Original title: Influenza enters the high-risk season, and experts remind patients with symptoms to take antiviral treatment as soon as possible. No new strains of respiratory infectious diseases have been found in this city.

　　The city has entered the flu season, slightly later than in previous years. On December 24th, Li Dong, chief physician of the Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing You ‘an Hospital, introduced that the main prevalent strain at present is influenza A (H1N1), and most people with normal immune function can heal themselves. At present, no "new strains" of respiratory infectious diseases have been found. He reminded the public to pay attention to protection, vaccinate in time, and patients with symptoms should receive antiviral treatment as soon as possible.

　　Old people and children are high-risk groups.

　　November to March is the high season of influenza in northern China. The high incidence period in 2024 came late, and it began to gradually enter the popular season in December. The monitoring results show that the main strain of this epidemic is influenza A (H1N1).

　　Li Dong once said that after the onset of influenza, respiratory symptoms such as fever, sore throat and cough often occur, as well as systemic symptoms such as headache and body aches. "Although the symptoms are more serious than other respiratory infections, influenza is a self-limiting disease. Most people with normal immune function can heal themselves, and the course of disease is generally 5 to 7 days."

　　The elderly, infants, pregnant women, patients with basic diseases, obese people and other people with low immunity are high-risk people who are seriously ill after being infected with influenza virus. Li Dong once said: "Vulnerable people are more likely to cause pneumonia or related complications after infection, which may also cause fluctuations in the original basic diseases and increase the possibility of hospitalization." Early antiviral treatment can shorten the course of disease.

　　Li Dong once said that antiviral drugs used to treat influenza have the best effect within 48 hours after symptoms appear. Using antiviral drugs as early as possible can shorten the course of disease and reduce the risk of serious illness and infection to people around. It is suggested that people who have been exposed to flu-like symptoms and those with severe high risk should be treated with antiviral therapy as soon as possible, and early detection, diagnosis and treatment should be carried out.

　　Li Dong once reminded that oseltamivir can be used for prevention after unprotected close contact with influenza cases. Citizens can also keep antipyretic and analgesic drugs at home. But don’t repeat the medication. Be sure to read the instructions carefully and follow the doctor’s advice when taking medicine. Once the patient has a high fever, or symptoms such as severe cough, breathlessness, listlessness, etc., and still does not improve after 5 days of onset, complications and secondary infections may occur, so it is necessary to seek medical attention in time.

　　"Sometimes clinicians will arrange antiviral treatment while some high-risk people have symptoms and wait for the test results. Please understand the doctor’s advice and actively cooperate with the treatment." Li Dong once said that influenza vaccination or early antiviral treatment can reduce the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications after the diagnosis of influenza in the elderly and reduce the probability of hospitalization.

　　Vulnerable people should be vaccinated every year.

　　At about 13: 00 on December 24, in the fever clinic building of You ‘an Hospital, three patients with fever were waiting for treatment. A female patient reported that she had coughed for 3 days and had fever for 1 day. According to the test results, the attending doctor suggested that she stop taking antibiotics by herself. "The test results will be available before noon tomorrow, and you can check the results on the mobile phone. If it is positive, we will inform the medical advice by phone in time. "

　　Li Dong once said that since the middle and late December, the number of influenza cases in this city has increased significantly, but it still declined compared with 2023 and the year before. At present, the patients with respiratory infectious diseases in outpatient and emergency departments are mainly influenza; Among the hospitalized patients, the patients over 60 years old are mostly influenza patients, and the patients over 60 years old are mostly rhinovirus and pneumonia patients. "The number of patients has increased, but the growth of critically ill inpatients is not obvious."

　　He called on the public to be vaccinated in time, especially the vulnerable people should be vaccinated every year, and it is also necessary for people who have been infected with the flu to be vaccinated. Li Dong once said: "New Year’s Day and Spring Festival are approaching. As people visit relatives and friends and travel more, they may be exposed to more influenza strains. Vaccination will have a protective effect."

　　Hot spot response

　　Respiratory viruses can also cause dizziness.

　　Some citizens have reported that a "new strain" with dizziness has appeared recently. Is it true?

　　Li Dong once said that no new strains of respiratory infectious diseases have been found. Individuals infected with respiratory virus have different manifestations. Dizziness, headache, fatigue and muscle soreness are all common symptoms of respiratory infectious diseases. This is a systemic symptom caused by the virus spreading to various parts with blood circulation after a large number of copies, and it is also a self-protection mechanism after the immune system recognizes the virus.

　　Protection suggestion

　　Do a good job of home isolation after catching the flu.

　　Li Dong once suggested that citizens should develop good hygiene habits such as washing hands frequently. Pay attention to cough etiquette; Wear masks scientifically, especially in high-risk places with poor air circulation and crowded people. After being infected with the flu, it is necessary to isolate at home, pay attention to opening windows and ventilation, and reduce contact with family members. When caring for patients, pay attention to keeping a distance and wearing a mask. (Sun Leqi)

[Original of Truck House] In the current urban transportation market, the low cost of pure electricity is in sharp contrast with the high oil price of fuel light trucks. At the same time, the endurance anxiety of pure electric light trucks and the restriction policy of fuel light trucks have greatly limited their development.

In this context, for city vehicles, hybrid light trucks seem to be an optimal solution, with low-speed electricity consumption and high-speed oil consumption, no mileage anxiety, and green cards.

In this paper, four hybrid light trucks are selected, which are the main models of the brand in the hybrid light truck market, especially the reasons for their vehicle matching. In this paper, we only talk about the dry ones for card friends engaged in urban distribution transportation to choose.

BYD T5DM was born out of BYD T5 series, and it is also the first hybrid model in this series, in which DM refers to the most popular DM hybrid technology in BYD at present.

Among them, the real car is equipped with the BYD476ZQG series of Foday Power, with a displacement of 1.497 liters and an output power of up to 104 kW. This engine is specially designed and developed by BYD for the hybrid matching of commercial vehicles, with high thermal efficiency, and is designed to focus on efficient power generation, so that it can achieve higher power generation with lower fuel consumption.

In terms of power, the real-shooting car adopts the permanent magnet synchronous model of Foday TZ200XSY, and the maximum power reaches 150 kW. Moreover, the integrated design of the electric drive bridge has better transmission efficiency, and the whole process of electric drive will make the power more rapid, which can well meet the power requirements of the vehicle for starting with full load, overtaking and climbing.

In addition, the real car uses a self-developed blade battery with a capacity of 18.3 kWh. According to previous reports, the comprehensive battery life of the whole vehicle can reach 1000 kilometers, which is quite eye-catching in the city light truck.

Moreover, because of the electric drive bridge design, the vehicle has no transmission shaft, and the free space in the frame also brings convenience to the bottom design of the battery pack. At the same time, the bottom design of the battery pack can also protect the battery better, and the center of gravity of the vehicle is more concentrated, which also provides a prerequisite for the adaptation of large batteries and chassis modification space in the future.

In terms of bearing space, the real shooting car can be adapted to a 4030x2100x2120mm van top with a total volume of nearly 18 cubic meters, which can also meet the common urban transportation needs such as moving and daily necessities.

Moreover, the cab of the whole vehicle has abundant internal space, and it is also equipped with a high-definition LCD instrument panel, a large-size car multimedia screen, a multi-function steering wheel and a knob shift mechanism, which can also bring good convenience to the daily driving of card friends.

In recent years, a lot of resources have been invested in the development of new energy light trucks. In the HL line, there are not only pure electric vehicles, but also more cost-effective hybrid vehicles.

In this paper, the hybrid route adopted by this zhilan HL vehicle is between the engine and the engine, and a Min Heng power permanent magnet synchronous motor with the maximum power of 125 kW is added, which enables the vehicle to realize three power modes: pure electric, hybrid and engine direct drive, and form a more efficient power combination with the engine.

Among them, the engine adapted to the real car is D20TCIF1 model, with a maximum power of 93 kW and a maximum torque of 127 Nm. It can have a maximum power output of 297 HP when it cooperates with the motor. For a light truck with a total weight of 4.5 tons, it is not afraid to run casually in the plains and mountains.

In terms of power battery, the real car is equipped with a 14.016-degree lithium manganate battery, and with a fuel tank design of up to 150 liters, the data shows that it can achieve a comprehensive battery life of more than 1,500 kilometers.

It can be seen from this point that although the whole vehicle is blessed by the battery pack, it still needs more fuel to ensure the battery life. At the same time, the conventional side design of the battery pack is also the inconvenience of this direct drive matching.

In terms of bearing capacity, the real shooting car can adapt to the 4140x2100x2100mm van top, with a volume of 18.3 cubic meters, which is accurate for the water in the same class. The 1880mm wide cab space is enough, which can also make the whole vehicle more flexible, and the configuration is mainly practical.

In this paper, the leading ES6 model is launched by JAC Kangling brand, and in order to meet the different needs of users in the future, the brand provides two hybrid routes for the leading ES6 model, one is the electric direct drive mode of the above Aoling Zhilan HL, and the other is the pure electric drive mode that will be introduced in this paper.

The D20TCIF1 engine in the cloud, which is adapted to the real car, has a displacement of 2 liters and a maximum power of 93 kilowatts. It pays attention to economy and durability. At the same time, its function is to generate electricity, provide a power source for the driving motor and replenish the battery.

Moreover, the real car also adopts the matching of electric drive bridge. The adaptive Zhonghao permanent magnet synchronous motor has a peak power of 120 kW, and the electric drive with faster response can not only provide sufficient driving force for the car, but also drive more smoothly in the urban environment with many cars and intersections.

In terms of battery, the real car uses Min Heng lithium iron phosphate battery, which has a capacity of 15.5 degrees. Therefore, if you want to achieve long endurance, you can only adapt to a larger fuel tank. For this real car, it is equipped with an 80-liter fuel tank, which can bring it a comprehensive endurance of 1000 kilometers.

In terms of carrying capacity, the real shooting car is equipped with a 4200x2100x2300mm van top, with a total volume of 20.3 cubic meters, which performs well. At the same time, the interior space of the whole vehicle is abundant, and the configuration is also very high, such as the large screen on the vehicle, the multi-function steering wheel and the 360-degree panoramic system.

In this paper, the hybrid route adopted by Jiangling Lexing e-Luda is similar to BYD and Jianghuai brands, in which the engine only generates electricity and the electric drive bridge is responsible for the drive.

Among them, the real car uses Jiangling’s own special 1.5T engine for extended range, with a maximum power of 110kW, which is driven by gasoline energy, giving consideration to product reliability and efficient power generation performance.

At the same time, according to the data, this car was developed in-depth cooperation with Huawei’s intelligent car selection platform, and applied the electronically controlled motor solution provided by Huawei, which has a good performance in reducing energy consumption.

Among them, the driving motor comes from the permanent magnet synchronous motor of Bosch TZ230XS001, with a maximum power of 135 kW and a peak torque of 370 Nm. With more efficient electric drive, the power performance of the whole vehicle is good.

In terms of battery pack, the real car is adapted to the 50-degree large-capacity battery pack of Zhongchuang Singapore Airlines, and also adopts the bottom design, so the advantages are not detailed here. With a large-capacity fuel tank, the official cruising range of 750 kilometers can be achieved well.

In terms of carrying capacity, the real shooting car is also equipped with a 4200x2100x2300mm van top with a total volume of 20.3 cubic meters. At the same time, the interior space of the vehicle is abundant, and the configuration is also very high, such as a large screen on the vehicle and a multi-function steering wheel. Some Huawei intelligent interconnection functions are also optional, which will bring more convenient operation experience to drivers.

On the whole, although the four hybrid light truck models in this paper have different hybrid routes, they all support charging and recharging, and the ultimate goal is to reduce the fuel consumption of the whole vehicle and the cost of car maintenance. Moreover, under the hybrid matching, the four models also have higher cruising range and power performance, and with the advantages of being green and unlimited, they can also better help card friends make money in dorado in the urban transportation scene.

　　According to the website of the General Administration of Market Supervision on the 29th, the General Administration of Market Supervision, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, the Ministry of Commerce, the General Administration of Customs and the State Administration of Taxation issued the announcement of the Guidelines for Enterprise Cancellation (Revised in 2021). The full text is as follows:

　　Guidelines for Enterprise Cancellation (revised in 2021)

　　First, the basic procedures for enterprises to withdraw from the market

　　Usually, when an enterprise terminates its business activities and withdraws from the market, it needs to go through three main processes: resolution dissolution, liquidation distribution and cancellation of registration. Take a company as an example. According to the Company Law, before the company withdraws from the market and formally terminates, it must declare its dissolution, set up a liquidation team to carry out liquidation, clean up the company’s property, pay taxes, pay employees’ wages and social insurance fees, etc. After the liquidation, it should make a liquidation report, cancel the company registration and announce the company’s termination.

　　Second, dissolution

　　The dissolution of an enterprise is a legal act in which an enterprise stops its business activities and begins to enter liquidation procedures until it terminates its legal personality when there are legal reasons for dissolution.

　　(1) voluntary dissolution.Refers to the dissolution of the company based on the will of the enterprise or shareholders. Take the company as an example, including: the business term stipulated in the articles of association expires or other reasons for dissolution stipulated in the articles of association appear; The shareholders’ meeting or the shareholders’ meeting decides to dissolve; Dissolution due to merger or division of the company, etc. Among them, the resolution of the shareholders’ meeting of a limited liability company on the dissolution of the company must be passed by shareholders representing more than 2/3 of the voting rights; A resolution on the dissolution of the company at the shareholders’ meeting of a joint-stock company must be passed by more than 2/3 of the voting rights held by the shareholders present at the meeting. The dissolution of a wholly state-owned company must be decided by the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution; Among them, the dissolution of an important wholly state-owned company shall be audited by the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution and reported to the people’s government at the same level for approval.

　　(2) Compulsory dissolution.It refers to the dissolution based on the decision and order of the relevant government organs or the court’s ruling, which is not based on the company or shareholders’ own wishes. It is usually divided into administrative decision dissolution and judicial decision dissolution. Administrative decision to dissolve, the company is ordered to be dissolved by the administrative authority ex officio because its behavior violates laws and regulations and harms social public interests or public order, including its business license revoked, ordered to close down or revoked according to law. If the judicial decision is dissolved due to serious difficulties in the company’s operation and management, and the continued existence will cause great losses to shareholders’ interests, which cannot be solved by other means, the shareholders holding more than 10% of all shareholders’ voting rights of the company shall file a lawsuit to the people’s court to dissolve the company and request the people’s court to dissolve it.

　　Iii. liquidation

　　After the company makes a resolution of dissolution, it shall be liquidated. The important content of company liquidation is to clean up the company’s assets, settle all debts and end all existing legal relationships. The purpose of liquidation is to protect the interests of creditors, shareholders and public interests. Except for dissolution due to merger or division, the company shall be liquidated at the time of dissolution.

　　(1) Establish a liquidation group.The Company shall set up a liquidation group within 15 days from the date of dissolution, which shall be responsible for cleaning up the company’s property, creditor’s rights and debts. The liquidation group of a limited liability company is composed of shareholders of the company (if the shareholders of the company are legal persons, relevant personnel may be appointed to participate in the liquidation), and the liquidation group of a joint stock limited company is composed of directors or personnel determined by the shareholders’ meeting. If a liquidation group is not established for liquidation within the time limit, the creditor may apply to the people’s court to appoint relevant personnel to form a liquidation group for liquidation.

　　(2) Publish the information of the liquidation group and the creditors’ announcement.Within 10 days from the date of establishment of the liquidation group, the applicant shall announce the information of the liquidation group through the national enterprise credit information publicity system. At the same time, the liquidation group shall notify creditors within 10 days from the date of its establishment, and publish creditors’ announcements through newspapers within 60 days according to law, or publish creditors’ announcements to the society free of charge through the national enterprise credit information publicity system for 45 days.

　　(3) Carrying out liquidation activities.The liquidation group is responsible for clearing the company’s property and preparing the balance sheet and property list respectively; Handle the unfinished business of the company related to liquidation; Pay fines and penalties of administrative organs and judicial organs; Pay the taxes owed to the customs and tax authorities and the taxes generated in the liquidation process, and go through relevant procedures, including late payment fees, fines, payment of taxes that need to be paid in advance for the cancellation of customs supervision of goods with tax reduction or exemption, submission of relevant licenses that need to be reissued, cancellation and liquidation of enterprise income tax, settlement of land value-added tax, settlement of export tax refund (exemption), cancellation of invoices and tax control equipment, etc. Taxpayers who have tax-related violations shall accept punishment and pay fines; Clearing creditor’s rights and debts; Dispose of the company’s remaining property after paying off debts.

　　(4) distributing the company’s property;After clearing up the company’s property, preparing the balance sheet and property list, the liquidation group shall formulate the liquidation plan and report it to the shareholders’ meeting, shareholders’ meeting or the people’s court for confirmation. After paying the liquidation expenses, employees’ wages, social insurance fees and statutory compensation, paying the taxes owed and paying off the company’s debts, the remaining property of the company shall be distributed according to the proportion of shareholders’ capital contribution in a limited liability company and the proportion of shares held by shareholders in a joint stock limited company. During the liquidation period, the company shall survive, but shall not carry out business activities unrelated to liquidation. The company’s property shall not be distributed to shareholders before it is paid off in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

　　(5) Making a liquidation report.After the liquidation, the liquidation group shall prepare a liquidation report, submit it to the shareholders’ meeting, the shareholders’ meeting or the people’s court for confirmation, and submit it to the company registration authority to apply for cancellation of company registration and announce the termination of the company.

　　Iv. cancellation of registration

　　(1) Ordinary cancellation process

　　The general cancellation process is applicable to all kinds of enterprises. After the liquidation, enterprises need to cancel tax registration, enterprise registration and social insurance registration respectively. Companies involved in customs declaration and other related businesses also need to handle matters such as filing and cancellation of customs declaration units.

　　1. Apply for cancellation of tax registration.

　　When a taxpayer applies to the tax department for cancellation, the tax department conducts a pre-inspection of tax cancellation to check whether the taxpayer has outstanding matters.

　　(1) If taxpayers who have not handled tax-related matters take the initiative to go to the tax authorities for tax clearance, the tax authorities can immediately issue tax clearance documents according to the business license provided by the taxpayers.

　　(2) Taxpayers who meet the conditions for immediate handling of vacancies, when handling tax cancellation, have complete information, and the tax authorities immediately issue tax clearance documents; If the information is not complete, the tax department can immediately issue a tax clearance document after making a promise. Taxpayers should complete the information and settle related matters according to the promised time limit. The specific tolerance conditions are:

　　(1) taxpayers who have handled tax-related matters but have not received invoices (including invoices issued on behalf of them), have no tax arrears (late fees) and fines, and take the initiative to go to the tax authorities for tax clearance;

　　② Taxpayers who are not in the state of tax inspection, do not owe taxes (late fees) and fines, have paid off special VAT invoices and tax control equipment, and meet one of the following circumstances:

　　● Taxpayers with tax credit rating of A and B;

　　● M-level taxpayers whose tax credit rating of the holding parent company is Grade A;

　　● Enterprises founded by the provincial people’s government to introduce talents or industry leaders recognized by industry associations at or above the provincial level;

　　● Regular fixed individual industrial and commercial households that are not included in the tax credit rating evaluation;

　　● Taxpayers who have not reached the VAT tax threshold.

　　(3) If the conditions for the immediate handling of the commitment system are not met (or if the conditions for the immediate handling of the commitment system are met, but the taxpayer is unwilling to commit), the tax department will issue a Notice of Tax Matters to the taxpayer (informing the taxpayer of the outstanding matters), and the taxpayer can apply for tax cancellation only after handling all the outstanding matters first.

　　(4) If the manager of an enterprise declared bankrupt by a ruling of the people’s court applies for tax cancellation with a ruling of the people’s court to terminate the bankruptcy procedure, the tax department will immediately issue a tax clearance document.

　　(5) Before the taxpayer handles the tax cancellation, it is not necessary to apply to the tax authorities for terminating the "Entrusted Deduction Agreement". After the tax authorities complete the tax cancellation, the entrusted deduction agreement will be automatically terminated.

　　2. Apply for cancellation of enterprise registration.The liquidation group shall submit an application for cancellation of registration, resolutions of shareholders’ meeting, liquidation report and tax clearance certificate to the registration authority to apply for cancellation of registration. If the registration authority and the tax authority have shared the enterprise tax clearing information, the enterprise does not need to submit paper tax clearing documents; Those who have received the original and duplicate of the paper business license shall return the original and duplicate of the business license. When a wholly state-owned company applies for cancellation of registration, it shall also submit the decision of the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution. Among them, the approval documents of the people’s government at the same level shall also be submitted for the important wholly state-owned companies identified by the State Council. When an enterprise with a branch applies for cancellation of registration, it shall also submit the certificate of cancellation of registration of the branch.

　　3. Apply for cancellation of social insurance registration.An enterprise shall, within 30 days from the date of cancellation of enterprise registration, submit an application for cancellation of social insurance registration and other relevant cancellation documents to the original social insurance registration institution, and go through the formalities for cancellation of social insurance registration. Before the cancellation of social insurance registration, the arrears of social insurance premiums shall be paid.

　　4. Apply for the record cancellation of the customs declaration unit.Enterprises involved in customs declaration-related business can submit applications for cancellation of customs declaration units to the customs through the "single window" of international trade (http://www.singlewindow.cn) and "internet plus Customs" (http://online.customs.gov.cn), or through the cancellation "one-net" service platform networked by the market supervision department and the customs. For taxpayers who have filed with the customs and have tax arrears (including late fees) and fines and other tax-related matters that have not been settled, they should apply to the market supervision department for cancellation of enterprise registration after the customs declaration unit has filed for cancellation.

　　(2) Simple cancellation process

　　1. Applicable objects

　　Market entities without creditor’s rights and debts or having paid off creditor’s rights and debts (except listed companies). When applying for simple cancellation of registration, market participants should not have debts such as unsettled liquidation expenses, employees’ wages, social insurance expenses, statutory compensation, and taxes payable (late fees and fines).

　　In any of the following circumstances, the simple cancellation procedure is not applicable to an enterprise: it involves a foreign-invested enterprise that implements special access management measures as stipulated by the state; Being included in the list of abnormal business operations of enterprises or the list of serious illegal and untrustworthy enterprises; The stock right (investment interest) is frozen, pledged or mortgaged by movable property; Being under investigation or taking administrative enforcement, judicial assistance or being given administrative punishment; The unincorporated branch of the enterprise has not gone through the cancellation of registration; The summary cancellation procedure has been terminated; Laws, administrative regulations or the State Council decisions require approval before cancellation of registration; Other circumstances that do not apply to the simple cancellation of registration of enterprises.

　　If an enterprise is "listed in the list of abnormal business operations", "its equity (investment interests) is frozen, pledged or mortgaged by movable property", and "the unincorporated branch of the enterprise has not cancelled its registration", it is not necessary to cancel the simple cancellation of registration. After the abnormal state disappears, it can apply for simple cancellation of registration through publicity again. If the letter and form of the letter of commitment are not standardized, the market supervision department will accept its simple cancellation application after the market subject makes corrections, and there is no need to re-publicize it.

　　Taxpayers who meet the conditions of simple cancellation by the market supervision department, have not handled tax-related matters, have handled tax-related matters but have not received invoices (including invoicing), have no tax arrears (late fees) and fines, and have no other tax-related matters that have not been settled, are exempted from going to the tax department for tax clearance certificates, and can directly apply to the market supervision department for simple cancellation.

　　2. Handling process

　　(1) Enterprises that meet the applicable conditions log in and cancel the "One Network" service platform or the column of "Simple Cancellation Announcement" of the national enterprise credit information publicity system actively announce to the public the information such as the proposed application for simple cancellation registration and the commitment of all investors, and the publicity period is 20 days.

　　(2) During the publicity period, relevant interested parties and relevant government departments can raise objections and briefly state the reasons through the function of "Objection Message" in the column of "Simple Cancellation Announcement" of the national enterprise credit information publicity system. After the publicity period, the publicity system will no longer accept objections.

　　(3) After the tax authorities obtain the information pushed by the market supervision department to apply for simple cancellation of registration through information sharing, they should check the tax information system to verify the relevant tax-related situation in accordance with the prescribed procedures and requirements, and the tax authorities will not raise any objection to taxpayers who are shown by the inquiry system as follows: First, taxpayers who have not handled tax-related matters; Second, taxpayers who have handled tax-related matters but have not received invoices (including invoices), have no tax arrears (late fees) and fines, and have no other tax-related matters that have not been settled; The third is the taxpayer who has completed the tax clearance procedures such as paying off the invoice and settling the tax payable at the time of inquiry.

　　(4) After the expiration of the publicity period, if there is no objection within the publicity period, the enterprise shall handle the simple cancellation of registration with the registration authority within 20 days from the date of the expiration of the publicity period. If it is not handled at the expiration date, the registration authority may extend the time limit according to the actual situation, and the maximum extension period shall not exceed 30 days. After publicity, enterprises shall not engage in production and business activities unrelated to cancellation.

　　3. Simple cancellation of individual industrial and commercial households

　　Individual industrial and commercial households registered after the implementation of the "integration of two certificates" reform of business license and tax registration certificate need not submit a letter of commitment or publicize it if they cancel their registration through summary procedures. After the individual industrial and commercial households submit the application for simple cancellation of registration, the market supervision department shall, within one working day, push the relevant information about the individual industrial and commercial households’ application for simple cancellation of registration to the tax authorities at the same level through the provincial unified credit information sharing and exchange platform, government information platform and inter-departmental data interface (collectively referred to as the information sharing and exchange platform), and the tax authorities will give feedback on whether they agree to simple cancellation within 10 days. If there is no objection to the tax authorities, the market supervision department shall handle the simple cancellation of registration in time. For details, please refer to the Notice of State Taxation Administration of The People’s Republic of China, General Administration of Market Supervision on Further Improving the Simple Cancellation Registration and Convenient Market Exit of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (Guo Shi Jian Zhu Fa [2021] No.45).

　　V. Guidelines for handling special circumstances

　　(1) There are problems such as shareholders’ loss of contact and non-cooperation.If it is difficult to cancel the limited liability company due to the loss of shareholders’ association or non-cooperation, all shareholders shall be notified in writing and in newspapers (or the national enterprise credit information publicity system), and a shareholders’ meeting shall be held to form a resolution in accordance with the voting ratio stipulated by laws and articles of association, and a liquidation group shall be established, and then an application for cancellation of registration shall be made to the enterprise registration authority.

　　(2) There is a problem that enterprises cannot organize liquidation by themselves.For a company that has been dissolved, but the investors with liquidation obligations refuse to perform the liquidation obligations or cannot set up a liquidation group for liquidation due to the inability to get in touch, the relevant shareholders or creditors may apply to the people’s court to appoint relevant personnel to form a liquidation group for liquidation in accordance with the provisions of the Company Law. After clearing up the company’s assets, compiling the balance sheet and list of assets, the liquidation group finds that the company’s assets are insufficient to pay off debts, and shall apply to the people’s court for bankruptcy according to law. If the people’s court ruled that compulsory liquidation or bankruptcy was declared, the enterprise liquidation group and the bankruptcy administrator may directly apply to the registration authority for cancellation of registration with the ruling of the people’s court to terminate the compulsory liquidation procedure or the bankruptcy procedure.

　　(3) The business license and official seal are lost.For enterprises that have lost their business licenses, they can apply to the enterprise registration authority for cancellation with the announcement of the loss of licenses publicized by themselves in the national enterprise credit information publicity system, without applying for a new business license. Where the official seal is lost, it shall be signed and sealed by all shareholders or signed and confirmed by the person in charge of the liquidation group. For an unincorporated enterprise as a legal person, the legal representative of the superior competent unit shall sign and affix the official seal of the superior competent unit for confirmation, and the relevant cancellation materials may not be affixed with the official seal.

　　(4) The shareholder (investor) has been cancelled.For an enterprise whose shareholders (investors) have cancelled but failed to clean up the foreign investment, and the invested enterprise cannot cancel, if its shareholders (investors) have a superior competent unit, the superior competent unit of the cancelled enterprise shall handle the relevant cancellation procedures in accordance with the regulations; If the cancelled enterprise has a legal successor, the successor may apply for it in accordance with the relevant provisions; If the cancelled enterprise has no legal successor, the shareholder (investor) registered at the time of cancellation of the cancelled enterprise shall apply for handling.

　　(5) Other issues.

　　1. For enterprises whose business licenses loaded with unified social credit codes have been revoked without replacement, the market supervision department has assigned codes to such enterprises, and enterprises can use their unified social credit codes to handle cancellation business in relevant departments without replacing their business licenses loaded with unified social credit codes.

　　2. A taxpayer whose business license is revoked by the registration authority or whose registration is revoked by other authorities shall, within 15 days from the date when the business license is revoked or its registration is revoked, apply to the original tax registration authority for tax cancellation.

　　3. Before going through the tax cancellation, taxpayers in abnormal tax state need to remove the abnormal state and go through the tax declaration formalities. In case of any of the following circumstances, the tax authorities may print the corresponding tax types and the relevant additional Confirmation Form for Batch Zero Declaration, which will be processed in batches after being confirmed by taxpayers:

　　(1) During the abnormal state, the value-added tax, consumption tax and related additional declarations that need to be reissued are all zero declarations;

　　(2) During the abnormal state, the monthly (quarterly) advance payment of enterprise income tax required to be reissued is zero, and there is no situation to make up for the previous losses.

　　VI. Prompt for Cancellation of Legal Liability

　　(1) When the company is liquidated, the liquidation group fails to perform the obligation of notification and announcement in accordance with the regulations, resulting in creditors’ failure to declare their claims in time and not being paid off, and the members of the liquidation group shall be liable for the losses caused thereby. (According to Article 11 of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Company Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC))

　　(2) If the liquidation group’s execution of unconfirmed liquidation plan causes losses to the company or creditors, and the company, shareholders or creditors claim that the members of the liquidation group shall be liable for compensation, the people’s court shall support it according to law. (According to Article 15 of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Company Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC))

　　(3) If the shareholders of a limited liability company, the directors and controlling shareholders of a joint stock limited company fail to set up a liquidation group to start liquidation within the statutory time limit, resulting in the depreciation, loss, damage or loss of the company’s property, and the creditors claim that they are liable for the company’s debts within the scope of losses, the people’s court shall support them according to law. (According to the provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Company Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (II), Paragraph 1 of Article 18)

　　(4) If the shareholders of a limited liability company, directors and controlling shareholders of a joint stock limited company fail to perform their obligations, resulting in the loss of the company’s main property, account books, important documents, etc., and the creditors claim that they are jointly and severally liable for the company’s debts, the people’s court shall support them according to law. (According to the provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Company Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (II), Paragraph 2 of Article 18)

　　(5) If the shareholders of a limited liability company, the directors and controlling shareholders of a joint stock limited company and the actual controller of the company maliciously dispose of the company’s property after the dissolution of the company, causing losses to creditors, or defrauding the company registration authority to cancel the registration of a legal person with a false liquidation report without liquidation according to law, and the creditors claim that they should bear corresponding liability for compensation for the company’s debts, the people’s court shall support them according to law. (According to Article 19 of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Company Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC))

　　(6) The company shall apply for cancellation of registration after liquidation according to law. If the company cancels its registration without liquidation, which makes it impossible for the company to liquidate, and the creditors claim that the shareholders of a limited liability company, the directors and controlling shareholders of a joint stock limited company, and the actual controller of the company shall be liable for paying off the debts of the company, the people’s court shall support it according to law. (According to the provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Company Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (II), Paragraph 1 of Article 20)

　　(7) If the company goes through the cancellation of registration without liquidation according to law, and the shareholders or the third party promise to be liable for the company’s debts when the company registration authority goes through the cancellation of registration, and the creditors claim that they should bear corresponding civil liabilities for the company’s debts, the people’s court shall support them according to law. (According to the provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Company Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (II), Paragraph 2 of Article 20)

　　(8) When the company’s property is insufficient to pay off the debts, if the creditors claim that the shareholders who have not paid their capital contributions, and other shareholders or promoters at the time of the establishment of the company shall bear joint and several liabilities for paying off the debts of the company within the scope of unpaid capital contributions, the people’s court shall support them according to law. (According to the provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Company Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (II), Paragraph 2 of Article 22)

　　(9) If a member of the liquidation group violates laws, administrative regulations or the company’s articles of association and causes losses to the company or creditors, the people’s court shall support him according to law. (According to the provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Company Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (II), Paragraph 1 of Article 23)

　　(10) If an enterprise conceals the real situation or practices fraud in the cancellation of registration, the registration authority may cancel the cancellation of registration according to law, and at the same time, the enterprise will be included in the list of enterprises that are seriously illegal and untrustworthy, and will be publicized through the national enterprise credit information publicity system. Relevant interested parties can claim their corresponding rights through civil litigation. (According to Article 64 of the Regulations on the Administration of Company Registration and Article 10, paragraph 2, of the Measures for the Administration of the List of Serious Violations and Dishonesty in Market Supervision and Management)

　　(eleven) the taxpayer fails to declare the cancellation of tax within the prescribed time limit, and the tax authorities shall order it to make corrections within a time limit and may impose a fine of less than two thousand yuan; If the circumstances are serious, a fine of not less than two thousand yuan but not more than ten thousand yuan shall be imposed. (According to Paragraph 1 of Article 60 of the Law on the Administration of Tax Collection)

　　(12) A taxpayer who forges, alters, conceals or destroys account books and vouchers without authorization, or overstretches expenditures or omits or understates income in account books, or refuses to declare or makes false tax returns after being notified by the tax authorities, and fails to pay or underpays the tax payable, is tax evasion. If a taxpayer evades taxes, the tax authorities shall recover the taxes and late fees that he fails to pay or underpays, and impose a fine of not less than 50% but not more than five times the taxes that he fails to pay or underpays; If a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law. (According to the first paragraph of Article 63 of the Law on the Administration of Tax Collection)

The Outline of New World History, edited by Qian Chengdan, a professor of Peking University History Department, is the final result of a major special research project of humanities and social sciences of the Ministry of Education. This project aims to explore China’s knowledge system of world history and build a framework for writing China-style world history textbooks. "Outline" is equivalent to the curriculum standard, which provides ideas, expands the connotation on the basis of "Outline", and can form a rich and comprehensive knowledge system of world history, thus spreading the correct view of world history to Chinese people and providing complete knowledge of world history. This article is taken from the Outline of New World History and reprinted by The Paper with authorization.

With the arrival of the mercantilist period, the expansion process of the west began. Mercantilism theory holds that precious metals are the embodiment of wealth, so seeking gold and silver overseas has become the main policy goal of western European governments. They encouraged their nationals to explore the sea, to explore overseas trade and to rob colonies. Colonies are of special significance to the mercantilist policy. Colonies bring markets as well as commercial profits, gold and silver to the home country.

Portuguese navigators first entered the Atlantic Ocean, and they opened a sea passage from Europe to eastern Asia in a century. In 1415, the Portuguese captured the Arab city of Ceuta in northern Morocco, which marked the beginning of European exploration and control of overseas territories. In the 15th century, most of the gold that arrived in Europe came from West Africa and the Ashanti black community near Ghana today. Muslim merchants brought gold from Africa and then took it north across the Sahara to Mediterranean ports. Portugal intervened in this gold business by force. Under the rule of King Joao II (reigned from 1481 to 1495), the Portuguese established trading ports and border trading posts on the coast of Guinea, and entered the mainland directly to Timbuktu. Portuguese ships arrived in Lisbon loaded with gold and controlled the circulation of gold in Europe by 1500.

Portugal established more than 50 trading ports between Africa and East Asia, and established the earliest commercial port empire. In San Giorgio da Mina, they engaged in the slave trade in West Africa; In Mozambique, they tried to control the gold trade in South Africa; In the Strait of Hormuz, they controlled the entrance to the Persian Gulf; In Goa, they sell Indian pepper; In Malacca, they supervise cargo ships from the South China Sea of China to the Indian Ocean; Through Ternat Island, they also controlled the clove and nutmeg trade in Maluku spice islands. Alfonso de Abuquiki, commander of the 16th century Portuguese Indian Ocean Corps, led the fleet to capture Hormuz in 1508, Goa in 1510 and Malacca in 1511, thus controlling the trade in the Indian Ocean, forcing all merchant ships to buy safety passes before they could dock at Portuguese trading ports. Ships without passes will be confiscated together with the goods. Like Portugal, British and Dutch businessmen also set up commercial ports on the coast of Asia, seeking to establish trade routes through commercial ports, but they have not yet thought of controlling freight on the high seas. In 1565, the Spanish army came to the Philippine Islands and named it after King Philip II of Spain. During 1603-1819, Spanish colonists had six large-scale conflicts with Filipinos and China businessmen in Manila, killing thousands of China businessmen.

The original purpose of European navigation was to find a new route to the East. Columbus, an Italian navigator, loved sailing adventures since he was a child. He read The Travels of Marco Polo and longed for India and China. At that time, the theory of the earth circle was very popular, and Columbus believed it. He successively asked the kings of Portugal, Spain, England, France and other countries for funding to realize his plan of sailing westward to the eastern countries, but all of them were rejected. Finally, he persuaded the Spanish king on the grounds of oriental products such as silk, porcelain, tea and spices, and was able to make it. In 1492, under the orders of Spanish King Isabella and Ferdinand, Columbus took the credentials to Emperor China, led three ships and 87 sailors to sail from Barros Port and crossed the Atlantic Ocean, but ended up in Bahamas, Cuba and Haiti. In the next three voyages, I visited Jamaica, Puerto Rico and the coastal areas of the American continent. He crossed the Atlantic four times and "discovered" America, becoming a famous navigator in history. The Spanish immediately entered these areas for early colonization. They conquered South America, robbed local wealth, slaughtered local residents, and sent a large number of blacks from West Africa to America to engage in slave labor, thus developing America. These activities quickly wiped out the Indians in South America. When Columbus came to Hispaniola in 1493, the population there was nearly 100,000. By 1570, there were only 300 people left.

In 1519, the navigator Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) sailed westward, hoping to find a route to the southeast coast of Asia. Magellan traveled from San Roca to Brazil, passed through the strait between the South American continent and Tierra del Fuego, and crossed the Pacific Ocean, Guam and the Philippines in 1521. He was killed by local residents for interfering with the infighting on the island. After Magellan’s death, the voyage continued. In 1522, the Victoria returned to Spain via the Indian Ocean, the Cape of Good Hope and the Atlantic Ocean, completing the first voyage around the earth in human history. This voyage verified the theory that the earth is spherical and brought back a huge amount of information about the Pacific Ocean.

The above-mentioned exploration activities triggered the competition between Portugal and Spain for overseas colonies. In 1494, Spain and Portugal signed the Tolde-silas Agreement, which demarcated the north-south boundary 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands. It was stipulated that Spain’s sphere of influence was to the west and Portugal’s sphere of influence was to the east, which was the first time that western countries divided up the world.

Colonization opened the way for primitive accumulation of capital in Europe. According to statistics, from 1493 to 1600, the Portuguese plundered more than 270,000 kilograms of gold in Africa alone. From 1521 to 1600, Spain plundered more than 200,000 kilograms of gold and 18 million kilograms of silver from America. Most of the capital in western Europe comes from gold and silver in America, which is related to Spain’s overseas colonization and monopoly of trade with the East to some extent. During 1519-1521, Spain conquered Mexico and Peru, began to plunder gold and silver there in 1531, and began to organize mining in America with new technology in 1540. In the trade with the East, the king of Spain levied a 20% trade tax, so Spain gained huge wealth from overseas trade. However, Spain did not keep this wealth. On the contrary, gold and silver flowed into other European countries, which promoted the development of capitalism in other regions.

Later, British and Dutch businessmen also came to Asia to set up commercial ports on the coastline and establish maritime trade lines through these commercial ports. The activities of the colonists promoted commercial development and established a global trading system in a real sense. Before that, the world’s commercial trade was regional, but the expansion of European countries at sea connected the world in the same trading system. The products made in Europe crossed the Atlantic Ocean westward in exchange for silver from Mexico, minerals from Peru and agricultural products such as sucrose and tobacco in the Caribbean. European textiles, guns and other manufactured goods went south to West Africa in exchange for African slaves and then transported them to work in tropical and subtropical plantations in the Western Hemisphere. China’s silk and porcelain are directly transported to Europe, and are warmly welcomed by the courts and upper classes of various countries; Tea and spices were shipped to Europe and America and eventually became mass consumer goods. Through the establishment of the global trading system, "the transformation from history to world history" has begun.

In early modern times, the trade routes in Europe were basically the same as those in the previous two centuries. Northern Italy and Flanders are the most developed cities and industrial centers in Europe, and they are both suppliers of woolen clothes in the European market. Northern Italy is also a producer of silk and other valuable clothing materials, while Flanders produces linen, ribbons and carpets. These two regions also have advanced shipbuilding and metal processing industries. Venice monopolizes the eastern trade through the eastern Mediterranean countries and islands. The goods from the east are mainly spices and other luxury goods, which are sold in Europe by Italian and German businessmen. They can go southwest to France and Spain and northeast to Germany and Baltic countries via the Italy-Flanders axis. The British route on the Italian-Flemish axis is mainly responsible for transporting the semi-finished clothes from Britain to Flanders and brabant for processing.

Gold and silver from America entered the northwest of Europe through Spain, making these places eventually become the most developed economic centers in Europe, including low-lying countries, northwest France and southeast Britain. The "lowlands" used to be the commercial meeting place between Italy and the Hanseatic League, but Spain’s tight financial situation and huge trade deficit made businessmen and bankers in the lowland countries, Italy and Germany become the actual leaders of international trade. The low-lying countries were the bridge between the North and the South in the Middle Ages, so Antwerp became the trade center of Spain, Portugal and Germany. In the 16th century, Antwerp was the largest international financial market in Europe, and every move here affected the whole European economy. The delay of Spanish and Portuguese cargo ships can cause commercial chaos in Antwerp, and even lead to bank failures in augsburg and Ulm. After gaining independence, the Netherlands followed Portugal and Spain and rapidly expanded its overseas trade. It monopolized the spice trade and controlled the eastern routes by crowding out Portugal’s forces in the East through war. In the Atlantic, it can also squeeze into Spain’s sphere of influence and insert a foot in trade. The 17th century became the "century of Holland", and Holland was the "sea coachman" at that time. Britain and France also rapidly expanded overseas after the reunification of the country. They successively established colonies in America, Asia and Africa, and replaced the Netherlands in the second half of the 17th century, becoming the protagonists in the struggle for world commercial hegemony in the next century.

Several main statistics of the results of the second national population census

(1964)

　　 (1) Total population

　　　 At 24: 00 on June 30, 1964, the national population was 723,070,269. The population of 28 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions (Tianjin was then affiliated to Hebei Province) and active servicemen was 694,581,759, including 356,517,011 men, accounting for 51.33%; There are 338,064,748 women, accounting for 48.67%. The population of Taiwan Province, Hong Kong and Macao compatriots and overseas Chinese is 28,488,510.

　　　 The population of each province, city and autonomous region is as follows: (unit: people)

　　　 Beijing 7,568,495
　　　 Hebei Province 45,687,781
　　　 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 12,348,638
　　　 Shanxi Province 18,015,067
　　　 Liaoning Province 26,946,200
　　　 Jilin Province 15,668,663
　　　 Heilongjiang Province 20,118,271
　　　 Shanghai 10,816,458
　　　 Jiangsu Province 44,504,608
　　　 Zhejiang Province 28,318,573
　　　 Anhui Province 31,241,657
　　　 Jiangxi Province 21,068,019
　　　 Fujian Province 16,757,223
　　　 Shandong Province 55,519,038
　　　 Guangdong Province 42,800,849
　　　 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 20,845,017
　　　 Hunan Province 37,182,286
　　　 Hubei Province 33,709,344
　　　 Henan Province 50,325,511
　　　 Sichuan Province 67,956,490
　　　 Yunnan Province 20,509,525
　　　 Guizhou Province 17,140,521
　　　 Xizang Autonomous Region 1,251,225
　　　 Shaanxi Province 20,766,915
　　　 Gansu Province 12,630,569
　　　 Qinghai Province 2,145,604
　　　 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 7,270,067

　　 (2) Population of all ethnic groups

　　　 On June 30, 1964, there were 651,296,368 Han people in 28 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, accounting for 94.22% of the total population. The population of ethnic minorities is 39,883,909, accounting for 5.78%.

　　　 Ethnic groups with a population of more than one million are: Mongolian 1,965,766; 4,473,147 Hui people: 2,501,174 Tibetans; 3,996,311 Uighurs; 2,782,088 Miao people; 3,380,960 Yi people; 8,386,140 Zhuang people; 1,348,055 Buyi people; 1,339,569 Koreans; There are 2,695,675 Manchu people.

　　 (3) Population age

　　　 On June 30, 1964, the working-age population in China (men aged 16 to 59 and women aged 16 to 54) was 341,491,424, accounting for 49.17% of the total population.

　　　 The population under the age of 1 to 14 is 280,671,035, accounting for 40.4% of the total population. Among them: 114,287,925 school-age children aged 7 to 12; There are 135,422,127 children under 6 years old. The population over 61 is 38,171,010, accounting for 5.5% of the total population. There are 4,900 people over 100 years old (2,134 men and 2,766 women). The highest age is 150 years old, and there is one person.

　　 (4) Education level of the population

　　　 On June 30, 1964, among the population of 28 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, there were 2,875,401 people with university education, 9,116,831 people with high school education, 32,346,788 people with junior high school education and 195,824,459 people with primary school education.

　

　　On February 27th, the Pterosaur Ⅱ UAV developed by aviation industry corporation of china Chengdu Aircraft Design and Research Institute successfully made its first flight, which not only has multiple characteristics such as high cost performance, long endurance and multi-purpose, but also is suitable for military, police and civilian fields.

　　All four engines of the large-scale amphibious aircraft AG600 (Jiaolong 600) for fire fighting and water rescue were successfully tested for the first time, which laid a solid foundation for the next first flight. The aircraft was equipped with a communication and navigation system developed by CLP Avionics Co., Ltd.

　　The deep connection and transformation between "people joining the army" and "military conversion to the people" has stimulated the vitality of enterprise development and innovative achievements have emerged continuously. As an important bearing area of national defense science and technology industry, Chengdu has formed a relatively complete industrial cluster in aviation, aerospace, information security, military electronics, nuclear energy and nuclear technology applications, electromechanical equipment and materials, and has strong industrial strength.

　　Based on its own advantages, Chengdu will further implement innovation-driven and integration of defense and civilian technologies, and cultivate and develop the national defense science and technology industry as a high-end growth industry. According to integration of defense and civilian technologies’s industrial development plan, Chengdu will vigorously develop integration of defense and civilian technologies industrial cluster park as the starting point, accelerate the reform and innovation of integration of defense and civilian technologies mechanism system, and open up the innovation channel of integration of defense and civilian technologies; We will focus on building a "1+N" industrial system in integration of defense and civilian technologies, and strive to cultivate 100 billion-level clusters by 2025.

　　Breaking institutional barriers and stimulating endogenous vitality of both military and civilian sides

　　Sichuan Province has been listed as one of the experimental areas to systematically promote comprehensive innovation and reform. To shoulder the heavy responsibility of being the first city in Sichuan, Chengdu must open up an innovation channel for deep integration of military and civilian, and set an example for accumulating experience for comprehensive innovation and reform.

　　In Chengdu Kaitian Electronics Co., Ltd., several young R&D personnel are preparing to start a business by using AVIC’s joint creation platform. The military technology based on Kaitian Electronics’ sensors for decades has set foot in the civil security industry, which is also a transformation growth point of Kaitian Electronics.

　　"The integration of military products and civilian products is very different, and it is necessary to reform the mechanism and system, and even many aspects such as product modeling and design concepts need to be changed." The relevant person in charge of Kaitian Electronics said that introducing strategic investors to form joint-stock companies and accelerating the reform of institutional mechanisms have also become one of the key directions of the company’s future efforts.

　　Breaking the shackles of institutional mechanisms and giving full play to the role of the market can stimulate the endogenous vitality of both the military and the people. "integration of defense and civilian technologies involves many fields, such as industry, science and technology, military affairs and education. It is a complex systematic project. There are different management systems and mechanisms between military and civilian enterprises, and institutional mechanisms and technologies cannot be well integrated." The relevant person in charge of the Municipal Economic and Information Committee also said that to promote the development of integration of defense and civilian technologies, it is necessary to fundamentally solve these problems.

　　Taking accelerating institutional innovation as a breakthrough, Chengdu focuses on key projects, focusing on screening major projects in integration of defense and civilian technologies with large investment, strong driving ability and leading technical level, and strengthening follow-up; Actively implement the strategic agreement with the military industry group and promote the signing of a number of projects; Through the project guidance, actively guide social resources to participate in the reform of mixed ownership of military industry, give full play to the advantages of flexible system and mechanism, rapid decision-making and strong financial strength of private enterprises, and explore the development model of integration of defense and civilian technologies in which civilian enterprises participate in the reorganization and restructuring of military enterprises by means of equity participation, holding and acquisition.

　　In order to accelerate the deep integration of military and civilian and promote the industrial development of integration of defense and civilian technologies, in the second half of last year, the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for the Industrial Development of integration of defense and civilian technologies in Chengdu" and "Several Policies and Measures for Chengdu to Accelerate the Industrial Development of integration of defense and civilian technologies" were successively issued, which clarified the development direction and put forward the goal of building a national integration of defense and civilian technologies Innovation Demonstration Zone, "by the end of the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan, the income from the main business of integration of defense and civilian technologies’s industry exceeded 150 billion yuan".

　　The support of relevant policies has stimulated the vitality of enterprise development: Sichuan Haite High-tech Co., Ltd. actively participated in the reform of mixed ownership of state-owned enterprises, successfully invested in Chengdu Jiashi Technology, a subsidiary of 29 CLP, and established Haiwei Huaxin Company to enter the field of semiconductor integrated circuit chip manufacturing and build a world-leading compound integrated circuit production line; Sichuan Chuanda Zhisheng Software Co., Ltd. took the shareholding system reform as an opportunity to form a set of mechanism suitable for the industrialization of scientific and technological innovation achievements, featuring the deep integration of Industry-University-Research, and embarked on a new way to transform scientific and technological achievements in colleges and universities into national defense scientific and technological strength; AVIC Chengfei Civil Aircraft not only manufactures the nose for the domestic large aircraft C919, but also actively participates in the development and production of the front and rear boarding gates of Airbus A320 series aircraft …

　　Planning and building characteristic industrial parks to expand the industrial spatial development pattern of integration of defense and civilian technologies.

　　In August last year, a comprehensive strategic cooperation agreement between Chengdu and Beihang University was formally signed, involving seven projects with a total contracted amount of 11.4 billion yuan. According to the agreement, Chengdu, Beihang University, xihua university and other universities and research institutions will give full play to their advantages in location, resources, technology and talents, and strive to build an international innovation port in the west of Beihang University with "one body and two wings".

　　Among them, "integration" means that Beihang cooperates with Chengdu Tianfu New District to focus on building an international innovation port in the west of Beihang, including Beihang Innovation Research Institute, Beihang Innovation Science and Technology Park, Beihang Chengdu Graduate School and Beihang Tianfu International Exchange Center; The "two wings" are to build the Chengdu Aeronautical Power Innovation Research Institute of Beihang University (Blue Power Silicon Valley) and the Chengdu Aeroengine Industrial Base of Beihang University.

　　Industrial park is the carrier support of industrial development. All new projects in cooperation with Beihang University will also be located in integration of defense and civilian technologies Industrial Park planned by Chengdu. At present, Chengdu has started and completed the integration of defense and civilian technologies Innovation Industrial Park in Tianfu New District, integration of defense and civilian technologies Aviation Industrial Base in Xindu District, Pengzhou integration of defense and civilian technologies Aviation Power Industrial Park, and the aviation industrial park construction schemes in Shuangliu District, Hi-tech Zone, Qingyang District and Jintang County have also been completed. The construction of six provincial-level integration of defense and civilian technologies industrial bases undertaken by Chengdu, namely, the complete aircraft industrial base, the nuclear power industrial base, the information security industrial base of China Dianke (Chengdu), the "Yinhe 596" industrial base, the Shuangliu industrial base of the Western Institute and the aerospace high-tech industrial park, are all progressing in an orderly manner.

　　According to the plan, Chengdu will focus on the key areas of integration of defense and civilian technologies’s industrial development, such as aviation, information security, military electronics, nuclear energy and nuclear technology application, mechanical and electrical equipment, new materials and other fields, and plan to build a number of industrial parks with integration of defense and civilian technologies characteristics and industrial bases supported by major projects of leading enterprises, initially forming a spatial development pattern with reasonable layout, multi-park support and coordinated promotion.

　　After years of development, the pattern of mutual support and transformation of military and civilian technologies and capabilities in Chengdu has initially appeared, with the main body of military industry becoming more and more lean, the scientific research capability becoming stronger and stronger, and the level constantly improving; While participate extensively in that scientific research and production of weapons and equipment, civilian enterprise have brought the market mechanism into the field of military industry, showing their ability to compete with the existing military industry, and a scientific research and production system characterized by high technology is bee established.　

Author | Yifei

Do you prefer to brush videos on your mobile phone or watch videos on the big screen?

At the watermelon PLAY Curiosity Conference held yesterday, Ren Lifeng, President of Watermelon Video, delivered a speech entitledMulti-screen era of Chinese videoThe speech.

Why do you say "Chinese video" is on fire? Ren Lifeng believes that this is due toDiversification of broadcasting channels.At present, the mobile phone channel is close to the top, and new channels such as smart TV, TV set-top box and tablet still have incremental space. People have not only watched videos on their mobile phones.

Take Mr. Li Yongle, a well-known creator of watermelon video, for example. In the past month, the amount of his video played on TV has surpassed that on mobile APP, with the former playing 26.63 million a month and the latter 23.29 million.

Tuyuan Watermelon PLAY Curiosity Conference

Smart TV has the advantages of image quality and size, which can effectively enhance the user’s visual experience. In the past, TV platforms mainly focused on movies and dramas, and now it is expected to expand into the field of medium and short videos.

Users can brush videos on their mobile phones and watch videos on the big screen, and new user habits are being developed.

Obviously, watermelon video doesn’t want to miss the popularity of this new channel.

Fresh Time TV: Watermelon Video on TV

In June 2019, Watermelon Video cooperated with China Digital Media to launch "Fresh Time TV" for smart TV. Users can download and use it directly on smart TV.

Fresh Time TV’s homepage hastwentyA column,Only the three columns of "watching blockbusters", "cartoons" and "documentaries" are long video columns, and the rest are short video columns.The layout of the waterfall program list and the playing window is basically copied from the interface of the mobile phone. Users can switch videos directly with the remote control, and like, follow and collect them. The page also displays data such as the amount of play and the number of fans.

Judging from the video content, Fresh Time TV is the main one.Horizontal screen videoOnly the video content in the "Small Video" column is vertical. This is the same as the development route of watermelon video APP focusing on video for more than 3 minutes. The horizontal video has a high adaptability on the TV side, so the content on the APP side can be directly migrated to the TV side.

It can be seen from some recent actions that watermelon video intends to accelerate the promotion of "Fresh Time TV".On May 1st this year, National Film and Television IP Hi, Mom exclusively logged into Fresh Time TV, attracting viewers with the slogan "Free viewing within a limited time". This movie was only logged into the watermelon video mobile APP after 7 days. This is the first time that watermelon video puts the status of TV big screen in front of the mobile APP, which may be intended to fit the warm theme of the movie and render the atmosphere of family watching, but it can also glimpse the intention of watermelon video to drain the TV big screen.

China Guangshi Sophomore CSM once pointed out in the "Research Report on the User Value of Short Video in 2020": "With the continuous upgrading of technology, the interaction between large and small screens has become the norm, and the big screen of TV has become a new way to open short videos, among which the proportion of short video users who have used TV to watch short videos is about 55.8%." The entry of Internet short video APP conforms to this trend and accelerates the expansion of TV short video content ecology.

In addition to watermelon video, Aauto Quicker also launched the "Cloud Audio-visual Fast TV" application in April 2020. Since then, both short video platforms have landed on smart TV channels.

　How was the TV short video?

From the perspective of industry data, the head player of smart TV APP is still a long video platform, and the popularity of short video platform has not caught up. The "OTT Big Screen User Behavior Monthly Report in December 2020" released by Aowei Entertainment shows that the daily activities of the two short video platforms, China Digital Fresh Time TV and Cloud Audio-visual Fast TV, are only between 2 million and 3 million, while the top ones in the rankings are "Galaxy Kiwi Fruit" created by iQiyi and "CIBN Cool Meow Video" by Youku, both of which are mainly long video content such as dramas and movies.

The data shows that,TV short video is still in its infancy.For mobile short video apps that have entered the stock competition, the big TV screen may be able to give them new increments.

In the whole TV short video industry, the fresh time TV of watermelon video belongs to the content side.In addition to the content side, the industry also needs terminal manufacturers and licensees, all of which are indispensable.

Terminal manufacturers are also innovating in line with the trend of TV short video.For example, Konka, a smart TV terminal manufacturer, launched a short video product "Shake Screen" in December 2019, which is dedicated to improving the operating experience of short videos. "Shaking Screen" is also building its own content system. At present, the video content deposited has reached 1 million hours, and it is drained by popular movies such as My People My Homeland.

The licensee is the top priority of the whole industry.In 2009, in order to regulate the development of Internet TV, the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television began to issue TV licenses to TV groups. The State Administration of Radio, Film and Television has issued Internet TV licenses twice, and will not issue them in the future. The existing seven licensees are Guangdong CIBN, Galaxy Internet GITV, BesTV BESTV, China Digital TV, Southern Media, Mango TV and ICNTV. Internet TV products must cooperate with any of the seven licensees before they can broadcast content on TV.

Fresh Time TV is a cooperation with China Digital TV. Huashu TV was founded by Zhejiang Radio and Television, Hangzhou Wenguang Group and Ningbo Radio and Television, and has been invested by Ali. In April 2021, Fresh Time TV also signed a contract with Fujian Radio and Television, and users can watch the content of Fresh Time directly on Fujian Radio and Television Network TV.

At present, the business models of TV short video applications such as Fresh Time TV and Cloud Audio-visual Fast TV are still unclear. However, applications that focus on long videos and series movies, such as Galaxy Kiwi, have explored business models. Duan Youqiao, senior vice president of iQiyi, once proposedThree business models:First, diverse and interactive focus advertising, second, user members pay, and third, realizing around IP. All three business models are likely to migrate to short video platforms.

Users’ demands for TV short videos

Tencent Media Research Institute released a research report in April 2020, and investigated the pain points of users of smart TV short videos to 4364 users. The report pointed out: Long advertising time, poor remote control experience, and difficulty in finding video portals are the top three reasons why users are dissatisfied with TV short videos. In addition, there are pain points such as insufficient video clarity and slow update of TV content.

From the user’s experience, although the TV big screen and the mobile phone screen are both interactive screens, there is still a big gap in the specific operation. The touch experience of the mobile phone is different from the remote control of the TV. The latter is obviously not as flexible as the former and has a lot of room for improvement.

In addition, it is worth noting that the survey shows thatMore than one third of users watch TV short videos alone.The users who watch smart TV alone account for only 16% of the total users, and the former is 2.3 times that of the latter. It can be seen that although 83% of smart TVs are placed in the living room, short-sightedness still tends to be a tool for individuals to pass the time, and the personalized distribution mode on the mobile phone side is not suitable for family scenes.

For this pain point,Perhaps Ren Lifeng’s "Chinese video" strategy can effectively deal with it.. He pointed out that the classic programs we used to watch on old TV, such as Animal World and I Love My Family, all lasted for 1-30 minutes. These programs are suitable for many people to watch together, which is very suitable for the family living room scene.

It seems that watermelon video has found that supporting professional content that the public likes is an important way for short video platforms to adapt to home TV scenes.

At the watermelon PLAY conference, Xian Yubo, the head of watermelon content ecology, proposed to support Chinese video creation.Chinese video partner program”。 He pointed out that TV traffic has become a source that cannot be ignored, and the partnership plan will not only support mobile works, but also achieve "multi-screen coverage".

Under the background that the content of short video platform is richer, it is bound to differentiate the content that is more suitable for TV screen and the content that is more suitable for mobile phone screen. Nowadays, the competition of short video on mobile phone screen has fallen into the Red Sea, and the complete TV short video ecology has not yet formed. Perhaps, smart TV will become the next soil for short video platforms.

At that time, the rapid rise of Tik Tok and Aauto Quicker,It is largely due to the exploration of the 9: 16 vertical screen content mode.. Facts have proved that one-handed mobile phone browsing vertical screen content can best meet people’s real needs in the fast-paced era and stimulate users’ "addiction". After Jikuai swept through the short video industry, traditional video portals such as "Youaiteng" began to accelerate the layout of 9: 16 vertical screen content, but the market has been set, and it is too late.

Smart TV, a new channel, is on the rise, and the previous experience and lessons on the mobile side cannot be ignored. It is foreseeable that whoever can explore the TV short video mode that can attract users the most as soon as possible will occupy the forefront in this industry.

Watermelon video is determined to support the content of "Chinese video", which is an obvious signal: they want to attack the city and plunder the pool on TV media.

IT House May 3 news In response to recent questions from netizens about the reading contract and whether it is completely free, the new team of Reading Group also answered related questions through the official WeChat WeChat official account yesterday.

IT House learned that the contract that attracted widespread attention was launched in September 2019, and the new management team of Reading said that they would communicate with the writers and modify the contract accordingly. In response to the rumor that "all reading is free", the reading team said that this statement is "impossible and unrealistic, please don’t believe it".

Respond to the original:

Dear fellow writers:

Hello everyone! We are very concerned about the reading contract that has been discussed and questioned by everyone since April 28 and whether it is completely free. We also explain it to you here:

1. At present, the contract we are discussing is a contract that was launched in September 2019, not a new contract that was launched on April 28, 2020 as rumored by the outside world.

2. As a new management team on April 27th, 2020, we received many criticisms and opinions on this old contract. We attach great importance to it and have begun to re-examine it. We will have extensive communication with writers, and we will make corresponding amendments to unreasonable terms. Please rest assured.

3. From the beginning of the new team, we firmly believe that we must consolidate and maintain the payment model and explore innovative models. It is impossible and unrealistic to say that "all free reading" is carried out in reading articles rumored by the outside world. Please don’t believe it.

4. Wechat reading is one of the partners of reading channels. About the limited-time free operation of WeChat reading for reading copyright content, which everyone is concerned about, it is the improper operation of the channel itself and the management error of our channel work. We have communicated with WeChat Reading and reached a consensus that the operation activity has been offline and will not have any impact on the author’s income.

5. Writers are the foundation of reading platform. Content ecology is not only for reading, but also for everyone. Now everyone’s opinions and criticisms are not overnight, so it is a very important gain to know everyone’s true feelings. On May 3rd, we will announce the arrangement of a series of talks between the new management and writers, hoping to get your outspoken suggestions on the development of reading and discuss the future together.

After fumbling all the way to today, we have made mistakes and detours. We will face the challenge and hope to create a common future with you.

Cheng Wu, Hou Xiaonan and the New Reading Team

2020-5-2

Disclaimer: This article creates original translated articles for Flint. Individuals are welcome to forward and share them. Reprinting on websites and WeChat official account requires authorization.

I. Literature sources

Taubenberger J　K, Morens D　M. 1918 influenza: the mother of all pandemics[J]. Emerging infectious diseases, 2006, 12(1):15-22.

The literature was published in the American CDC academic journal Emerging Infectious Diseases, January 2006, Volume 12, No.1, with the title "1918 Influenza: Mother of All Pandemic Diseases". （ www.cdc.gov/eid）

II. Introduction to the author

Dr. Taubenberger: Director of Molecular Pathology, United States Army Pathology Institute, Rockville, Maryland. The research direction is the molecular pathophysiology and evolution of influenza virus.

Dr Morens: epidemiologist, working for the American institute of allergy and infectious diseases. His research interests are emerging infectious diseases, virology, tropical medicine and medical history.

foreword

From 1918 to 1919, Spanish influenza caused about 50 million deaths in the world, and it is still an ominous haze of public health. There are still many unanswered questions about the origin, such as unusual epidemiological characteristics and main pathogenic factors. Although we are now trying to overcome the spread of pandemics such as H5N1 or other viruses, the impact of the 1918 influenza on public health is still uncertain. The information of the 1918 influenza is still being updated, such as sequencing the whole genome from the autopsy in the archives, but the virus genome alone cannot answer the key questions. To understand the 1918 flu and its impact on the future, we need detailed experiments and in-depth historical analysis. Tip: The number of words in the full text is 7279, and it takes an average of 15 minutes to finish reading.

background

During the 1918-1919 flu, about one third of the world’s population (about 500 million people) was infected and developed clinical symptoms. The pandemic is more serious than expected. Compared with the mortality rate of other pandemics (< 0.1%), the mortality rate of influenza in 1918 was > 2.5%. It is estimated that the total death toll is about 50 million, and the pessimistic view is as high as 100 million.

The influence of 1918 influenza was not limited to 1918-1919. Since then, almost all influenza A (except avian influenza virus, such as H5N1 and H7N7) in the world are descendants of 1918 influenza virus, including drifting H1N1, recombinant H2N2 and H3N2. The latter is the integration of the key genes of the 1918 influenza by the later avian influenza, thus expressing new proteins. It can be said that the 1918 flu is the mother of all pandemics.In 1918, it was unclear how human influenza was related to avian influenza and swine flu. Although the clinical and epidemiological characteristics are similar to those of influenza pandemics in 1889, 1847 or even earlier, the high mortality rate makes many people wonder whether it should be called influenza. This problem was not solved until 1930, when the influenza virus (now called H1N1) was isolated from pigs, and later it was also isolated from humans. Seroepidemiological studies soon linked the virus with the 1918 flu. Subsequent research shows that the offspring of 1918 virus has always existed in pigs, and may still appear in humans continuously, experiencing the continuous iteration of antigenic drift, and leading to an annual epidemic outbreak until the 1950s. In 1957, a new H _ H2N2 epidemic (namely "Asian influenza") began to appear, and the H1N1 virus, the offspring of the 1918 virus, completely disappeared from the human circulation, although the related pedigree was still attached to pigs. But in 1977, it suddenly "reappeared" from the laboratory freezer and began to be popular among humans.
In 2006, two natural lineages and two recombinant lineages of the offspring of 1918 virus became popular: human H1N1, swine H1N1 (swine flu), recombinant human H3N2 and recombinant swine H3N2, but none of the offspring was close to the pathogenicity of 1918 virus. Swine strains H1N1 and H3N2 rarely infect humans, while the morbidity/mortality of human strains H1N1 and H3N2 are lower than that of 1918 virus.In fact, the fatality rate of natural H1N1 is even lower than that of H3N2 (prevalent since 1968). The H1N1 and H3N2 viruses originated from the 1918 influenza have been prevalent all over the world for 29 years, and there are almost no signs of extinction.

First, try to understand what happened?

By the early 1990s, 75 years of research had failed to answer the most basic question of the 1918 flu: Why was it so deadly? People didn’t isolate any virus from the 1918 influenza epidemic, but their descendants continued to invade humans slightly. A follow-up survey of influenza epidemic in the 1920s showed that in the years after 1918, influenza epidemic became an annual epidemic with low mortality due to gene drift. Did one genetic event greatly reduce the pathogenicity of the 1918 virus, and then another genetic event turned the 1918 virus into a weaker H1N1 virus?

In 1995, a scientific team determined the autopsy materials of influenza in the autumn of 1918 from the archives, and began a long sequencing experiment on small RNA virus fragments, so as to deduce the whole genome of the 1918 virus. At present, the whole genome of one virus and partial gene sequences of four other viruses have been determined. The above experiments and a series of other articles related to 1918 virus have confirmed that 1918 virus is most likely the ancestor of human/pig H1N1, H3N2 and extinct H2N2. No mutation related to the genome of 1918 virus has been found in other highly pathogenic influenza viruses of human or animals, but the continuous study on virulence factors has produced some interesting results. Nevertheless, the 1918 gene sequence data can not answer the origin and epidemiological characteristics of the virus.

Second,When and where did the 1918 flu begin to spread?

Before and after 1918, most influenza pandemics originated in Asia and spread all over the world.During the 12-month period from 1918 to 1919, the 1918 flu spread more or less simultaneously from three regions: Europe, Asia and North America (the first wave is thought to have started in the United States in March 1918). Historical and epidemiological data are not enough to identify the geographical origin of the virus, and the recent 1918 gene system research can not analyze the geographical origin.

Although there was no national influenza disease reporting system in 1918, and the diagnostic criteria for influenza and pneumonia were not clear, since December 1915, there was an epidemic of respiratory diseases in the United States, and the mortality rate of influenza and pneumonia rose sharply in 1915 and 1916, and then decreased slightly in 1917. The first wave of influenza pandemic appeared in the spring of 1918, and the second wave and the third wave of influenza pandemic with higher mortality rate appeared in the autumn of 1918 and the winter of 1919 respectively, as shown in Figure 1.

Is it possible that the weak-adaptability H1N1 virus had spread in 1915, and although there were some serious diseases, it had not caused a pandemic?At that time, data consistent with this was also reported from European military camps, but the opposite conclusion was given: if the virus strain with new hemagglutinin (HA) affected the mortality rate of influenza and pneumonia in the United States, it should have caused a pandemic long ago, and someone should be immunized or at least partially immunized by 1918. It is difficult to determine that the "pioneer" events of the 1918 flu came from 1915, 1916 or even early 1918.

Figure 1 Three waves of epidemics: the weekly mortality rate of influenza and pneumonia in Britain from 1918 to 1919.

Another unique feature of the 1918 influenza pandemic was that people and pigs were infected almost at the same time.The 1918 virus probably expressed a new subtype of antigenicity, which led to the low immunity of most people and pigs. Recently published genetic studies show that hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminic acid (NA) expressed by the 1918 virus gene were probably derived from the avian influenza virus shortly before the start of the pandemic, and the precursor virus failed to spread widely in humans or pigs for decades. More recent reports of the virus gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the virus also support this conclusion. Regression analysis of human/swine flu sequences from 1930 to the present shows that the precursor of 1918 virus first spread in humans from 1915 to 1918. Therefore, the precursor of the 1918 virus may have spread widely among humans before 1918, and so far no research has directly indicated the transition from any bird. In a word, its origin is still confusing.

Are the three waves of epidemics from the same virus?

Historical records since the 16th century show that a new influenza pandemic may occur at any time of the year, which is not necessarily the regular pattern in winter every year, because the behavior pattern most likely from the new influenza has been found among infected people. After that, these pandemic viruses began to drift in the face of the selective pressure of population immunity, and eventually the pattern of annual epidemic recurrence was triggered by drifting virus mutants.

During the 1918-1919 pandemic, the first spring tide began in March 1918 and spread to the United States, Europe and even Asia in different degrees in the next six months. The prevalence rate was very high, but the mortality rate in most areas was not significantly higher than the normal value. The second wave of autumn tide began in September-November, 1918, and it spread rapidly around the world and was fatal. The third wave of epidemic began in early 1919. According to the clinical similarity, some contemporary observers have come to the conclusion at the beginning that the three epidemics should be caused by the same disease: the mild symptoms in the three epidemics are the same, and they have the typical flu characteristics of the 1889 pandemic and earlier pandemics. However, in retrospect, there are few cases in which the first wave of spring tide developed rapidly from simple influenza to fatal pneumonia, and fatal pneumonia is the symbol of the last two waves of epidemic tide; Comparatively speaking, the frequency of complex, serious and fatal cases in the last two waves will be higher.

It is unprecedented for three large-scale epidemics to occur in a year. To some extent, the antigenic drift of the virus is the reason why it keeps recurring every year, and an antigenic virus variant appears about every 2 ~ 3 years. If there is no drift characteristic, once the immunity of human/livestock reaches the critical threshold, the influenza virus may disappear, and under this critical threshold, the further spread of the virus is limited. For decades, people have been speculating about the time and space between influenza pandemics. In addition to human/livestock immune restrictions, the factors of virus transmission include low ambient temperature, nasal cavity temperature (which is beneficial to heat-labile viruses, such as influenza), suitable humidity, indoor congestion and poor ventilation.
However, none of the above factors can explain the three waves of epidemic in 1918-1919, which occurred in spring and summer, summer and autumn and winter respectively. The first two waves occur at the time of unfavorable influenza transmission every year; The second wave broke out in the northern hemisphere/southern hemisphere from September to November; In addition, the period between epidemic tides is so short that it is almost impossible to detect in some areas. It is difficult for epidemiology to explain the sharp decline of cases between the first wave and the second wave, and the sharp rise of cases between the second wave and the third wave. Even assuming that the acquired immunity after infection is short-lived, there are too few susceptible people to maintain the spread at one point. How can a new explosive pandemic be triggered in a few weeks? Will the virus mutate completely at the same time in almost a short time around the world?
However, according to scientific experience, it takes several years for influenza virus to spread globally, not just a few weeks. Moreover, even the mutant that has drifted will take several months to spread around the world. Other influenza pandemics have not been reported continuously within one year. For example, the 1889 flu began in the late spring of 1889, and it took several months to spread around the world, reaching its peak in northern Europe and the United States in late 1889 or early 1890; The second recurrence occurred in late spring of 1891 (one year late) and the third in early 1892. Like the 1918 flu, more people died when the second epidemic wave recurred, but the spread time of the three epidemics in 1889-1892 was more than three years, while the spread time of the successive epidemics in 1918-1919 was compressed to August-September.The ability of the 1918 influenza to rapidly develop a continuous pandemic is still unknown. Because the autopsy materials we identified only came from the second wave of 1918 influenza, it is inconclusive whether the first wave or the third wave also came from the same virus or mutant. The experimental data show that the second wave of infected people may have obtained immune protection during the third wave of epidemic, but the data is not enough to support whether the second/third wave of infected people obtained immune protection from the first wave of epidemic, nor can they answer the question whether the three waves of epidemic came from the same virus or mutant. Only by getting the RNA positive samples of infected people before 1918 and the three waves of epidemic in 1918 can we answer this question.

4. Did the 1918 virus host come from animals?

The data of 1918 virus gene sequence shows that the whole genome may be new to human beings in 1918 or not long ago. It was not produced by recombining one or more new genes from previous viruses (unlike the 1957 or 1968 epidemic). On the contrary, the 1918 virus seems to be derived from an unknown source of avian influenza virus (eight gene fragments are different from the current avian influenza genes). The gene sequence of influenza virus collected from wild bird specimens around 1918 is not much different from that of today’s avian influenza virus, which indicates that even for a long time, the antigenic changes of avian influenza virus may hardly occur in natural reservoir.

For example, the sequence of 1918 nucleoprotein (NP) gene is similar to the virus in wild birds in amino acid level, but it is very different in nucleotide level, which indicates that the source of 1918 nucleoprotein is far from the virus nucleoprotein in wild birds at present. One way to check the evolutionary distance of genes is to compare the ratio of synonymous nucleotides to non-synonymous nucleotides. Synonymous substitution means that the nucleotide change in the sequence will not lead to amino acid substitution; Non-synonymous substitution means that nucleotide changes will lead to amino acid substitution. Generally speaking, viruses under immune drift pressure or adapting to new hosts show a larger proportion of non-synonymous mutations, while viruses under minimal pressure mainly accumulate synonymous substitutions, which are considered to reflect the evolutionary distance.

Because the 1918 influenza virus gene fragments known from wild birds have more synonymous substitutions than expected, they are unlikely to come directly from viruses similar to avian influenza virus. One of them is particularly obvious. When people check the 4-fold degenerate codons (a subset of synonymous substitutions), they find that the third codon can replace any of the 4 nucleotides without changing the amino acids. At the same time, although the 1918 virus has been adapted to the intermediate host of human/pig for many years, the amino acid level of its sequence is still very small compared with that of wild birds. One possible explanation is that these abnormal gene fragments were obtained from an unidentified influenza virus database.All these findings lead to a question: Where did the 1918 virus come from?

Contrary to the 1918 virus, the gene fragments of the recombinant viruses of 1957 and 1968 influenza were from Eurasian avian influenza virus. Both human viruses are produced by the same mechanism: it is the recombination of Eurasian avian influenza virus and the previously popular human H1N1 virus. To prove the origin of the 1918 virus, samples more similar to the 1918 virus sequence are needed: samples before the 1918 virus epidemic and wild epidemic samples.

5. What is the biological basis of the pathogenicity of the 1918 virus?

Single gene sequence analysis can not provide the cause of pathogenicity of 1918 virus. Through a series of in vitro/animal model experiments, the researchers tried to model the virulence of the virus constructed by reverse gene.

Influenza virus infection requires HA protein to bind to sialic acid receptors on the surface of host cells.However, the configuration of HA receptor binding site of influenza virus suitable for avian infection is different from that of influenza virus suitable for human infection. Avian influenza virus preferentially binds sialic acid receptor with α(2-3) linked sugar; Human influenza virus is considered to preferentially use α(2-6) linked sugar. This avian receptor configuration can be transformed into infection only by changing one amino acid, while the HA protein of five sequenced 1918 viruses has this change, which is probably a key step to adapt to human hosts. There is also a second possibility that three of the five sequenced 1918 viruses have another change in their HA sequence that enhances the binding of human receptors.

This means that at least two H1N1 receptor-binding mutants spread in 1918: one shows high affinity with human receptor and the other shows mixed high affinity with avian/human receptor. But there is no geographical or chronological indication that one of the variants is the precursor of the other.Did these viruses have the same transmission ability in 1918, did they have the same replication pattern in the respiratory tree, and did they spread the same virus in the first and third epidemics? Are unknown.

In a series of in vivo experiments, recombinant genes containing gene fragments 1 and 5 of 1918 virus have been produced. These recombinants with 1918 HA/NA showed high pathogenicity in mice. In addition, the microarray analysis of gene expression in lung tissue of these mice showed that cell apoptosis, tissue damage and oxidation were all related to the expression of such genes. These findings are unexpected, because the virus with 1918 gene has not adapted to mice; The control group (mice infected with other modern human viruses) showed little pathogenicity and virus replication. Mice infected with 1918 HA/NA recombinant showed necrosis of bronchial and alveolar epithelium and obvious inflammatory infiltration in their lungs, which indicated that 1918 HA (and possibly NA) contained pathogenic factors for mice. It is not clear whether the pathogenicity of mice can effectively simulate the pathogenicity of humans, and the potential role of other 1918 single or combined proteins is not clear. The researchers plan to further draw the genetic basis of the toxicity of the 1918 virus on other animal models. These experiments may help to determine the pathogenic components of the 1918 virus, but it is impossible to determine whether it is the main factor in the death pattern of the 1918 influenza.

Why did the 1918 virus kill so many healthy young people?

From the historical experience, the flu death curve by age has been U-shaped for at least 150 years (Figure 2), which shows the peak of death in childhood and old age, and the death rate in the middle age group is lower. On the contrary, the 1918 flu showed a unique pattern, a "W-shaped" curve that had never been recorded, and there was another death peak among people aged about 20-40.During 1918-1919, the mortality rate of people aged 15-34 suffering from influenza and pneumonia was more than 20 times higher than in previous years. Nearly half of the 1918 flu deaths came from people aged 20-40, which was unique to the 1918 flu.

Another unique point is that the mortality rate of people under 65 years old is much higher than that of people over 65 years old, and it accounts for 99% of the flu deaths in 1918. In comparison, the mortality rate of people under 65 years old accounted for 36% of the 1957 H2N2 influenza and 48% of the 1968 H3N2 influenza.

　

Figure 2 Mortality rate of influenza and pneumonia per 100,000 population of all ages in the United States from 1911 to 1918.

Further dividing the influenza mortality curve by age, we can clearly see that the prevalence rate of people under 35 years old is very high (Figure 3-a), but there is still a W-shaped death peak among young people, which is obviously different from the U-shaped curve of influenza in 1928-1929 (Figure 3-c). The same 1918 flu, the prevalence rate of 5 ~ 14 years old is also high, but the mortality rate is much lower (Figure 3-a/b). In order to explain this model, we must jump out of the host and environmental factors and look further, which may include immunopathological factors (such as increased antibody-dependent infection associated with virus exposure) and other risk factors (such as concurrent infection, drugs used and environmental factors). See figure 3.

Fig. 3 Community survey results of American public health institutions in 8 states in 1918.
Note: Figures A, B and C show the prevalence rate, mortality rate and mortality rate of influenza and pneumonia in different age groups respectively.

There is a theory that can partially explain these findings. The 1918 virus is highly toxic, but for patients born before 1889, that is, people who are over 35 years old and have been exposed to the virus at that time, they have obtained partial immune protection against the 1918 virus. But there is a paradox in this theory: this nameless virus precursor must have appeared before 1889, and then reappeared 30 years later, but no trace has been found today.

Epidemiological data collected from 1900 to 1918 provided good evidence for the emergence of a new antigenic virus in 1918. It shows that from 1900 to 1917, the age group of 5 to 15 years old accounted for 11% of the total number of influenza cases, while the age group over 65 years old accounted for 6% of the total number of influenza cases. However, in 1918, the age group of 5-15 years jumped to 25% of the total number of influenza cases, while the age group over 65 years accounted for only 0.6% of the total number of influenza cases. This is consistent with the results of protective immunity obtained by previous exposure to the same or related viruses, and the mortality data is also consistent. In 1918, the number of deaths from influenza and pneumonia in the age group over 75 was less than that in 1911-1917 before the pandemic. At the other end of the age group (Figure 2), the infant mortality rate in 1918 was similar to other pandemic patterns.

Will the 1918 flu reappear? If so, what should I do?

As far as the course of disease and pathology are concerned, the 1918 influenza pandemic is different from the historical pandemic only in degree, not in species.Despite the large number of deaths worldwide, most infected people (> 95% from industrialized countries) are mild, which is not much different from today’s influenza. In addition, the experimental results of recombinant influenza virus containing 1918 virus gene show that 1918 virus and 1918-like virus are as sensitive to the anti-influenza drugs rimantadine and oseltamivir (approved by FDA) as other typical influenza viruses.

However, the 1918 flu has some characteristics of its own: in particular, the mortality rate is 5 ~ 20 times higher than expected. From the clinical and pathological point of view, these high mortality rates seem to be caused by many factors, including a higher proportion of severe respiratory infections (organ failure not caused by influenza); In addition, death cases are concentrated in an unusually young age group; Finally, in 1918, three influenza epidemics appeared one after another at an unusually rapid speed. Each feature may reflect the genetic characteristics of the 1918 virus, but to understand them, it is necessary to check the host and environment.

Until we can’t determine which factors lead to the influenza pandemic and high mortality rate, these can only be guesses. We can only come to the conclusion that since it has happened before, similar conditions may lead to the same serious pandemic.

Like the virus in 1918, H5N1 is an avian virus, although it is a distant relative. The reasons for the evolutionary path of the 1918 pandemic are completely unknown, but it seems to be different from the current H5N1 situation in many aspects. No matter the 1918 pandemic or any other infectious disease pandemic, there is no historical data showing the existence of a pandemic "precursor virus", which led to the outbreak of highly pathogenic infection in poultry; There is no historical data to prove that highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, including other virus subtypes such as H5N1, can cause human epidemics, let alone pandemics.

Effective human-to-human transmission is the main prerequisite for the emergence of pandemic.Although the adaptation of influenza viruses to human cells (such as receptor binding) has begun to be understood at the molecular level, how various influenza viruses adapt to humans is not completely clear at present. In 1918, the virus acquired the characteristics of adapting to human beings, but at present, we have no way to know whether the H5N1 virus will acquire the ability of human-to-human transmission in a parallel process. Although the data about the 1918 virus has increased geometrically in the past ten years, we don’t know much more about the 2006 influenza pandemic than about the risk of the 1976 H1N1 "swine flu" epidemic.

Even with modern antiviral drugs, vaccines, and knowledge of infectious disease prevention, if there is another virus like 1918, it may still kill more than 100 million people all over the world. An outbreak of a pandemic virus with high pathogenicity potential, such as the recent H5N1 virus, may cause more deaths.

No matter the virus, host or environmental factors, the virus of the first wave in 1918 had nothing to do with the abnormal pathogenicity of the second and third waves. And more, identify the virulence models of the first wave of influenza RNA positive cases from different gene sequences; Identification of human influenza RNA samples before 1918 is helpful to understand the time when the 1918 virus appeared; The observation and sequencing of a large number of animal influenza viruses will help us to understand the genetic basis of adapting to the host and the natural reservoir range of influenza. Generally speaking, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of the 1918 influenza from the aspects of history, epidemiology and biology in order to answer many unsolved mysteries.

Acknowledgement:This article was reviewed by Dr. Zhu Xun, a famous immunologist and an expert of the former National New Drug Advisory Committee. I sincerely thank Mr. Zhu for his careful guidance!

Translation: Shi Junxin　

Editor: Ginger

　　BEIJING, April 24 (Xinhua) On the morning of the 24th, the Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council held a regular press conference. Spokesperson Ma Guang Xiao answered reporters’ questions on the recent 2020 election in Taiwan Province, Tsai Ing-Wen’s "Taiwan independence" remarks, cross-strait exchanges, and the draft amendment to the Regulations on People’s Relations across the Taiwan Strait. Ma Xiaoguang said that the mainland has never intervened in the elections in Taiwan Province, and the Democratic Progressive Party authorities have constantly obstructed and restricted the exchanges and contacts between compatriots on both sides of the strait, suppressed the voice calling for cross-strait reunification, raised cross-strait opposition, and exposed its true features of seeking one-party interests and seeking "Taiwan independence".

　　Profile photo: Guo Taiming, chairman of Taiwan Province Hon Hai Group, decided to participate in the primary election of 2020. Zhongxin.com reporter Li Junshe

　　[Talking about the 2020 election: the statement of "mainland intervention" is sheer nonsense]

　　Tsai Ing-Wen said a few days ago that in the "general election" in 2020, Kuomintang candidates appeared in South Korea’s Yu and Guo Taiming successively. She did not believe that the mainland did not intervene. Ma Xiaoguang said that we have emphasized many times that we have never been involved in elections in Taiwan Province. Democratic Progressive Party authorities are used to spreading slanderous words and spreading rumors to discredit the mainland. The question of Taiwan Province is an internal affair of China, and no external interference is allowed. The so-called "mainland intervention" is sheer nonsense with ulterior motives.

　　[Criticism of Tsai Ing-Wen’s "Taiwan independence" remarks: undermining the peaceful development of the two sides of the strait]

　　In an interview a few days ago, Tsai Ing-Wen declared that he did not accept the "1992 Consensus" and insisted on the so-called "sovereign independence", saying that "maintaining the status quo" means maintaining the so-called "independence" status quo. Ma Xiaoguang pointed out that the remarks made by the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party authorities were unsolicited, exposing a political plot to overthrow the common political foundation of the "1992 Consensus" and undermine the peaceful development of cross-strait relations, and fully demonstrating that the Democratic Progressive Party authorities are the makers of cross-strait conflicts, the saboteurs of peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait and the injurers of the interests of the people in Taiwan Province.

　　In addition, Li Yi, a mainland American scholar who was invited to visit Taiwan, was expelled from the country by the Taiwan authorities a few days ago. Tsai Ing-Wen said, "If people from mainland China come to Taiwan to promote &lsquo; One country, two systems &rsquo; 、&lsquo; Unification by force &rsquo; Wait, control measures should be taken to refuse entry when necessary. " Ma Xiaoguang said that for some time, the Democratic Progressive Party authorities have constantly obstructed and restricted the exchanges and contacts between compatriots on both sides of the strait, suppressed the voice calling for reunification on both sides of the strait, raised cross-strait opposition, and exposed their true colors of seeking one-party interests and "Taiwan independence".

　　On April 14th, local time, South Korea Yu, Mayor of Kaohsiung, Taiwan Province, delivered a speech in Los Angeles, talking about his political career. China News Service reporter Zhang Yushe

　　[Comment on South Korea’s remarks on Yu’s visit to the United States: Cross-strait affairs should be discussed by family members]

　　South Korea Yu said during his visit to the United States a few days ago, "Taiwan Province &lsquo; National defense &rsquo; Relying on the United States, technology depends on Japan, and the market depends on the mainland. " In this regard, Ma Guang Xiao emphasized that compatriots on both sides of the strait are a family, and cross-strait affairs are the family affairs of compatriots on both sides of the strait, which should be handled by family members through consultation. I hope all Chinese people, including Taiwan Province compatriots, will conform to the historical trend, share the national justice, firmly hold the national destiny in their own hands, and create a bright future for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　[On the Draft Amendment to the Regulations on Cross-Strait People’s Relations: Ruining the Future of Taiwan Province]

　　The "Draft Amendment to the Regulations on People’s Relations between the Two Sides of the Taiwan Strait" recently passed by Taiwan’s administrative authorities, in which it is proposed to add that "the signing of political agreements through cross-strait negotiations should be subject to double deliberation and referendum by the legislature" and stipulate that "it shall not be an item of agreement". Ma Xiaoguang pointed out that the Democratic Progressive Party authorities violated the common aspiration of compatriots on both sides of the strait for peace and development for the sake of one party and one self-interest. The peaceful development of cross-strait relations is the common aspiration and common interest of compatriots on both sides of the strait. Everything that is beneficial to the interests of compatriots on both sides of the strait and the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation should be vigorously promoted.

　　On April 17th, Chief Executive Chui Sai On (right) of the Macao Special Administrative Region met with James Soong, Chairman of the People First Party, at the government headquarters. The two sides exchanged views on deepening exchanges and cooperation between the two places and promoting Taiwan Province compatriots to participate in the construction of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area in the future. China News Agency issued Zhong Xin photo

　　[The Taiwan authorities distorted James Soong’s delegation’s visit to Hong Kong and Macao: obstructing exchanges and cooperation]

　　A few days ago, James Soong, Chairman of the People First Party, led a delegation to visit Hong Kong and Macao to enter the Liaison Office of the two places and met with the directors of the Liaison Office of the two places respectively. The Mainland Affairs Council claimed that the mainland arranged this trip with the intention of "united front" and eliminating the so-called "sovereignty of Taiwan Province". Ma Xiaoguang pointed out that James Soong led a delegation to visit Hong Kong and Macao, and the heads of the Liaison Offices in Hong Kong and Macao met with him respectively, which was a normal exchange. Democratic Progressive Party authorities distorted and slandered, fully exposing their attempts to obstruct cross-strait exchanges and cooperation with Hong Kong and Macao and harm the interests and well-being of compatriots.

　　On September 13, 2018, Luo Tianhao, a Taiwan compatriot who worked in chengdu normal university for five years, took over the residence permit of Taiwan Province residents from the staff. China News Service reporter An Yuan photo

　　[Taiwan people’s residence permit in the mainland has not been declared or the practice of being punished by the Taiwan authorities is unpopular]

　　A few days ago, the Taiwan Province Affairs Council worked out to issue an administrative order in the second half of the year, stipulating that people who receive mainland residence permits must declare voluntarily, or they will be punished. Ma Xiaoguang said that the mainland issued residence permits to Taiwan Province compatriots in order to meet the needs of Taiwan Province compatriots, which was a good thing to benefit Taiwan and the people, and was also welcomed by the vast number of Taiwan Province compatriots. For the sake of one-party interests, the Democratic Progressive Party authorities are everywhere against the interests of our compatriots in Taiwan Province and sabotage the good deeds of our compatriots in Taiwan Province. This is unpopular and will not succeed.

　　[The mayor of Taixian County came to the mainland to communicate and meet the needs of the people]

　　Recently, many county mayors in Taiwan Province visited the mainland for exchanges. Ma Xiaoguang pointed out that the mayor of Taiwan county came to the mainland to meet the needs of the people. We are willing to continue exchanges and cooperation with Taiwanese counties and cities in various fields on the basis of adhering to the "1992 Consensus" to enhance the well-being of Taiwan Province compatriots.

　　[Encourage Taiwanese enterprises to invest in the mainland without discrimination]

　　Want Want Group, a Taiwan-funded enterprise, has issued a statement to refute the report that it has received high government subsidies in the mainland and tried to "smear and discredit" the enterprise. Ma Xiaoguang said, over the years, we have encouraged and supported Taiwan-funded enterprises to invest and start businesses in the mainland, and taken active measures to provide them with various conveniences and equal treatment, so as to share the opportunities for development in the mainland and help them achieve greater and better development in the mainland. Our policy is inclusive, in accordance with laws and regulations, and all Taiwan Province enterprises are treated equally.

　　The 2019 China Beijing World Horticultural Exposition will be held in Yanqing, Beijing from April 29th to October 7th. China News Service reporter Hou Yushe

　　[Introduction to two activities: the Straits Forum is well prepared, and the Taiwan Province Garden of the World Expo has its own characteristics]

　　When introducing the situation of the 2019 Straits Forum, Ma Xiaoguang said that the 11th Straits Forum will be held in Fujian Province on June 15th, and will continue to focus on and serve grassroots people and youth groups. At present, all preparations are progressing smoothly. Taiwan Province compatriots are welcome to actively participate in this forum, and media friends on both sides of the strait are also welcome to report.

　　Regarding the 2019 China Beijing World Horticultural Exposition to be held in Yanqing District, Beijing on April 29th, Ma Xiaoguang said that at the invitation of the Beijing World Horticultural Exposition Bureau, Taiwan Province Garden covers an area of 2,000 square meters, which is divided into six landscape nodes: Xiangshan, Orchid, Time Road, Sun Moon Lake, farmland and mountain top. The garden is very attractive with Taiwan Province characteristics.