such as the Five Weeks case and the Zhang Yuhuan case, with 53 people. We will improve the mechanism for effective prevention and timely correction of unjust cases and resolutely hold the bottom line for preventing unjust cases. We will carry out the principles of a legally prescribed punishment for a crime, no doubt, and adjudication by evidence, and implement the system of public trial and court debate. All cases of death penalty, including death penalty with a reprieve, will be heard in court, and 2,675 defendants in public prosecution cases and 2,097 defendants in private prosecution cases will be acquitted according to law. We will strengthen the protection of defendants’ right to defense and lawyers’ right to practice, unblock the channels for lawyers’ associations to safeguard lawyers’ right to practice, promote the full coverage of lawyers’ defense, and fully implement the legal aid system for death penalty review cases. We will improve the system of state compensation and judicial assistance, and strengthen the work of state compensation for unjust and wrong cases. "Correcting unjust and wrong cases according to law" was written into the third historical resolution of joining the Party.

　　Carry forward the socialist core values. In the trial of Zhu Zhenbiao’s case of chasing the hit-and-run person, discouraging smoking in the doctor’s elevator, escorting the community security to the hospital, and helping the elderly to break their ribs, in the face of contradictions, conflicts, merits and demerits, no evasiveness, no ambiguity, no accommodation, a clear-cut stand supported the courageous, resolutely opposed the "muddle", and made great efforts to crack the "help", "advise not to persuade" and "pursue not to pursue" that have long plagued the masses. We will try the case of picking bayberry from a tree without permission, the case of high-speed rail dominating the seat, and the case of claim for injury caused by eating "overlord meal", so that those who are willing to take risks will bear the responsibility, those who are out of order will bear the consequences, and guide members of society to enhance public awareness and rule awareness. In the new era, the judiciary will make a clear distinction between right and wrong, stir up confusion and promote the clear, punish evil and promote good, and strive to make the law safe and virtuous.

　　Maintain and promote social equity. Strengthen the unification of referee standards, and effectively prevent fairness and justice from being discounted due to differences in regions, urban and rural areas and industries. Revise the judicial interpretation, calculate personal injury compensation according to the standard of urban residents, and eliminate the difference between urban and rural residents’ compensation standards. In conjunction with the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, we will issue a policy document to promote women’s equal employment, strengthen the protection of the equal employment rights of people who have recovered from infection in Covid-19, try cases such as female employees being dismissed due to pregnancy and graduates being discriminated against in job hunting, and resolutely correct unreasonable restrictions and employment discrimination that affect equal employment. In conjunction with the China Disabled Persons’ Federation, opinions on strengthening the judicial protection of the disabled were issued, and efforts were made to ensure the equal participation of the disabled in social life.

　　Supervise and support administration according to law. 1.384 million administrative cases were concluded in the first instance, and 1.074 million administrative non-litigation enforcement cases were examined, so as to strengthen the legality review of administrative actions and serve the "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" reform and the construction of a government ruled by law. We will intensify the trial of housing, land, social security and other cases that have a bearing on the vital interests of the masses, and promote the solution of the urgent problems and worries of the masses. To try administrative cases involving the transfer of state-owned land, government procurement, bidding, investment attraction, etc. according to law, protect the legitimate rights and interests of administrative counterparts, and promote the construction of an honest government. Explore the centralized jurisdiction of administrative cases and get rid of the phenomenon of "home and away" in administrative litigation. Promote the heads of administrative organs to appear in court, Tianjin, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Shandong, Ningxia, Corps and other courts to strengthen the construction of diversified settlement centers for administrative disputes, Liaoning, Jilin, Henan, Guizhou, Xinjiang and other courts to promote the construction of a linkage mechanism between the government and the hospital to promote the substantive resolution of administrative disputes.

　　Promote justice through publicity and build public trust. The four public platforms, namely, trial process, trial activities, judgment documents and execution information, allow judicial activities to run in the sun and realize fairness and justice in a visible way. China Judgment Document Network published 140 million documents, with more than 100 billion visits, and China Trial Open Network broadcast more than 21 million trials. The more the public pays attention to the case, the more it will be made public voluntarily according to law, so that the people can supervise judicial activities and witness judicial justice, and make the trial of hot cases an open class of rule of law shared by the whole people. An open, dynamic, transparent and convenient sunshine judicial mechanism has been formed.

　　V. Significant progress has been made in the reform of the judicial system and the construction of smart courts.

　　Resolutely implement the reform and deployment of the CPC Central Committee, implement 140 reform measures, promote the deep integration of judicial trials and modern science and technology, and profoundly reshape the trial system and trial capacity.

　　The comprehensive reform of the judicial system was further promoted. Fully and accurately implement the judicial responsibility system, promote the realization of "letting the judges judge and the judges be responsible", adhere to the combination of legal trial organizations exercising their powers according to law and strictly implementing democratic centralism, and improve the operation system of trial power with clear powers and responsibilities, unified powers and responsibilities, orderly supervision and effective restriction. We will deepen the reform of the judge post system, implement the principle of handling cases within the limits of income, and promote the dynamic adjustment of judge posts. Establish a disciplinary system for judges, so that illegal trials will be held accountable and cases handled according to law will not be investigated. Strengthen and standardize judicial interpretation and case guidance, implement the compulsory retrieval system of similar cases, and promote the unification of legal application. We will promote the reform of the trial-centered litigation system and implement three rules: pre-trial meeting, exclusion of illegal evidence and court investigation. Further promote the standardization of sentencing. Correctly implement the system of pleading guilty and admitting punishment. According to the authorization of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), we have completed the pilot reform of separating the complexity and simplification of civil procedure, and carried out the pilot reform of the trial-level function of the four-level court in an orderly manner. We improved the people’s jury system, with the number of people’s jurors increasing to 327,000, and 12.664 million cases were tried.

　　The organizational system of the court is becoming more perfect. Deepening the reform of the Supreme People’s Court Circuit Court, six circuit courts have tried a large number of major administrative and civil and commercial cases, which have achieved the goals of shifting the focus of the highest judicial organ, resolving disputes on the spot and facilitating mass litigation, and have been called "the Supreme People’s Court at home" by the masses. The the Supreme People’s Court No.1 and No.2 international commercial courts were established in Shenzhen and Xi ‘an, and the system of international commercial expert committees was established, and a one-stop diversified settlement mechanism for international commercial disputes was innovated, which organically linked litigation with arbitration and mediation. The Intellectual Property Court of the Supreme People’s Court tried the nationwide cases of patent and other technical intellectual property rights and monopoly appeals in a unified way, so as to better protect and encourage scientific and technological innovation. Add Nanjing Maritime Court and Hainan Free Trade Port Intellectual Property Court, build financial courts in Beijing, Shanghai and Chengdu-Chongqing with a high starting point and high standards, and strengthen the construction of courts across administrative divisions, so that the organizational system of people’s courts can better meet the needs of national development strategy.

　　Smart court accelerates the reform of judicial mode. We will comprehensively promote smart services, smart trials, smart execution, and smart management, and build a smart court with full-service online processing, open whole process according to law, and all-round intelligent services. Smart courts have withstood the examination of the epidemic in the century. Since the prevention and control of the epidemic in COVID-19, courts across the country have filed 29.96 million cases online, held 5.04 million court sessions, exchanged 8.19 million pieces of evidence, executed 5.93 million pieces in different places, and received 150,000 pieces of interviews, thus realizing "trial execution without stopping, fairness and justice without stopping". Widely used technologies such as case identification and push, intelligent contract execution, etc., to empower and increase efficiency for trial execution. The world’s largest judicial trial information resource library was built, and 1,317 judicial big data reports were formed around social governance hotspots. Smart courts have become the bright color of China’s judicature in the international arena.

　　Internet justice creates new models and new rules. Take the lead in introducing the "three rules" of online litigation, online mediation and online operation of people’s courts, so that all kinds of online judicial activities can be regulated and standardized. Formulate opinions on the judicial application of blockchain, and the unified platform of judicial blockchain has completed more than 2.89 billion pieces of data. Issue opinions on judicial application of artificial intelligence, put forward five principles of judicial application of artificial intelligence, and make it clear that artificial intelligence can only assist but not replace judges’ judgment. Internet courts in Beijing, Hangzhou, and Guangzhou have made continuous explorations in technological innovation, rule establishment, and network governance, and formed a number of experiences that can be replicated and popularized. China’s Internet judicature has moved from technology leading to rule leading.

　　The national courts adhere to the dual-wheel drive of judicial system reform and smart court construction, and the quality and effectiveness of trials continue to be stable and positive under the increasing pressure of cases. Since 2018, the total number of court cases closed nationwide has increased by 5.2% annually; The number of cases handled by judges per capita increased from 187 in 2017 to 242 in 2022; In 2022, the rate of interest judgment in the first instance was 89.3%, and it reached 98% after the second instance; The online litigation trial cycle is 22 days shorter than the traditional model; Letters and visits involving litigation and visits to Beijing decreased by 8.4% and 44.5% annually, the judicial credibility was significantly improved, and the people’s sense of judicial justice was constantly enhanced. The achievements of China’s judicial system reform and the construction of smart courts have had a wide international impact.

　　Sixth, forging a loyal and clean court iron army

　　Implement the general requirements of party building in the new era, take a clear-cut stand on politics, persistently promote the comprehensive and strict administration of the party and the hospital, and strengthen the revolutionary, regular, professional and professional construction of the court team.

　　Strengthen political construction and build political loyalty. Persistently use the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era to build a soul, promote the study and training of the Supreme Leader’s rule of law thought and the Party’s twentieth spiritual study and training to cover all employees, insist on taking the Party’s innovative theory as the first lesson of police induction education and the compulsory course of youth theory armed, and help to button up the "first button" in judicial work. Solidly carry out the theme education of "Do not forget your initiative mind, Keep in mind the mission" and the study and education of party history. Organize and carry out the special education of "Two Persistences" and "Two Establishments" in the court system. Vigorously carry forward the new era people’s court culture with "loyalty for the people, respect for law, fairness and integrity, integrity, reform and innovation" as the main content. In the past five years, a large number of advanced models of justice for the people and justice have emerged in courts across the country, and 2,363 collectives and 2,799 individuals have been commended and rewarded by the central and state organs. 95 judges, including Li Qingjun, Hu Guoyun, Zhou Chunmei, Wei Jingjing, Yang Jun, Teng Qigang and Bao Weizhong, died in their posts. They were loyal guardians of the judicial cause of the Republic, and they defended fairness and justice with selfless dedication and even their lives.

　　Strengthen capacity building and improve the judicial level. We implemented the Judges Law, revised the regulations on the education and training of judges, and trained 9.756 million police officers online and offline through the "People’s Court Lecture Hall". Strengthen the training of judicial talents in the fields of intellectual property, internet, finance and foreign affairs. Three judges from the Supreme People’s Court were elected to the United Nations Appeals Tribunal, the Dispute Tribunal and the International Labour Organization Administrative Tribunal respectively. Support the construction of courts in Hainan Free Trade Port, xiong’an new area and other places. Strengthen the work of aiding Tibet, Xinjiang and Qinghai, and support the construction of court teams in western and ethnic areas through the selection of cadres and roving lectures. Courts in Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet, Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang have trained 2,373 bilingual judges to meet the judicial needs of people in ethnic areas.

　　Strengthen the construction of discipline and style to ensure a clean and honest administration of justice. Insist on cutting the blade inward, scraping the bone to cure the poison, carry out in-depth education and rectification of the court team, resolutely eliminate the persistent ills and black sheep, and promote the rectification of stubborn diseases and the establishment of rules and regulations in one body, so that the court team has been tempered as never before. Strictly implement the spirit of the eight central regulations and their implementation rules, strengthen judicial inspections and judicial inspectors, and the national courts investigated and dealt with 3,462 mental police officers who violated the eight central regulations. Changing the judicial style, from the Supreme People’s Court to the basic people’s courts, the presidents and team members of the national fourth-level courts went deep into the township people’s courts to stay in court, learn from the masses and help them solve disputes. Strictly implement the "three regulations" to prevent judicial interference. In 2022, the police officers of the national courts recorded and reported 153,000 pieces of relevant information. It is becoming the habit of police officers to report if there is intervention and report if there is any question. We severely punished judicial corruption with a zero-tolerance attitude. In the past five years, the Supreme People’s Court investigated and dealt with 61 police officers who violated discipline and law in our hospital, and courts at all levels investigated and dealt with 8,589 police officers who used the power of trial execution, and investigated 1,727 people for criminal responsibility. Deeply learn from the lessons of Shen Deyong and other court systems that violate discipline and law, and promote reform and governance by case. Fasten the system cage, strictly prohibit the iron regulations, deepen the treatment of both the symptoms and the root causes, and unremittingly conserve the breeze and righteousness.

　　Delegates, consciously accepting supervision is an inevitable requirement for practicing people’s democracy in the whole process and an important guarantee for realizing judicial justice. Accept the supervision of the National People’s Congress according to law. Conscientiously implement the spirit of the previous sessions of the 13th National People’s Congress, and strictly implement the laws and resolutions made by the NPC and its Standing Committee. Report to the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) on solving difficulties in execution and accept special inquiries, report on criminal, civil, intellectual property and foreign-related trials in the new era, and improve the work according to the deliberation opinions. Handling deputies’ suggestions covers 947 deputies, and 1,965 deputies’ suggestions and 1,861 daily suggestions are transformed into concrete measures to promote the high-quality development of court work. The Supreme People’s Court invited NPC deputies to inspect 37 batches of courts, and listened to 3,605 people’s opinions by inviting them to attend the trial committee and attending symposiums. We will fully adopt the opinions of deputies and improve judicial policies on ensuring food and drug safety, punishing violent injuries to doctors, preventing and controlling domestic violence, and protecting business secrets. Consciously accept democratic supervision. Adhere to socialist deliberative democracy and consciously accept the democratic supervision of the CPPCC, democratic parties, federations of industry and commerce and personages without party affiliation. We handled 819 CPPCC proposals, visited and received 1,211 CPPCC members, and adopted opinions and suggestions from all sides in a timely manner. Participate in the biweekly consultation forum in Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, and discuss good strategies on improving the quality and effectiveness of foreign-related law enforcement and protecting the rights and interests of minors. Visit the central committees of democratic parties to listen to opinions and build consensus on the work of the court. Held four summits on the rule of law in the private economy with the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce,Jointly optimize the legal environment for the development of private economy. Accept the legal supervision of procuratorial organs according to law. Seriously hear protest cases, handle procuratorial suggestions in time, and jointly safeguard judicial justice. Widely accept social supervision. Invited special supervisors and consultants to participate in research seminars and other 1228 people. Take the initiative to accept the supervision of public opinion and hold 155 press conferences to respond to social concerns in a timely manner.

　　Delegates, the new changes and developments in the work of the people’s courts in the new era lie in the fact that the Supreme Leader General Secretary is the core of the CPC Central Committee and the whole party at the helm, the scientific guidance of the Supreme Leader Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, and the vivid practice of the Supreme Leader’s rule of law thought in the judicial field. The achievement is the result of the strong supervision of the National People’s Congress and its Standing Committee, the strong support of the State Council, the democratic supervision of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, the supervision of the National Supervisory Commission (NSC) and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, the democratic supervision and support of democratic parties, federations of industry and commerce, people’s organizations and personages without party affiliation, and the care and help of local party and government organs at all levels, NPC deputies, members of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, all walks of life and the broad masses of the people. Here, on behalf of the Supreme People’s Court, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks!

　　Looking back on the course of the people’s courts in the past five years and ten years in the new era, we are more convinced that the road of rule of law in Socialism with Chinese characteristics is getting wider and wider, and the prospect of rule of law in China is infinitely bright. We insist on being upright and innovative, keeping pace with the times, and have a deeper understanding and experience of doing a good job in people’s courts: we must uphold the party’s absolute leadership over judicial work, deeply understand the decisive significance of "two establishment", strengthen "four consciousnesses", strengthen "four self-confidences" and achieve "two maintenance", and unswervingly advance in the direction guided by the supreme leader’s rule of law thought; We must adhere to the principle of serving the overall situation, administering justice for the people, and administering justice fairly, perform our duties closely around the work of the party and the state center, and strive to make the people feel fair and just in every judicial case; We must adhere to the combination of ruling the country by law and ruling the country by virtue, and carry forward the socialist core values with fair judgment; We must adhere to the two-wheel drive of judicial system reform and smart court construction, and accelerate the modernization of the trial system and trial capacity; We must persist in constantly promoting the comprehensive and strict administration of the party and the hospital to ensure fair and honest administration of justice; We must persist in consciously accepting supervision, so that judicial power can always be exercised under supervision and serve the party and the people.

　　We are soberly aware that there are still some problems and difficulties in the work of the people’s courts. First, there is still a gap between the level of judicial ability and the requirements of Chinese modernization and the growing needs of the people for fairness and justice. It is necessary to make greater efforts to modernize the judicial system and judicial ability. Second, there is an imbalance in the comprehensive reform of the judicial system, and there are still shortcomings in the supervision mechanism for the operation of judicial power. Third, the quality and efficiency of trial execution in some cases are not high, and the effect is not good. There are problems of mechanical justice and case handling. It still takes a long time to promote the practical solution to the implementation difficulties. Fourth, the situation of building a clean and honest party style and the struggle against corruption is still severe and complicated, and there is still a long way to go to completely eradicate the soil that breeds judicial corruption. Some police officers have improper judicial style and even corruption problems, which seriously affects judicial credibility. Fifth, some intermediate and grass-roots courts are under great pressure to handle cases, and there is a shortage of specialized talents in some trial fields. The people’s court will take effective measures to solve these problems and difficulties.

　　Suggestions for work in 2023

　　In 2023, the people’s courts should adhere to the guidance of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, thoroughly implement the Supreme Leader’s rule of law thought, fully implement the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the First and Second Plenary Sessions of the 20th Central Committee, conscientiously implement the spirit of the Central Political and Legal Work Conference, conscientiously implement the resolutions of this congress, deeply understand the decisive significance of "two establishment", strengthen "four consciousnesses", firmly "four self-confidences" and achieve "two maintenance". Faithfully perform the duties entrusted by the Constitution and laws, dare to struggle, be good at struggle, strive for progress steadily, be upright and innovative, serve Chinese modernization with the modernization of the trial system and trial capacity, and provide powerful judicial services for a good start in building a socialist modern country in an all-round way.

　　First, guided by the supreme leader’s thought of rule of law, we will unswervingly follow the road of rule of law in Socialism with Chinese characteristics. We will carry out the theme education deployed by the CPC Central Committee in courts all over the country, and unify our thinking, will and actions with Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the new era. Strengthen the party’s political construction in an all-round way, resolutely safeguard the core, be absolutely loyal, listen to the party’s command, and be brave in taking responsibility. Closely combined with the actual situation of the court, fully implement the spirit of the 20 th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and ensure that the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee are fully implemented in the people’s courts. Adhere to the organic unity of the party’s leadership, the people being the masters of the country and governing the country according to law, create a higher level of socialist judicial civilization, and build a socialist modern country in an all-round way on the track of the rule of law.

　　Second, better coordinate development and safety, and serve high-level safety and high-quality development according to law. Severely crack down on infiltration, sabotage, subversion and separatist activities of hostile forces at home and abroad. Resolutely punish all criminals who split the country according to law and safeguard national unity. Unswervingly counter illegal sanctions and "long-arm jurisdiction" and resolutely defend China’s judicial sovereignty and people’s interests. Severely punish serious violence, gun-related explosions, cross-border gambling, drugs and other crimes. Continue to promote the normalization of eliminating evils. Punish crimes in the fields of grain, finance and energy resources according to law, and serve to prevent and resolve major risks. Punish corruption crimes according to law and increase the punishment of bribery crimes. Strengthen the protection of personal information and severely punish information network crimes. Serve better and coordinate epidemic prevention and control and economic and social development. We will earnestly implement the "Two Unswervings", issue opinions on optimizing the legal environment to promote the development and growth of the private economy, fully implement the principle of equal protection, resolutely prevent criminal intervention in economic disputes, resolutely stop illegal acts that infringe on entrepreneurs’ personality rights, resolutely protect the legitimate property rights and interests of private enterprises and entrepreneurs, ensure the recovery of accounts receivable by small and medium-sized enterprises by judicial means, support honest management, guarantee fair competition according to law, and promote the healthy and high-quality development of the private economy. We will strengthen supervision and guidance on cases that infringe upon the property rights of private enterprises and the rights and interests of entrepreneurs, and resolutely correct misjudged cases once they are discovered. We will improve judicial policies on property rights protection, market access, fair competition and social credit, and serve to build a unified national market.Strengthen judicial protection of intellectual property rights, strengthen anti-monopoly and anti-unfair competition justice, and improve the appeal and trial mechanism of intellectual property cases at the national level. Improve the judicial policy of digital economy. Serve the implementation of regional coordinated development strategy. Deepen the establishment of "Fengqiao People’s Court". Strengthen the trial of environmental resources and promote green development. We will build a higher-level foreign-related trial system and serve the high-level opening up. Adhere to high-quality judicial services and high-quality development, so that property rights and intellectual property rights are more judicially guaranteed, contract performance is more effective, and innovation vitality is more stimulated.

　　The third is to persist in taking the people as the center and solidly promote justice for the people and justice. Listen to the voices of the masses, adhere to the problem-oriented, work towards problems, truly solve problems, resolve disputes in essence, and constantly meet the needs of the masses for fairness and justice. Severely punish crimes that infringe on the rights and interests of women, children and the elderly, and effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of women, children, the elderly and the disabled. Strengthen the protection of labor rights and interests and the protection of workers in new employment forms. Effectively safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of consumers. Practice and carry forward the socialist core values. Improve the comprehensive efficiency of one-stop multiple dispute resolution and litigation service system. Cooperate with the promotion of civil enforcement legislation, and move towards the goal of effectively solving the implementation difficulties. Strengthen administrative adjudication and serve the construction of a government ruled by law. Promote the improvement of the state compensation system. We will do a good job in safeguarding rights related to the military with our hearts and feelings, firmly safeguard national defense interests and the legitimate rights and interests of military families and retired military personnel, and promote the consolidation of military, political, military and civilian unity. Strengthen the protection of the rights and interests of compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan. Promote the improvement of the public interest litigation system and safeguard public interests according to law. Strengthen trial supervision and guidance, strengthen judicial protection of human rights, safeguard lawyers’ right to practice, and ensure strict and fair justice. Intensify the publicity of popularizing the law and promote the judicial maintenance of fairness and justice to be more deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.

　　The fourth is to deepen the reform of the judicial system and accelerate the modernization of the trial system and trial capacity. Always solve new situations and new problems in the reform with reform thinking and methods, persist in the reform without stopping, and dare to bite hard bones. Deepen the comprehensive reform of the judicial system, comprehensively and accurately implement the judicial responsibility system, strengthen the practice of judicial reform and innovation, and accelerate the construction of a fair, efficient and authoritative socialist judicial system. Deepen the reform of the litigation system centered on trial. Standardize the operation of judicial power and strengthen the restriction and supervision of judicial activities. Deepen the construction of smart courts, improve the Internet judicial model with China characteristics, and strive to create a higher level of digital justice.

　　Fifth, adhere to the strict administration of the party and the hospital in an all-round way and strengthen the construction of the court team. Strengthen political supervision, consolidate the achievements of court team education and rectification, and resolutely build political loyalty. Consciously accept the supervision of the people’s congress, democratic supervision and supervision in all aspects. Optimize the classified management of judicial personnel and increase the training of judicial talents in foreign-related trials and other fields. Strengthen basic construction at the grass-roots level and support the construction of grass-roots courts in old revolutionary base areas, ethnic areas and border areas. In-depth investigation and study, go deep into the masses, go deep into the front line, and pounce on the implementation. Unswervingly from the strict discipline, increase the punishment of judicial corruption, and promote the integration of not daring to rot, not wanting to rot. Carry out the "five excellent" requirements and forge the iron army of the people’s court with unremitting efforts.

　　Delegates, in the new era and new journey, we should unite more closely around the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, fully implement the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, carry forward the great spirit of party building, keep in mind the "Three Musts", unite and work hard, give full play to the role of judicial function, and make new contributions to building a socialist modern country and promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation in an all-round way!

With the RCEP agreement finally settled this month, the economic and trade relations between East Asia and Southeast Asia will become closer in the foreseeable future. Under the background of the successful election of US Democratic candidate Biden in the 2020 presidential election, Japan, as the current leader of CPTPP and a signatory of RCEP, its diplomatic choice in the future is also of concern. Will Suga Yoshihide’s cabinet follow the trend and emphasize economic and trade cooperation with countries in Asia, or will it return to its foreign policy during the Obama administration of the Democratic Party and seek coordination with the east coast of the Pacific through the TPP framework? At present, when the argument of the new cold war is raging, we may be able to glimpse some clues of Japan’s current decision-making by reviewing Japan’s diplomatic choices in the cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union in the twentieth century.

As we all know, Japan and China did not establish formal diplomatic relations for a quarter of a century from 1949 to 1972. Although the two countries managed to develop and maintain some trade.【1】However, under the background that the United States pursues a containment policy towards the communist countries in Asia, Japan’s contact policy with China, Vietnam (North Vietnam) and even countries that pursue neutrality in Southeast Asia has experienced considerable repetitions. However, Japan’s economic assistance to pro-American countries in the region, such as Indonesia after Suharto’s coup in 1965 and Malaysia, which suppressed its own communist struggle for a long time, has long been regarded by scholars in the history of international relations as evidence that Japan follows the American policy in Asia.

However, with the gradual declassification of diplomatic documents from 1950s to 1960s, the assertion that Japan was simply classified as a follower of American containment strategy in the past was questioned to a considerable extent. Through these diplomatic documents, we can see that many of Japan’s early engagement policies with China, such as breaking the trade ban on China (CHINCOM) and providing export loans to China through state-owned export-import banks, directly challenged the American strategy in Asia. At the same time, Japan’s strategic conception in Southeast Asia, that is, the strategy of establishing Japan-Southeast Asia manufacturing industry chain, is also obviously opposed to the American conception of Japan as a supplier of consumer goods in Southeast Asia. The author also wants to point out that this opposition not only appeared in the cabinet of Ichiro Hatoyama and Ikeda Hayato, which were relatively pro-China and neutral, but also appeared in the cabinet of Kishi Nobusuke and Eisaku Satō, which were traditionally considered pro-American and anti-China. In other words, the pursuit of post-war Asian policy independence is the consensus of the Japanese ruling group and will not change because of the change of Japan-US relations. In this paper, the author will sort out the diplomatic documents between the United States and Japan from the Bandung Conference in 1955 to the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Japan in 1972 to illustrate Japan’s entanglement and hesitation in the pro-American/independent diplomatic routes. The upper part will mainly describe the diplomatic confrontation between China, Japan and the United States before the Bandung Conference in 1955 and the Sino-Japanese LT Trade Agreement in 1961, while the lower part will mainly describe the political turmoil in Southeast Asian countries since 1960, as well as the influence of different routes of struggle between Japan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of International Trade and Industry on Japan-US foreign policy.

Sino-Japanese Contact in Bandung Conference in 1955 and Japan’s Idea of "Returning to Asia"

If we try to find the origin of Japan’s postwar foreign policy toward Asia, a historical node that can hardly be ignored is the Bandung Conference, which we are all familiar with, that is, the 1955 Asian-African Conference. Apart from the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence put forward by China at the Bandung Conference, Japan also got the opportunity to intervene in regional politics again through this conference. Despite the strong opposition from the United States, Ichiro Hatoyama’s government sent a Japanese delegation headed by Tatsunosuke Takasaki, then Japan’s Minister of International Trade and Industry, to attend the meeting, and took this opportunity to realize informal contacts between China and Japan.

The Japanese delegation is headed by Tatsunosuke Takasaki (second from left).

Japan’s diplomatic decision to participate in the Bandung Conference was made against the background of its domestic economic recovery. With the smooth progress of Japan’s economic recovery in the mid-1950s, when Ichiro Hatoyama became prime minister in 1955, Japan had generally returned to the highest level of the pre-war economy. Hatoyama confidently declared in Congress that Japan’s "post-war era" was over. In his view, the urgent task of the Japanese government is to re-establish Japan’s position in the international community and conduct diplomacy that is more in line with Japan’s interests. Under the guidance of this thought, Ichiro Hatoyama’s government hoped to adopt a softer diplomatic stance, and put forward the idea that Japan would intervene in Asian geopolitics as a "window between the East and the West".

On the other hand, in 1955, China also had a political basis for seeking cooperation extensively in diplomacy. It is true that both the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea in 1951 -1953 and the efforts of China’s military advisory group headed by Chen Geng in Dien Bien Fuk’s triumph in 1954 clearly showed that China would be committed to opposing the imperialist intervention of western countries in neighboring countries. However, when the war ended in 1953, the demand for resources necessary for domestic economic construction through foreign trade made China leaders adopt a very pragmatic diplomatic attitude on the international stage. European delegates to the Geneva Peace Conference in 1954 were surprised to find that China had adopted a foreign policy that was different from the previous one and centered on the economy. Similarly, at the Bandung Conference in 1955, Zhou Enlai also put forward suggestions for economic cooperation to Indonesian, Ceylon and Cambodian representatives, and promised that China would not seek interference and influence other countries’ internal affairs.

It is worth mentioning that the candidates for the Japanese delegation to the Bandung Conference are worth pondering, and can also reflect Japan’s consideration of its international status at that time to some extent. Tatsunosuke Takasaki, the head of the delegation, was appointed as the chief representative of Japan by Ichiro Hatoyama, not only because he has extensive contacts in the industry as a practical economic bureaucrat, so that he can represent Japan to discuss economic and trade cooperation with the countries present, but also reflects the long-standing Pan-Asian tradition in Japan. Whether it is the ruling Liberal Democratic Party after the war or the Japanese industry, before Japan’s defeat and surrender in the first half of the 20th century, quite a few people participated in Japan’s aggression and expansion in Southeast Asia, China and the Korean Peninsula, and were influenced by the so-called "Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Circle" theory, so they had intuitive feelings and experiences on the economic integration of Japan and Asia. Because the United States relaxed its responsibility for the old Japanese decision makers in Germany and Japan for the needs of the Cold War after the war, these former decision makers who were once expelled as war criminals from politics and business were able to once again enter the decision-making level of Japan. No matter Tatsunosuke Takasaki in politics, Kishi Nobusuke and Masayoshi Ohira, who became prime ministers after Hatoyama, Yoshisaburo Higasaki, the foreign minister in the Shore Cabinet, or Kaheita Okazaki and Yoshisuke Yukawa in industry, they all participated in Japan’s actions to support the puppet Manchukuo and Wang puppet regimes as economic bureaucrats during the Japanese invasion of China. These people who worked in the Puppet Manchukuo and Manchuria Railway Corporation formed a "Manchurian network" group across the political and business circles in Japan because of their common experience after the war.As the members of this group came back to power with the acquiescence of the United States after the war, Japan’s pre-war concept of pan-Asianism regained its influence in the decision-making level. In other words, Japan’s diplomatic inertia formed in the first half of the twentieth century was also continued in Japan’s foreign policy in 1955, which was embodied in re-establishing Japan’s influence in regional affairs by emphasizing "returning to Asia". Therefore, Takasaki’s participation in the Bandung Conference on behalf of Japan can be described as the epitome of this strategic consideration at the personnel level.

Of course, Takasaki cannot be simply classified as a supporter of the old Japanese policy. In Japan’s post-war political map, the most striking feature of Takasaki is that as a promoter of "diplomacy with communist countries"-Takasaki also participated in Japan’s diplomatic coordination with the Soviet Union, and participated in and promoted the negotiation of Japan-Soviet fishery agreement with Soviet Deputy Prime Minister mikoyan for three times in 1956, 1960 and 1962. At the Bandung Conference, Takasaki seized the opportunity to hold two secret talks with Premier Zhou Enlai, who also attended the conference, and reached a consensus on Sino-Japanese trade and civil goodwill. This has also become an important basis for Japan’s contact with China after 1955. After Bandung, China and Japan shared common interests on the decolonization of Asia and possible economic cooperation in the Pan-Asian region. After the meeting between Zhou Enlai and Takasaki, the two countries made serious efforts to deepen economic ties. In 1957, Japan and China signed two agreements, allowing China to export raw materials in exchange for industrial products and equipment. Although Sino-Japanese trade was interrupted after 1958 due to the Nagasaki flag incident, the trade between the two countries began to resume in 1961, and Japan became China’s largest import source country in 1964 (Table 1).

Of course, Japan’s performance at the Bandung Conference can not be simply described as "pro-China", but can be the best footnote for the country to wander between pro-America and independence. As early as before the opening of the Bandung Conference, Japanese Foreign Minister Shigemitsu Mamoru, with officials from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, strongly opposed Hatoyama’s decision to attend the Conference. Although Hatoyama insisted on sending a delegation to attend the Bandung Conference in the end, Shigemitsu Mamoru appointed Toshiichi Kakuba of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as the deputy representative of the Japanese delegation. It is precisely because of the communication between Kasai and Shigemitsu Mamoru that the meeting between Takasaki and Zhou Enlai was known by the US, and then pressure was exerted to cancel the third secret meeting between Zhou Enlai and Takasaki originally scheduled during the meeting. In other words, the opposition between pro-American bureaucrats and contact bureaucrats in the Japanese government has caused considerable constraints on the contact policy with China/the Soviet Union that Ichiro Hatoyama’s cabinet has been adhering to.

This contradiction between the pro-American faction and the independent diplomatic faction within the Japanese government is also reflected in the policy level, which is embodied in the Japanese delegation’s dependence on American capital and dollars in the economic proposal at the Bandung Conference. At the Bandung Conference, Japan put forward several economic issues: for example, establishing an Asian Payment Union to introduce foreign capital for Asian economic construction and solve the payment problem in bilateral trade, and establishing a permanent Asian Economic Cooperation Union to discuss regional economic development. This proposal received opposition from China and Indian countries. This is because the Asian Payment Union proposed by Japan will use the US dollar as the reserve currency. In the eyes of India, a former British colony, an Asian system based on the pound will be more beneficial to it. According to the telegram sent by Li Kenong to Ye Jizhuang on April 22, 1955, the representative of China was also deeply worried about the US dollar entering Southeast Asia through this Japanese channel. Li Kenong’s report reflects China’s judgment that whether the payment system is based on British pound or US dollar, it will pose a great threat to the independence of Asian countries. At the same time, due to the lack of sufficient foreign currency reserves, China will fall into diplomatic passivity in any system. At the same time, China is also wary of the possible role of the United States behind Japanese economic expansion in Asia. Zhou Enlai’s report to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China after Bandung Conference clearly reflected this attitude. In Zhou Enlai’s report of April 30th,China believes that Japan’s massive dumping in the Southeast Asian market is supported and encouraged by the US government, and its purpose is to establish economic control over Southeast Asia. In other words, China’s understanding of Japan is based on its awareness that it can’t get rid of being the executor of American Asian strategy whether it is voluntary or not.

Coincidentally, Japanese officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs are also full of anxiety about industrial competition from China: according to the report of the China Division of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs on July 23, 1959, Japanese diplomats believe that the trade competition between China and Japan in the "free countries" in Southeast Asia has become increasingly fierce since 1955. In their view, China’s free aid and cheap exports to Southeast Asia pose a threat to Japan’s market share, and the signing of a series of "barter" agreements, such as the rice-for-textiles agreement between China and Myanmar and the rice-for-rubber trade agreement with Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), is a major challenge to Japan’s trade system based on international money and credit. Judging from these diplomatic documents in the 1950s, there are indeed voices within China and Japan to build each other’s strategic intentions based on the reality of the Cold War.

Japan-US Dispute Centered on Southeast Asian Policy

Then, is Japan, as previously recognized by academic circles, a follower of the United States to exert economic influence on Southeast Asia, thus curbing China’s influence in this region? Traditional academic circles believe that Japan gave up its diplomatic efforts to seek neutrality after the Kishi Nobusuke administration came to power in 1957, and instead expanded Japan’s economic interests in the western camp through the Japan-US alliance, and at the same time expanded Japan’s local economic influence with the help of the expansion of the United States in Southeast Asia. This assertion that Japan’s foreign policy is described as "hitchhiking" widely appears in the works of Japanese and American scholars.【2】. In this understanding, Japan is a staunch supporter of the United States, and the high consistency of interests between the two countries in Southeast Asia is an important cornerstone of this cooperation.

However, this argument has been challenged with the declassification of the latest diplomatic documents: since 1955, Japan has been obsessed with promoting economic integration with Southeast Asia, which is not in line with the national interests of the United States in the eyes of American decision-making groups. In Japan’s view, the key to Japan’s post-war rise lies in industrial transformation, that is, from low value-added manufacturing industries (such as textiles and food processing industries) to high value-added manufacturing industries (chemical industry, steel industry, shipbuilding industry). This process not only needs Japan to open the markets of western countries, but also needs to establish the industrial chains of Japan and Southeast Asian countries, obtain the markets, raw materials and primary processed products from the latter, and export technical standards to integrate them into the Japanese-led economic cycle. However, for the United States, Southeast Asia is the frontier of the struggle with China and the Soviet Union, and it is a neutral zone that may fall to the communist camp like a domino at any time. In the eyes of American policy makers, the support for Southeast Asia must focus on all kinds of direct assistance, such as food and consumer goods that people can directly use and military training and equipment against communist party revolutionaries. In this process, Japan should become a "quartermaster of a democratic country", while the United States, as an "arsenal of a democratic country", provides consumer goods and military assistance to the pro-American regime in Southeast Asia. In this sense, the United States and Japan have quite different ideas about Southeast Asia.

The starting point of this opposition is the Bandung Conference in 1955. The Asian Payment Union and the Asian Development Commune proposed by Japan at the meeting are not without warning. Tatsunosuke Takasaki himself submitted a proposal to Eisenhower as the Minister of International Trade and Industry of Japan before the meeting, seeking the support of the United States for Japan to establish economic cooperation in Southeast Asia. In this diplomatic document issued on March 9, 1955, Takasaki tried to persuade the United States to provide part of the reserve funds for the Asian payment union envisaged by Japan (according to Takasaki’s vision, the payment union needs to inject about 200 million US dollars from outside every year). Another noteworthy Japanese position is Japan’s position as a middleman in the aid sent by the United States to Southeast Asia. In this proposal, Takasaki proposed to the United States that in order to support Japan’s economic development, the United States should hand over American raw materials (such as grain and cotton) to Japan for processing and then transport them to Southeast Asia as food and textiles.

Corresponding to Japan’s active promotion of this plan, the attitude of the United States towards these two proposals is quite cold. Neither Eisenhower’s regime nor Kennedy/Johnson’s regime supported Japan’s plan. In Eisenhower’s view, Japan’s economic integration in Southeast Asia will be a huge waste of American resources: for the United States, which is seeking to curb the expansion of communist regimes on a global scale, instead of providing a lot of funds to support economic diplomacy that cannot be effective in a short time, it is better to use more resources to support countries that clearly express their pro-American stance and prevent these regimes from being overthrown by their own insurgents through direct consumer goods and military assistance. For the U.S. government, which just experienced diplomatic failure to Vietnam at the Geneva Peace Conference in 1954 and increased blood transfusion to the government of Wu Tingyan in South Vietnam after the conference, the Japanese proposal is unattractive.

However, Japan has not given up its idea, but its diplomatic efforts will not change the attitude of the United States in the next few years. In 1957, Ichiro Hatoyama’s cabinet, which adhered to the contact policy, was dissolved, and pro-American Kishi Nobusuke came to power. In that year, he visited the United States to seek American support for his regime. During the negotiation with Eisenhower, Kishi Nobusuke once again put forward the Japanese idea of establishing an Asian payment union, and hoped that the United States would give a clear statement and direct financial support. According to the record of the talks between the two sides on June 19, 1957, Eisenhower flatly rejected Kishi Nobusuke’s proposal and pointed out that "[Although] we understand Japan’s position, the resources of the United States for Southeast Asia are limited. Any support must be realistic and affordable. " Even at the meeting of the Operation Coordination Board on September 25th, Eisenhower Administration directly stated that any idea of establishing a common development fund in Southeast Asia was unrealistic. The differences between the United States and Japan on this issue can be seen at a glance.

The differences between the two sides also extended to the subsequent regimes of the two countries. The signing of the US-Kishi Nobusuke security agreement in 1960 triggered large-scale public protests, which eventually led to the downfall of the Japanese government. Kishi Nobusuke was succeeded by Ikeda Hayato, who was born in the Ministry of International Trade and Industry. It was during Ikeda’s cabinet period that Japan launched the "Income Multiplication Plan" aimed at vigorously promoting the development of the national economy, and made it clear that Japan’s economic development must rely on the output of industries. In 1962, Japan passed the Temporary Measures for the Revitalization of Specific Industries Act, and regarded the export of steel, automobile and oil industries as Japan’s core interests. Under this policy, Japan began to actively seek industrial integration with Southeast Asia, and achieved certain diplomatic achievements in the World War II compensation agreement with the government of Su Jianuo, Indonesia, that is, by compensating Japanese-made equipment, helping Indonesia to train technicians, and providing interest-free/low-interest export credit to purchase Japanese equipment, the export of Japanese industrial technical standards was realized.

For the United States, Japan’s economic development is commendable, but its vision for Southeast Asia does not meet expectations. In 1961, Rusk Dean, Secretary of State of the Kennedy Administration, visited Japan and held consultations with Japan for several days in Hakone. During the consultation on November 3rd, Eisaku Satō, then Japanese Minister of International Trade and Industry (later Prime Minister) and Kenji Fukunaga, then Japanese Minister of Labor, made sharp questions to the US side, questioning the rationality of the US policy towards Southeast Asia. The former accuses the United States of being meaningless in supporting Southeast Asia except "helping some regional leaders to build their own statues", while the latter demands that rusk clearly explain the position that the United States regards Japan as its Asian policy "agent". During the three-day consultations, Japan’s attitude was very clear: the United States should abandon its rigid Asian policy and fully accept Japan’s proposition of economic integration in Southeast Asia.

In contrast to Japan’s questioning, the United States has never given in to its position. Deputy Secretary of State Fuller and Freeman rejected Japan’s proposal to develop supporting industries of heavy chemical industry in Southeast Asia, but stressed the need to support agriculture and light and small industries in Southeast Asia. Rusk pointed out more bluntly that if Japan wants to continue to be an intermediate country of American aid to Southeast Asia, it must follow the position of the United States and only give aid funds to regimes with clear pro-American and anti-communist positions. At the same time, Japan’s contacts with neutral countries such as Myanmar and Indonesia will not be included in the direct support of the United States. Although this meeting was finally praised as an important achievement in deepening the understanding between the United States and Japan in public reports, the declassified meeting documents exposed the huge differences between the two sides. The differences between the two countries’ positions on Southeast Asia continued until the coup in Suharto in 1965 and the comprehensive escalation of the Vietnam War.

Solution: an analysis of the differences in Asian policies between the United States and Japan

So, what caused the diplomatic differences between the United States and Japan from 1955 to 1965? The author will discuss the internal affairs and regional politics of the two countries respectively. On the one hand, in the markets of developing countries, Japan is facing a common impact from the East and West camps. Whether it is the "barter" trade agreement between China and the Soviet Union and Southeast Asian countries, or the advantages of European and American countries in technology and capital, Japan’s actions to expand overseas markets are facing fierce competition. However, the crisis also contains a huge turning point: with the vigorous development of anti-colonial struggles (which are often led by communists) after the war, new nation-states have sprung up, and there has been a vacuum in the colonial market that was firmly controlled by Britain and France. For these emerging countries, it has become an important demand to get rid of the dependence on the former sovereign state economically and promote industrialization independently. For Japan, the reshuffle of Southeast Asia has become a godsend opportunity to pursue its own industrial upgrading and overseas trade share. From this point of view, it is even more natural for Japan to participate in the Bandung Conference and make friends with China, which has good relations with revolutionaries in Southeast Asian countries.

On the other hand, for Japan, the decade that began in 1955 was also a decade when Japan tried to integrate into the western economic system, and in the process, Japan paid a huge price. Some industries that flourished after the war, such as textiles and organic chemicals, were impacted by the protectionist policies of western countries, which made it difficult to develop in European and American markets. Since 1958, Japan’s textile exports to the United States have even been subjected to tariff repression and anti-dumping investigations by the United States. At the same time, Japan is also seeking to join the western economic clubs, namely the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the General Agreement on Tariffs (GATT). In the negotiations, Japan was explicitly asked to make concessions, open its market to countries in the same camp and stop protecting its industries with tariffs. Japan’s economic liberalization reached its peak in 1965: Sato’s cabinet assured the United States that it would provide Voluntary Export Restriction for Japanese textiles and promised to open 90% of the Japanese market as the price of joining the OECD. In other words, from 1955 to 1965, Japan integrated into the western economic system at great cost, and in order to maintain the competitiveness of Japanese industries, Japan must race against time to cultivate its own industrial alliances in other markets to cope with the competition from Europe and the United States. It is precisely because of this that Japanese industrial giants have also become the main force to promote Sino-Japanese trade negotiations and Japan’s investment in Southeast Asia.Both Kurashiki Silk Weaving Co., Ltd. (today’s Kolili Kuraray Co., Ltd.), a giant in textile and chemical industry, and Hitachi Group, an equipment manufacturing industry, actively supported the policy of engagement with China and Southeast Asia put forward by Japanese economic bureaucrats headed by Takasaki, and even directly participated in the negotiation process.　

If for Japan, the postwar foreign policy was mainly influenced by economic factors, then for the United States, the leader of the western camp, it was mainly political factors that influenced its Asian policy in the 1950s. Whether it was the stalemate of the Korean War in 1953 or the military victory of North Vietnam against France under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh in 1954, the United States began to seriously examine China’s geopolitical influence in Asia, and then looked at Southeast Asia with a very conservative and skeptical eye, fearing that a communist revolution would emerge from any Southeast Asian country that swept the whole region.【3】. In the case that Southeast Asia may enter the communist camp at any time, Japan’s proposal to develop Southeast Asia’s industries is naturally inappropriate in the eyes of American policymakers. In contrast, it is more in line with the national interests of the United States in the eyes of American policy makers to directly provide food, consumer goods and military assistance to pro-American countries in Southeast Asia through policies such as the Food for Peace Act (Public Law 480). In this scenario, Japan, as an American ally with the most developed production capacity in East Asia, is naturally entrusted with the task of "quartermaster of democratic countries". From Eisenhower’s regime to Johnson’s regime, such cognition has always had a huge market among decision makers in the State Council, USA. This situation was partially reversed until Nixon came to power and decided to end the Vietnam War and ease relations with China.

Of course, we can’t ignore the influence of European economic integration on Japan. The agreement of the European Economic Community (EEC) between France and West Germany, the Netherlands and Italy, which was signed in 1957, has obvious influence on Japanese policy makers. Not only because of the fierce competition between Europe and Japan in the global market, but also because the industrial integration policies pursued by the European Economic Community (such as jointly regulating agricultural prices, establishing common agricultural funds, and setting industrial standards) coincide with the policy blueprint that Takasaki and others hope to promote in Southeast Asia. In this case, it is not difficult to understand that Japanese policymakers feel a sense of crisis and work harder to promote similar agendas.

Conclusion and Prospect: Japan-US Relations in 1960s: From Disputes to Confluence

So far, this paper briefly combs the differences between Japan and the United States in Southeast Asia policy and China policy from the 1950s to the mid-1960s, and briefly analyzes the factors that may lead to these differences. As mentioned above, with the Indonesian coup in 1965 leading to the fall of the pro-China Su Jianuo regime, the differences between Japan and the United States will be bridged to some extent in the increasingly intensified Cold War confrontation in Southeast Asia, and the relations with China will be deteriorated to some extent. The second half of this paper will continue to trace back to Japan-US policies towards Southeast Asia after 1965, and focus on Japan’s domestic politics, especially the struggle between officials who support independence in the Ministry of International Trade and Industry and those who support coordination with the United States in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. At the same time, it will demonstrate what factors made the pro-American bureaucrats in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs finally overwhelm the technocrats in the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, and forced the latter to give part of the decision-making power to Japan’s foreign trade policy to the former.

[1] Japan signed a non-governmental trade agreement with the Republic in 1953. Before the Nagasaki incident in 1958, Japan signed four non-governmental trade agreements with China, and in 1958, it signed a Sino-Japanese iron and steel agreement to carry out exploratory cooperation in the field of industrial manufacturing. Although the trade relations between China and Japan were frozen after the Nagasaki incident in 1958, China and Japan signed the LT trade agreement through negotiations between Liao Chengzhi and Takasaki Tatsunosuke in 1962. Japan also became China’s largest trading country two years after the signing. This five-year trade agreement was renewed in 1967 and continued until the formal establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Japan in 1972.

[2] Representative scholars who hold this view, such as Chalmers Johnson, Warren Cohen, Miyagi, Tian Feng Long, etc.

[3] This view is often called Domino Theory, which emphasizes that countries with communist revolutions will have a huge demonstration effect on the surrounding areas and give birth to communist revolutions in other regions.

　　Cctv newsAccording to the website of the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Education is currently organizing the compilation and revision of textbooks for various subjects in ordinary high schools, and will complete the training of all staff in the new curriculum by the end of 2018. According to the Ministry of Education,Starting from the fall semester of 2019, all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China will implement new courses and use new teaching materials step by step.

　　Ministry of Education: At present, it is organizing the compilation and revision of textbooks for various subjects in ordinary high schools.

　　In order to thoroughly implement the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and implement the fundamental task of cultivating people by virtue, the Ministry of Education has revised and promulgated the Curriculum Plan for Ordinary Senior High Schools and Curriculum Standards for Chinese and Other Subjects (2017 Edition), and is currently organizing the compilation and revision of textbooks for various subjects in ordinary senior high schools.

　　The Ministry of Education has made it clear that the training of all staff in the new curriculum will be completed by the end of 2018, and the training of new teaching materials will be completed step by step in batches from the first half of 2019; Beginning in the autumn of 2022, all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China started to implement new courses and new textbooks; By 2025, the concept, content and requirements of new curriculum and new textbooks will be fully implemented in all aspects of ordinary high school education and teaching.

　　Next year, the new curriculum will be implemented step by step throughout the country.

　　The Ministry of Education has made it clear that from the fall semester of 2019, all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China will implement new courses and use new textbooks step by step.

　　Pilot provinces for comprehensive reform of college entrance examination,You can implement new courses and use new textbooks from the first year of high school in the fall semester of 2019;

　　The provinces that launched the comprehensive reform of the college entrance examination in 2018,You can implement new courses and use new textbooks from the first year of high school in the fall semester of 2019 or 2020;

　　The provinces that launched the comprehensive reform of the college entrance examination in 2019,You can implement new courses and use new textbooks from the first year of high school in the fall semester of 2019 or 2021;

　　Provinces that start the comprehensive reform of the college entrance examination in 2020,You can implement new courses and use new textbooks from the first year of high school in the fall semester of 2020 or 2022.

　　Source of this article: China News Network, Ministry of Education website.

　　Recently, the central and local governments at all levels have voiced their voices one after another, adjusted and optimized real estate policies in a timely manner, and made good use of the policy toolbox to better meet the rigid and improved housing needs of residents.

　　A few days ago, Zhengzhou issued the "Notice on Further Promoting the Stable and Healthy Development of the Real Estate Market in Our City", proposing 15 optimization policies, such as canceling the sales restriction and implementing "recognizing the house but not the loan".

　　The insiders believe that stabilizing the construction industry and the real estate industry plays an important role in promoting the economic recovery. Previously, some adjustment policies proposed by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and the People’s Bank of China will accelerate, and the real estate market is expected to usher in a steady development trend.

　　On August 4th, the National Development and Reform Commission and other four departments held a press conference with the theme of "laying a good combination of macro policies and promoting high-quality economic development". Yuan Da, Deputy Secretary-General of the National Development and Reform Commission and Director of the Comprehensive Department, said that policies and measures such as promoting the renovation of urban villages in mega-cities and the construction of "flat and emergency dual-use" public infrastructure, and orderly expanding the issuance scale of real estate investment trusts (REITs) in the infrastructure sector have been introduced and implemented one after another, and other policies are also being pushed forward, providing strong policy support for sustained economic recovery.

　　"Strengthen policy reserves in better meeting the rigid and improved housing needs of residents and actively expanding effective investment, and continuously release the potential of ultra-large-scale market." Yuan Da said.

　　Zou Lan, director of the Monetary Policy Department of the People’s Bank of China, said that he would continue to support the smooth operation of the real estate market, and reiterated that he would continue to implement the loan support plan for Baojiaolou until the end of May 2024, and steadily push forward the rental housing loan support plan in pilot cities. At the same time, guide banks to adjust the interest rate of existing individual housing loans in an orderly manner according to law.

　　It is worth mentioning that this is not the first time that the People’s Bank of China has proposed to adjust the "stock mortgage interest rate". On July 14th, at the press conference of financial statistics for the first half of 2023 held by the State Council Office, Zou Lan said that the interest rate of existing mortgage loans issued in previous years in China was still at a relatively high level. "Next, in accordance with the principles of marketization and rule of law, the People’s Bank of China supports and encourages commercial banks and borrowers to negotiate independently to change the contractual agreement, or to issue new loans to replace the original stock loans."

　　Subsequently, on August 1st, the People’s Bank of China and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange also explicitly proposed in the working meeting in the second half of 2023 that the differentiated housing credit policy should be accurately implemented due to the city’s policy, and the interest rate and down payment ratio of individual housing loans should continue to decline to better meet the rigid and improved housing needs of residents. Guide commercial banks to adjust the interest rate of existing individual housing loans in an orderly manner according to law.

　　Zhang Bo, president of 58 Anjuke Research Institute, said that at present, the downward direction of the interest rate of existing individual housing loans has been made clear, which is an important measure to reduce the demand-side cost of buying houses. On the one hand, adjusting the interest rate of stock mortgage can reduce the economic burden of the people who have bought houses, and play a certain role in promoting their living expenses. On the other hand, it can also reduce the phenomenon of early repayment of loans, which is conducive to the stability of high-quality mortgage assets of banks.

　　In fact, in addition to the frequent statements of the financial sector, the housing and construction sector has also made a clear statement. Ni Hong, Minister of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, pointed out at a recent enterprise symposium that it is necessary to continue to consolidate the trend of stabilization and recovery of the real estate market, vigorously support the demand for rigid and improved housing, and further implement policies and measures such as reducing the down payment ratio and loan interest rate for the first home purchase, reducing taxes and fees for the purchase of improved housing, and "recognizing housing without repaying loans" for individual housing loans.

　　Among these policies, the policy of "recognizing the house without recognizing the loan" has received great attention. Li Yujia, chief researcher of the Housing Policy Research Center of the Guangdong Provincial Urban Planning Institute, said that "there is no need to recognize a house" means that when determining the loan ratio, commercial banks do not look at the previous loan records, but only determine whether there is a house under the family name. This means that the "sell one, buy one" improved home buyers will enjoy the treatment of the first home purchase.

　　Policies such as "recognizing the house without recognizing the loan" are expected to usher in more breakthroughs in the second half of the year. On August 3, Zhengzhou announced the implementation of the policy of "recognizing houses but not loans", which is considered to have a strong demonstration significance. First-tier cities such as North, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen have also indicated that they will pay close attention to the implementation work in conjunction with relevant departments in light of the actual situation of the local real estate market, vigorously support and better meet the rigid and improved housing needs of residents, and promote the stable and healthy development of the real estate market.

　　Idea is the forerunner of action. Whether the development concept is right or not fundamentally determines the development effectiveness and even success or failure. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized in the Party’s Report to the 20th CPC National Congress that "implementing the new development concept is the only way for China to develop and grow in the new era". This important conclusion provides an important follow-up for the new era and new journey to promote Chinese modernization.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has put forward a series of major theories and concepts on economic and social development, among which the new development concept is the most important and important. Promoting Chinese-style modernization is a great exploratory undertaking, and there are still many unknown fields that need us to explore boldly in practice. Therefore, it is of great significance to lead Chinese modernization with new development concepts.

　　The road of innovation and development of modernization

　　Innovation is the first driving force to lead development, and innovation and development focus on solving the problem of development motivation. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "International economic competition and even comprehensive national strength competition, in the final analysis, is the competition of innovation ability. Whoever can make the first move in innovation will be able to take the initiative. " The innovation-driven development strategy implemented in China involves scientific and technological innovation, enterprise innovation, product innovation, market innovation, brand innovation, etc. The core is scientific and technological innovation. The key to Chinese modernization lies in scientific and technological modernization.

　　In promoting the new journey of Chinese modernization, innovation and development need to be exerted in the following aspects.

　　First, there must be new breakthroughs in the development of the digital economy. Developing digital economy is of great significance, and it is a strategic choice to grasp the new opportunities of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. In the era of digital economy, the digitalization of information and knowledge makes data a key factor of production, computing power a new driving force for economic and technological development, and the Internet, big data, artificial intelligence, cloud computing and the real economy are deeply integrated. This is a new track for economic and technological competition in the world, and it is also the focus of innovation and development of modernization. It is necessary to further strengthen the innovation of digital technology, improve the level of Internet and artificial intelligence with the enhancement of computing power, and promote the deep integration of digital economy and real economy on this basis. It is necessary to promote the digitalization of industries on the basis of digital industrialization, empower various industries with the support of a new generation of information technology, promote the digitalization and intelligent transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, and rely on the technology and platform provided by the digital economy to promote the innovation of new industries and their technologies, promote the digitalization of enterprise operation, and promote the digitalization of government governance and social management.

　　The second is to strive to achieve high-level scientific and technological self-reliance. Practice has repeatedly told us that key core technologies can’t be bought, bought or discussed. Only by mastering key core technologies in our own hands can we fundamentally guarantee national economic security, national defense security and other security. In the past, the advantage of late-developing countries was mainly about introducing new international technologies. However, the closer the late-developing countries are to modernization, the more difficult it is to introduce key core technologies from developed countries. At present, China’s scientific and technological innovation has shifted from following to running, running side by side and leading. The so-called parallel running is to be in line with international standards, that is, to exert strength in the same frontier direction of science and technology; The so-called leading means connecting with the future, becoming a global leader in important scientific and technological fields, becoming a pioneer in frontier cross-fields, becoming a major scientific center and innovative highland in the world. We must adhere to the principle that science and technology are the primary productive force, talents are the primary resource and innovation is the primary driving force, and carry out the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, strengthening the country through talents and innovation-driven development in depth, so as to enhance the endogenous driving force of innovation and development and realize the self-reliance and self-reliance of high-level science and technology.

　　Third, deploy innovation chain around the industrial chain. At present, the global division of labor has entered the stage of intra-product division, and most of the production links of products are distributed in different countries and regions. International competition is mainly manifested in the competition of industrial chain and supply chain. There are two main situations in the layout of China’s industrial chain, one is the layout of China’s industrial chain supply chain, and the other is the layout of China’s industries participating in the global industrial chain. The decisive factors affecting the layout of industrial chain involve the level of science and technology, cost and market conditions. At present, some developed countries have cut off the supply of high-tech links to China enterprises, resulting in a number of industrial chains in which China participates. This is both a challenge and an opportunity for China’s industrial chain supply chain. We should focus on cultivating leading industries with core competitiveness, deploy innovation chain around the industrial chain, develop strategic emerging industries with high scientific and technological content, strong market competitiveness, great driving effect and good economic benefits, truly put scientific and technological innovation on industrial development, promote short-board industries to supplement chains, extend chains of advantageous industries, upgrade chains of traditional industries and build chains of emerging industries, and strive to build a modern industrial system.

　　The road of coordinated development of modernization

　　Coordination is the inherent requirement of sustained and healthy development, and coordinated development focuses on solving the problem of unbalanced development. The main contradiction in our society has been transformed into the contradiction between the people’s growing need for a better life and the unbalanced development, which is a historic change that has a bearing on the overall situation. China is a big developing country, and the imbalance between urban and rural areas, regions and industries is prominent. To solve these unbalanced problems, we should coordinate at a high level, not at a low level in all aspects.

　　In promoting the new journey of Chinese modernization, coordinated development needs to focus on two aspects.

　　On the one hand, it promotes the synchronous development of new industrialization, informationization, urbanization and agricultural modernization. China’s modernization is very different from that of western developed countries. Western developed countries are a "series" development process. It took more than 200 years for industrialization, urbanization, agricultural modernization and informatization to develop in sequence. We want to catch up with others and get back the "lost 200 years", which determines that China’s development must be a "parallel" process, and industrialization, informationization, urbanization and agricultural modernization are superimposed. "Synchronization of the four modernizations" is a successful experience of China’s development, a new era and a new journey, and this experience needs more abundant content. First, efforts should be made to build a modern industrial system, including the high-end, intelligent and green development of manufacturing industry and the construction of a new high-quality and efficient service industry system. Second, informatization has entered a new stage of accelerating digital development and building a digital China, and it needs to actively integrate into a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation to promote the upgrading of industrial base. Third, the new urbanization has been continuously promoted, and the urbanization of agricultural transfer population has been promoted in accordance with the requirements of new urbanization with people as the core. It is necessary to promote cities and towns to have urban functions and the ability to undertake urban industrial transfer and urbanization of agricultural transfer population, and to promote urban modernization, make it the source of modernization in various regions, increase the supply of modern urban elements, and realize the integration of production, city, culture and ecology.Promote the coordinated development of large, medium and small cities. The fourth is to build an agricultural power in the short board of agricultural modernization, build a high-quality and efficient modern agricultural industrial system that is compatible with the upgrading of household consumption, improve the quality and added value of agricultural products through biological and digital technology innovation, and realize high-quality and efficient agriculture, livable and suitable for rural areas, and rich farmers.

　　On the other hand, it is to promote regional coordinated development. Report to the 20th CPC National Congress, the Communist Party of China, put forward that "regional coordinated development strategy, major regional strategy, main functional area strategy and new urbanization strategy should be thoroughly implemented, the layout of major productive forces should be optimized, and a regional economic layout and land space system with complementary advantages and high-quality development should be constructed". For the late-developing areas, it is necessary to fill in the shortcomings according to the requirements of "four modernizations synchronization". We emphasize the promotion of regional coordinated development, which is embodied in the economic field. First, we promote the integration of industrial development. For example, the first-developing region distributes the industrial chain of its advantageous industries to the later-developing regions to form an integrated industrial system; The second is to promote the integration of scientific and technological innovation. For example, as a science and technology innovation center, the first-developing region will arrange the innovation results to the late-developing region to realize industrialization; The third is to build a two-way "enclave economy". For example, the science and technology (industry) park will be built in the late-developing areas in the first-developing areas, and the R&D institutions will be built in the late-developing areas; Fourth, the integrated construction of traffic information facilities, so as to shorten the distance between the late-developing areas and the early-developing areas; Wait a minute.

　　The road to green development of modernization

　　Green is a necessary condition for sustainable development and an important embodiment of people’s pursuit of a better life. Green development focuses on solving the problem of harmony between man and nature. Since modern times, the modernization of western countries has mostly gone through the stages of wanton plunder of natural resources and vicious destruction of ecological environment. While creating huge material wealth, it often causes serious problems such as environmental pollution and resource depletion. China’s per capita energy resource endowment is seriously insufficient, and accelerating development faces more energy resources and environmental constraints, which determines that China cannot take the old road of western modernization. Respecting nature, conforming to nature, protecting nature and promoting harmonious coexistence between man and nature are the distinctive features of Chinese modernization.

　　To promote the modernization of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, it is necessary to practice Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets’s ideas. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that green mountains and green rivers are not only natural wealth, ecological wealth, but also social wealth and economic wealth. Protecting the ecological environment means protecting natural value and increasing natural capital, and protecting the potential and stamina of economic and social development, so that green mountains and green rivers can continue to play their ecological and economic and social benefits. At the same time, people’s needs for a better life are more extensive. People expect to breathe fresh air, drink clean water, eat safe food, live in a livable environment, and truly feel the tangible environmental benefits brought by economic development.

　　On the new journey of Chinese modernization, we will better promote green development. First, we will accelerate the green transformation of development mode, promote green and low-carbon economic and social development, and unswervingly follow the civilized development path of production development, affluent life and good ecology; Second, deepen the energy revolution, accelerate the planning and construction of a new energy system, and actively and steadily promote carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions; The third is to promote the improvement of urban and rural human settlements, implement urban renewal actions, strengthen urban infrastructure construction, build livable, resilient and smart cities, and make rural areas basically have modern living conditions; Fourth, we should promote carbon reduction, pollution reduction, greening and growth, accelerate technological progress and industrial restructuring, and support high-quality development with a high-quality ecological environment.

　　The road to modernization and open development

　　Opening-up is the only way for a country to prosper and develop, and opening-up development focuses on solving the problem of internal and external linkage of development. Only an open China will become a modern China. At present, the world has undergone a great change in the past century, and the trend of anti-globalization has risen, and unilateralism and protectionism have risen markedly. In this context, to promote modernization, we need to further deepen reform and opening up, enhance the endogenous power and reliability of domestic large-scale circulation, improve the quality and level of international circulation, and firmly grasp the leading role of development in our own hands.

　　On the new journey of promoting Chinese modernization, the ways to promote high-level opening up mainly include the following aspects. First, greater efforts should be made to attract and utilize foreign capital. It is necessary to rely on China’s super-large-scale market advantage to attract global resource elements through domestic circulation, not only to keep high-quality foreign capital, but also to attract more high-quality foreign capital to improve the quality and level of trade and investment cooperation. The corresponding measures include: expanding market access, reasonably reducing the negative list of foreign investment access, and increasing the opening up of modern service industry; Comprehensively optimize the business environment, implement the national treatment of foreign-funded enterprises, promote fair competition, ensure that foreign-funded enterprises participate in government procurement, bidding and standard setting on an equal footing according to law, and increase the protection of intellectual property rights and the legitimate rights and interests of foreign investment. The second is to form an open and innovative ecology with global competitiveness. Breaking the technical blockade and carrying out open innovation is a reliable path. Efforts should be made to introduce innovative resources, especially innovative talents, and make breakthroughs in core technologies and key technologies with independent intellectual property rights that are at the forefront of the world and lead industrial innovation. In this regard, it is particularly important to build an open and innovative ecology. It is necessary to steadily expand the institutional opening of rules, regulations, management and standards for international trade and investment, and improve the intellectual property protection system. The third is to cultivate new comparative advantages and competitive advantages. Now, China’s competitive advantage in participating in the international circulation has changed, and it is necessary to speed up the construction of an important talent center and an innovative highland in the world to form a comparative advantage in international competition for talents. The fourth is to coordinate development and security in opening up. The more open,The more we should pay attention to safety, we should coordinate development and safety, and enhance our own competitiveness, open supervision and risk prevention and control capabilities.

　　The road of shared development of modernization

　　Sharing is the essential requirement of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, and sharing development focuses on solving social fairness and justice. Chinese-style modernization is the modernization of common prosperity for all people. We should not promote common prosperity after realizing modernization, but promote modernization and common prosperity simultaneously. We insist on realizing the people’s yearning for a better life as the starting point and the end result of modernization, make efforts to safeguard and promote social fairness and justice, make efforts to promote the common prosperity of all people, and resolutely prevent polarization. Now, China has built a well-off society in an all-round way, which has historically solved the problem of absolute poverty, and it needs to further solve the problem of relative poverty in the new journey.

　　Chinese-style modernization should not only create higher efficiency than capitalism, but also safeguard social fairness more effectively, and better realize the balance, promotion and unity of efficiency and fairness. Common prosperity is a long-term goal, which needs a process and cannot be achieved overnight. Its long-term, arduous and complex nature should be fully estimated. Common prosperity is not simultaneous prosperity, nor uniform egalitarianism.

　　On the new journey of Chinese modernization, to promote common prosperity and shared development in a down-to-earth manner requires both inclusive development and continuous deepening of reform.

　　In promoting inclusive development, we should take effective measures against the gap between urban and rural areas and regions, paying special attention to the development of rural areas and late-developing areas; In view of the income gap between industries, it is necessary to adjust the industrial structure based on the objective evaluation of various industries by the market; In view of the income gap caused by the difference of human capital level, it is necessary to strengthen education and training to improve the level of human capital.

　　In the aspect of continuously deepening reform, it is necessary to build a coordinated system of primary distribution, redistribution and third distribution, and properly handle the relationship between efficiency and fairness. First, give full play to the basic role of primary distribution, build an income distribution system that reflects efficiency and promotes fairness, improve the policy system of distribution according to factors, explore various channels to increase the factor income of low-and middle-income people, and increase the property income of urban and rural residents through multiple channels. Second, give full play to the regulatory role of redistribution, strengthen the regulation of taxation, social security and transfer payment, improve the basic public service system, improve the level of public services, promote the equalization of basic public services, enhance their balance and accessibility in urban and rural areas and regions, improve the social security system and expand the coverage of social security. The third is to improve the third distribution mechanism and develop social welfare undertakings such as charity.

　　In a word, Chinese-style modernization is a socialist modernization led by the Communist Party of China (CPC), which not only has the common characteristics of modernization in all countries, but also has the characteristics of China based on its own national conditions. On the new journey of Chinese modernization, we should implement the new development concept completely, accurately and comprehensively, promote high-quality development, and comprehensively promote the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with Chinese modernization.

　　(This article Source: Economic Daily Author: Hong Yinxing, former Party Secretary of Nanjing University and academic member of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought Research Center, the supreme leader of Jiangsu Province)