上海后花园论坛|爱上海419论坛|上海夜生活论坛|上海品茶网

With the RCEP agreement finally settled this month, the economic and trade relations between East Asia and Southeast Asia will become closer in the foreseeable future. Under the background of the successful election of US Democratic candidate Biden in the 2020 presidential election, Japan, as the current leader of CPTPP and a signatory of RCEP, its diplomatic choice in the future is also of concern. Will Suga Yoshihide’s cabinet follow the trend and emphasize economic and trade cooperation with countries in Asia, or will it return to its foreign policy during the Obama administration of the Democratic Party and seek coordination with the east coast of the Pacific through the TPP framework? At present, when the argument of the new cold war is raging, we may be able to glimpse some clues of Japan’s current decision-making by reviewing Japan’s diplomatic choices in the cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union in the twentieth century.

As we all know, Japan and China did not establish formal diplomatic relations for a quarter of a century from 1949 to 1972. Although the two countries managed to develop and maintain some trade.【1】However, under the background that the United States pursues a containment policy towards the communist countries in Asia, Japan’s contact policy with China, Vietnam (North Vietnam) and even countries that pursue neutrality in Southeast Asia has experienced considerable repetitions. However, Japan’s economic assistance to pro-American countries in the region, such as Indonesia after Suharto’s coup in 1965 and Malaysia, which suppressed its own communist struggle for a long time, has long been regarded by scholars in the history of international relations as evidence that Japan follows the American policy in Asia.

However, with the gradual declassification of diplomatic documents from 1950s to 1960s, the assertion that Japan was simply classified as a follower of American containment strategy in the past was questioned to a considerable extent. Through these diplomatic documents, we can see that many of Japan’s early engagement policies with China, such as breaking the trade ban on China (CHINCOM) and providing export loans to China through state-owned export-import banks, directly challenged the American strategy in Asia. At the same time, Japan’s strategic conception in Southeast Asia, that is, the strategy of establishing Japan-Southeast Asia manufacturing industry chain, is also obviously opposed to the American conception of Japan as a supplier of consumer goods in Southeast Asia. The author also wants to point out that this opposition not only appeared in the cabinet of Ichiro Hatoyama and Ikeda Hayato, which were relatively pro-China and neutral, but also appeared in the cabinet of Kishi Nobusuke and Eisaku Satō, which were traditionally considered pro-American and anti-China. In other words, the pursuit of post-war Asian policy independence is the consensus of the Japanese ruling group and will not change because of the change of Japan-US relations. In this paper, the author will sort out the diplomatic documents between the United States and Japan from the Bandung Conference in 1955 to the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Japan in 1972 to illustrate Japan’s entanglement and hesitation in the pro-American/independent diplomatic routes. The upper part will mainly describe the diplomatic confrontation between China, Japan and the United States before the Bandung Conference in 1955 and the Sino-Japanese LT Trade Agreement in 1961, while the lower part will mainly describe the political turmoil in Southeast Asian countries since 1960, as well as the influence of different routes of struggle between Japan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of International Trade and Industry on Japan-US foreign policy.

Sino-Japanese Contact in Bandung Conference in 1955 and Japan’s Idea of "Returning to Asia"

If we try to find the origin of Japan’s postwar foreign policy toward Asia, a historical node that can hardly be ignored is the Bandung Conference, which we are all familiar with, that is, the 1955 Asian-African Conference. Apart from the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence put forward by China at the Bandung Conference, Japan also got the opportunity to intervene in regional politics again through this conference. Despite the strong opposition from the United States, Ichiro Hatoyama’s government sent a Japanese delegation headed by Tatsunosuke Takasaki, then Japan’s Minister of International Trade and Industry, to attend the meeting, and took this opportunity to realize informal contacts between China and Japan.

The Japanese delegation is headed by Tatsunosuke Takasaki (second from left).

Japan’s diplomatic decision to participate in the Bandung Conference was made against the background of its domestic economic recovery. With the smooth progress of Japan’s economic recovery in the mid-1950s, when Ichiro Hatoyama became prime minister in 1955, Japan had generally returned to the highest level of the pre-war economy. Hatoyama confidently declared in Congress that Japan’s "post-war era" was over. In his view, the urgent task of the Japanese government is to re-establish Japan’s position in the international community and conduct diplomacy that is more in line with Japan’s interests. Under the guidance of this thought, Ichiro Hatoyama’s government hoped to adopt a softer diplomatic stance, and put forward the idea that Japan would intervene in Asian geopolitics as a "window between the East and the West".

On the other hand, in 1955, China also had a political basis for seeking cooperation extensively in diplomacy. It is true that both the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea in 1951 -1953 and the efforts of China’s military advisory group headed by Chen Geng in Dien Bien Fuk’s triumph in 1954 clearly showed that China would be committed to opposing the imperialist intervention of western countries in neighboring countries. However, when the war ended in 1953, the demand for resources necessary for domestic economic construction through foreign trade made China leaders adopt a very pragmatic diplomatic attitude on the international stage. European delegates to the Geneva Peace Conference in 1954 were surprised to find that China had adopted a foreign policy that was different from the previous one and centered on the economy. Similarly, at the Bandung Conference in 1955, Zhou Enlai also put forward suggestions for economic cooperation to Indonesian, Ceylon and Cambodian representatives, and promised that China would not seek interference and influence other countries’ internal affairs.

It is worth mentioning that the candidates for the Japanese delegation to the Bandung Conference are worth pondering, and can also reflect Japan’s consideration of its international status at that time to some extent. Tatsunosuke Takasaki, the head of the delegation, was appointed as the chief representative of Japan by Ichiro Hatoyama, not only because he has extensive contacts in the industry as a practical economic bureaucrat, so that he can represent Japan to discuss economic and trade cooperation with the countries present, but also reflects the long-standing Pan-Asian tradition in Japan. Whether it is the ruling Liberal Democratic Party after the war or the Japanese industry, before Japan’s defeat and surrender in the first half of the 20th century, quite a few people participated in Japan’s aggression and expansion in Southeast Asia, China and the Korean Peninsula, and were influenced by the so-called "Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Circle" theory, so they had intuitive feelings and experiences on the economic integration of Japan and Asia. Because the United States relaxed its responsibility for the old Japanese decision makers in Germany and Japan for the needs of the Cold War after the war, these former decision makers who were once expelled as war criminals from politics and business were able to once again enter the decision-making level of Japan. No matter Tatsunosuke Takasaki in politics, Kishi Nobusuke and Masayoshi Ohira, who became prime ministers after Hatoyama, Yoshisaburo Higasaki, the foreign minister in the Shore Cabinet, or Kaheita Okazaki and Yoshisuke Yukawa in industry, they all participated in Japan’s actions to support the puppet Manchukuo and Wang puppet regimes as economic bureaucrats during the Japanese invasion of China. These people who worked in the Puppet Manchukuo and Manchuria Railway Corporation formed a "Manchurian network" group across the political and business circles in Japan because of their common experience after the war.As the members of this group came back to power with the acquiescence of the United States after the war, Japan’s pre-war concept of pan-Asianism regained its influence in the decision-making level. In other words, Japan’s diplomatic inertia formed in the first half of the twentieth century was also continued in Japan’s foreign policy in 1955, which was embodied in re-establishing Japan’s influence in regional affairs by emphasizing "returning to Asia". Therefore, Takasaki’s participation in the Bandung Conference on behalf of Japan can be described as the epitome of this strategic consideration at the personnel level.

Of course, Takasaki cannot be simply classified as a supporter of the old Japanese policy. In Japan’s post-war political map, the most striking feature of Takasaki is that as a promoter of "diplomacy with communist countries"-Takasaki also participated in Japan’s diplomatic coordination with the Soviet Union, and participated in and promoted the negotiation of Japan-Soviet fishery agreement with Soviet Deputy Prime Minister mikoyan for three times in 1956, 1960 and 1962. At the Bandung Conference, Takasaki seized the opportunity to hold two secret talks with Premier Zhou Enlai, who also attended the conference, and reached a consensus on Sino-Japanese trade and civil goodwill. This has also become an important basis for Japan’s contact with China after 1955. After Bandung, China and Japan shared common interests on the decolonization of Asia and possible economic cooperation in the Pan-Asian region. After the meeting between Zhou Enlai and Takasaki, the two countries made serious efforts to deepen economic ties. In 1957, Japan and China signed two agreements, allowing China to export raw materials in exchange for industrial products and equipment. Although Sino-Japanese trade was interrupted after 1958 due to the Nagasaki flag incident, the trade between the two countries began to resume in 1961, and Japan became China’s largest import source country in 1964 (Table 1).

Of course, Japan’s performance at the Bandung Conference can not be simply described as "pro-China", but can be the best footnote for the country to wander between pro-America and independence. As early as before the opening of the Bandung Conference, Japanese Foreign Minister Shigemitsu Mamoru, with officials from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, strongly opposed Hatoyama’s decision to attend the Conference. Although Hatoyama insisted on sending a delegation to attend the Bandung Conference in the end, Shigemitsu Mamoru appointed Toshiichi Kakuba of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as the deputy representative of the Japanese delegation. It is precisely because of the communication between Kasai and Shigemitsu Mamoru that the meeting between Takasaki and Zhou Enlai was known by the US, and then pressure was exerted to cancel the third secret meeting between Zhou Enlai and Takasaki originally scheduled during the meeting. In other words, the opposition between pro-American bureaucrats and contact bureaucrats in the Japanese government has caused considerable constraints on the contact policy with China/the Soviet Union that Ichiro Hatoyama’s cabinet has been adhering to.

This contradiction between the pro-American faction and the independent diplomatic faction within the Japanese government is also reflected in the policy level, which is embodied in the Japanese delegation’s dependence on American capital and dollars in the economic proposal at the Bandung Conference. At the Bandung Conference, Japan put forward several economic issues: for example, establishing an Asian Payment Union to introduce foreign capital for Asian economic construction and solve the payment problem in bilateral trade, and establishing a permanent Asian Economic Cooperation Union to discuss regional economic development. This proposal received opposition from China and Indian countries. This is because the Asian Payment Union proposed by Japan will use the US dollar as the reserve currency. In the eyes of India, a former British colony, an Asian system based on the pound will be more beneficial to it. According to the telegram sent by Li Kenong to Ye Jizhuang on April 22, 1955, the representative of China was also deeply worried about the US dollar entering Southeast Asia through this Japanese channel. Li Kenong’s report reflects China’s judgment that whether the payment system is based on British pound or US dollar, it will pose a great threat to the independence of Asian countries. At the same time, due to the lack of sufficient foreign currency reserves, China will fall into diplomatic passivity in any system. At the same time, China is also wary of the possible role of the United States behind Japanese economic expansion in Asia. Zhou Enlai’s report to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China after Bandung Conference clearly reflected this attitude. In Zhou Enlai’s report of April 30th,China believes that Japan’s massive dumping in the Southeast Asian market is supported and encouraged by the US government, and its purpose is to establish economic control over Southeast Asia. In other words, China’s understanding of Japan is based on its awareness that it can’t get rid of being the executor of American Asian strategy whether it is voluntary or not.

Coincidentally, Japanese officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs are also full of anxiety about industrial competition from China: according to the report of the China Division of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs on July 23, 1959, Japanese diplomats believe that the trade competition between China and Japan in the "free countries" in Southeast Asia has become increasingly fierce since 1955. In their view, China’s free aid and cheap exports to Southeast Asia pose a threat to Japan’s market share, and the signing of a series of "barter" agreements, such as the rice-for-textiles agreement between China and Myanmar and the rice-for-rubber trade agreement with Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), is a major challenge to Japan’s trade system based on international money and credit. Judging from these diplomatic documents in the 1950s, there are indeed voices within China and Japan to build each other’s strategic intentions based on the reality of the Cold War.

Japan-US Dispute Centered on Southeast Asian Policy

Then, is Japan, as previously recognized by academic circles, a follower of the United States to exert economic influence on Southeast Asia, thus curbing China’s influence in this region? Traditional academic circles believe that Japan gave up its diplomatic efforts to seek neutrality after the Kishi Nobusuke administration came to power in 1957, and instead expanded Japan’s economic interests in the western camp through the Japan-US alliance, and at the same time expanded Japan’s local economic influence with the help of the expansion of the United States in Southeast Asia. This assertion that Japan’s foreign policy is described as "hitchhiking" widely appears in the works of Japanese and American scholars.【2】. In this understanding, Japan is a staunch supporter of the United States, and the high consistency of interests between the two countries in Southeast Asia is an important cornerstone of this cooperation.

However, this argument has been challenged with the declassification of the latest diplomatic documents: since 1955, Japan has been obsessed with promoting economic integration with Southeast Asia, which is not in line with the national interests of the United States in the eyes of American decision-making groups. In Japan’s view, the key to Japan’s post-war rise lies in industrial transformation, that is, from low value-added manufacturing industries (such as textiles and food processing industries) to high value-added manufacturing industries (chemical industry, steel industry, shipbuilding industry). This process not only needs Japan to open the markets of western countries, but also needs to establish the industrial chains of Japan and Southeast Asian countries, obtain the markets, raw materials and primary processed products from the latter, and export technical standards to integrate them into the Japanese-led economic cycle. However, for the United States, Southeast Asia is the frontier of the struggle with China and the Soviet Union, and it is a neutral zone that may fall to the communist camp like a domino at any time. In the eyes of American policy makers, the support for Southeast Asia must focus on all kinds of direct assistance, such as food and consumer goods that people can directly use and military training and equipment against communist party revolutionaries. In this process, Japan should become a "quartermaster of a democratic country", while the United States, as an "arsenal of a democratic country", provides consumer goods and military assistance to the pro-American regime in Southeast Asia. In this sense, the United States and Japan have quite different ideas about Southeast Asia.

The starting point of this opposition is the Bandung Conference in 1955. The Asian Payment Union and the Asian Development Commune proposed by Japan at the meeting are not without warning. Tatsunosuke Takasaki himself submitted a proposal to Eisenhower as the Minister of International Trade and Industry of Japan before the meeting, seeking the support of the United States for Japan to establish economic cooperation in Southeast Asia. In this diplomatic document issued on March 9, 1955, Takasaki tried to persuade the United States to provide part of the reserve funds for the Asian payment union envisaged by Japan (according to Takasaki’s vision, the payment union needs to inject about 200 million US dollars from outside every year). Another noteworthy Japanese position is Japan’s position as a middleman in the aid sent by the United States to Southeast Asia. In this proposal, Takasaki proposed to the United States that in order to support Japan’s economic development, the United States should hand over American raw materials (such as grain and cotton) to Japan for processing and then transport them to Southeast Asia as food and textiles.

Corresponding to Japan’s active promotion of this plan, the attitude of the United States towards these two proposals is quite cold. Neither Eisenhower’s regime nor Kennedy/Johnson’s regime supported Japan’s plan. In Eisenhower’s view, Japan’s economic integration in Southeast Asia will be a huge waste of American resources: for the United States, which is seeking to curb the expansion of communist regimes on a global scale, instead of providing a lot of funds to support economic diplomacy that cannot be effective in a short time, it is better to use more resources to support countries that clearly express their pro-American stance and prevent these regimes from being overthrown by their own insurgents through direct consumer goods and military assistance. For the U.S. government, which just experienced diplomatic failure to Vietnam at the Geneva Peace Conference in 1954 and increased blood transfusion to the government of Wu Tingyan in South Vietnam after the conference, the Japanese proposal is unattractive.

However, Japan has not given up its idea, but its diplomatic efforts will not change the attitude of the United States in the next few years. In 1957, Ichiro Hatoyama’s cabinet, which adhered to the contact policy, was dissolved, and pro-American Kishi Nobusuke came to power. In that year, he visited the United States to seek American support for his regime. During the negotiation with Eisenhower, Kishi Nobusuke once again put forward the Japanese idea of establishing an Asian payment union, and hoped that the United States would give a clear statement and direct financial support. According to the record of the talks between the two sides on June 19, 1957, Eisenhower flatly rejected Kishi Nobusuke’s proposal and pointed out that "[Although] we understand Japan’s position, the resources of the United States for Southeast Asia are limited. Any support must be realistic and affordable. " Even at the meeting of the Operation Coordination Board on September 25th, Eisenhower Administration directly stated that any idea of establishing a common development fund in Southeast Asia was unrealistic. The differences between the United States and Japan on this issue can be seen at a glance.

The differences between the two sides also extended to the subsequent regimes of the two countries. The signing of the US-Kishi Nobusuke security agreement in 1960 triggered large-scale public protests, which eventually led to the downfall of the Japanese government. Kishi Nobusuke was succeeded by Ikeda Hayato, who was born in the Ministry of International Trade and Industry. It was during Ikeda’s cabinet period that Japan launched the "Income Multiplication Plan" aimed at vigorously promoting the development of the national economy, and made it clear that Japan’s economic development must rely on the output of industries. In 1962, Japan passed the Temporary Measures for the Revitalization of Specific Industries Act, and regarded the export of steel, automobile and oil industries as Japan’s core interests. Under this policy, Japan began to actively seek industrial integration with Southeast Asia, and achieved certain diplomatic achievements in the World War II compensation agreement with the government of Su Jianuo, Indonesia, that is, by compensating Japanese-made equipment, helping Indonesia to train technicians, and providing interest-free/low-interest export credit to purchase Japanese equipment, the export of Japanese industrial technical standards was realized.

For the United States, Japan’s economic development is commendable, but its vision for Southeast Asia does not meet expectations. In 1961, Rusk Dean, Secretary of State of the Kennedy Administration, visited Japan and held consultations with Japan for several days in Hakone. During the consultation on November 3rd, Eisaku Satō, then Japanese Minister of International Trade and Industry (later Prime Minister) and Kenji Fukunaga, then Japanese Minister of Labor, made sharp questions to the US side, questioning the rationality of the US policy towards Southeast Asia. The former accuses the United States of being meaningless in supporting Southeast Asia except "helping some regional leaders to build their own statues", while the latter demands that rusk clearly explain the position that the United States regards Japan as its Asian policy "agent". During the three-day consultations, Japan’s attitude was very clear: the United States should abandon its rigid Asian policy and fully accept Japan’s proposition of economic integration in Southeast Asia.

In contrast to Japan’s questioning, the United States has never given in to its position. Deputy Secretary of State Fuller and Freeman rejected Japan’s proposal to develop supporting industries of heavy chemical industry in Southeast Asia, but stressed the need to support agriculture and light and small industries in Southeast Asia. Rusk pointed out more bluntly that if Japan wants to continue to be an intermediate country of American aid to Southeast Asia, it must follow the position of the United States and only give aid funds to regimes with clear pro-American and anti-communist positions. At the same time, Japan’s contacts with neutral countries such as Myanmar and Indonesia will not be included in the direct support of the United States. Although this meeting was finally praised as an important achievement in deepening the understanding between the United States and Japan in public reports, the declassified meeting documents exposed the huge differences between the two sides. The differences between the two countries’ positions on Southeast Asia continued until the coup in Suharto in 1965 and the comprehensive escalation of the Vietnam War.

Solution: an analysis of the differences in Asian policies between the United States and Japan

So, what caused the diplomatic differences between the United States and Japan from 1955 to 1965? The author will discuss the internal affairs and regional politics of the two countries respectively. On the one hand, in the markets of developing countries, Japan is facing a common impact from the East and West camps. Whether it is the "barter" trade agreement between China and the Soviet Union and Southeast Asian countries, or the advantages of European and American countries in technology and capital, Japan’s actions to expand overseas markets are facing fierce competition. However, the crisis also contains a huge turning point: with the vigorous development of anti-colonial struggles (which are often led by communists) after the war, new nation-states have sprung up, and there has been a vacuum in the colonial market that was firmly controlled by Britain and France. For these emerging countries, it has become an important demand to get rid of the dependence on the former sovereign state economically and promote industrialization independently. For Japan, the reshuffle of Southeast Asia has become a godsend opportunity to pursue its own industrial upgrading and overseas trade share. From this point of view, it is even more natural for Japan to participate in the Bandung Conference and make friends with China, which has good relations with revolutionaries in Southeast Asian countries.

On the other hand, for Japan, the decade that began in 1955 was also a decade when Japan tried to integrate into the western economic system, and in the process, Japan paid a huge price. Some industries that flourished after the war, such as textiles and organic chemicals, were impacted by the protectionist policies of western countries, which made it difficult to develop in European and American markets. Since 1958, Japan’s textile exports to the United States have even been subjected to tariff repression and anti-dumping investigations by the United States. At the same time, Japan is also seeking to join the western economic clubs, namely the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the General Agreement on Tariffs (GATT). In the negotiations, Japan was explicitly asked to make concessions, open its market to countries in the same camp and stop protecting its industries with tariffs. Japan’s economic liberalization reached its peak in 1965: Sato’s cabinet assured the United States that it would provide Voluntary Export Restriction for Japanese textiles and promised to open 90% of the Japanese market as the price of joining the OECD. In other words, from 1955 to 1965, Japan integrated into the western economic system at great cost, and in order to maintain the competitiveness of Japanese industries, Japan must race against time to cultivate its own industrial alliances in other markets to cope with the competition from Europe and the United States. It is precisely because of this that Japanese industrial giants have also become the main force to promote Sino-Japanese trade negotiations and Japan’s investment in Southeast Asia.Both Kurashiki Silk Weaving Co., Ltd. (today’s Kolili Kuraray Co., Ltd.), a giant in textile and chemical industry, and Hitachi Group, an equipment manufacturing industry, actively supported the policy of engagement with China and Southeast Asia put forward by Japanese economic bureaucrats headed by Takasaki, and even directly participated in the negotiation process.　

If for Japan, the postwar foreign policy was mainly influenced by economic factors, then for the United States, the leader of the western camp, it was mainly political factors that influenced its Asian policy in the 1950s. Whether it was the stalemate of the Korean War in 1953 or the military victory of North Vietnam against France under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh in 1954, the United States began to seriously examine China’s geopolitical influence in Asia, and then looked at Southeast Asia with a very conservative and skeptical eye, fearing that a communist revolution would emerge from any Southeast Asian country that swept the whole region.【3】. In the case that Southeast Asia may enter the communist camp at any time, Japan’s proposal to develop Southeast Asia’s industries is naturally inappropriate in the eyes of American policymakers. In contrast, it is more in line with the national interests of the United States in the eyes of American policy makers to directly provide food, consumer goods and military assistance to pro-American countries in Southeast Asia through policies such as the Food for Peace Act (Public Law 480). In this scenario, Japan, as an American ally with the most developed production capacity in East Asia, is naturally entrusted with the task of "quartermaster of democratic countries". From Eisenhower’s regime to Johnson’s regime, such cognition has always had a huge market among decision makers in the State Council, USA. This situation was partially reversed until Nixon came to power and decided to end the Vietnam War and ease relations with China.

Of course, we can’t ignore the influence of European economic integration on Japan. The agreement of the European Economic Community (EEC) between France and West Germany, the Netherlands and Italy, which was signed in 1957, has obvious influence on Japanese policy makers. Not only because of the fierce competition between Europe and Japan in the global market, but also because the industrial integration policies pursued by the European Economic Community (such as jointly regulating agricultural prices, establishing common agricultural funds, and setting industrial standards) coincide with the policy blueprint that Takasaki and others hope to promote in Southeast Asia. In this case, it is not difficult to understand that Japanese policymakers feel a sense of crisis and work harder to promote similar agendas.

Conclusion and Prospect: Japan-US Relations in 1960s: From Disputes to Confluence

So far, this paper briefly combs the differences between Japan and the United States in Southeast Asia policy and China policy from the 1950s to the mid-1960s, and briefly analyzes the factors that may lead to these differences. As mentioned above, with the Indonesian coup in 1965 leading to the fall of the pro-China Su Jianuo regime, the differences between Japan and the United States will be bridged to some extent in the increasingly intensified Cold War confrontation in Southeast Asia, and the relations with China will be deteriorated to some extent. The second half of this paper will continue to trace back to Japan-US policies towards Southeast Asia after 1965, and focus on Japan’s domestic politics, especially the struggle between officials who support independence in the Ministry of International Trade and Industry and those who support coordination with the United States in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. At the same time, it will demonstrate what factors made the pro-American bureaucrats in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs finally overwhelm the technocrats in the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, and forced the latter to give part of the decision-making power to Japan’s foreign trade policy to the former.

[1] Japan signed a non-governmental trade agreement with the Republic in 1953. Before the Nagasaki incident in 1958, Japan signed four non-governmental trade agreements with China, and in 1958, it signed a Sino-Japanese iron and steel agreement to carry out exploratory cooperation in the field of industrial manufacturing. Although the trade relations between China and Japan were frozen after the Nagasaki incident in 1958, China and Japan signed the LT trade agreement through negotiations between Liao Chengzhi and Takasaki Tatsunosuke in 1962. Japan also became China’s largest trading country two years after the signing. This five-year trade agreement was renewed in 1967 and continued until the formal establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Japan in 1972.

[2] Representative scholars who hold this view, such as Chalmers Johnson, Warren Cohen, Miyagi, Tian Feng Long, etc.

[3] This view is often called Domino Theory, which emphasizes that countries with communist revolutions will have a huge demonstration effect on the surrounding areas and give birth to communist revolutions in other regions.

　　Comics/He Zhaoxia

　　Changsha Evening News All-Media Reporter Shu Wen

　　Not long ago, the official announcement of Changsha Education Bureau that "starting from April 25th, Changsha Primary School will resume classes at the wrong peak" made many parents of primary school students relieved. In sharp contrast to the joy of parents of primary school students, it seems difficult for parents of kindergarten students who have started school irregularly to calm down: their children will go to primary school in the second half of the year, and now they will enter May, and they will stay at home and watch TV and play games. Will it affect the connection between young and old? The time of children in large classes in the park is shortened, and the training institutions are not yet open. How can parents help their children to make a good connection at home? The reporter interviewed many senior kindergarten directors and well-known primary school principals in Changsha to give advice to parents.

　　Stories alleviate the anxiety of young children’s connection, and parents buy textbooks to learn first.

　　Although the Ministry of Education explicitly proposed "zero starting point" enrollment, at this time last year, many parents transferred their children to a young connecting institution to learn some primary school knowledge in advance to adapt to the schedule of primary schools because they were worried that their children would lose at the starting line. However, this year, affected by the epidemic, not only the start time of kindergarten has not been clear, but also the training institutions listed in the final approval list are waiting. Undeniably, the lack of home cooperation and training institutions to help, the pressure of young convergence naturally falls more on parents.

　　In such a special period, the days passed quietly while waiting, which made the heart of Ms. Shen, the parents of large kindergarten students, more and more tight. She originally planned to send her children to a training class when the school started in the spring to make up for the young connection. However, the school start time has not been fixed, and she and her husband have to work during the day, so the children can only be taken care of by the elderly, resulting in the children being in a state of stocking almost all day. "I’m really worried that the child will suddenly switch from playing now to studying after school. Can he adapt?"

　　Like Ms. Shen, Ms. Chen has her troubles. In the second half of this year, her children will become first-grade primary school students, which makes her happy and worried. Happily, children will enter a new stage of life; Worryingly, the kindergarten starts late, and the young connection pressure on her and her husband is not small. "This semester’s kindergarten study is basically abandoned, and how to prepare for the child’s young connection" tests Ms. Chen and her husband. In order to relieve anxiety, she bought a textbook for the first grade and last semester, and studied it with her husband first.

　　"We can’t be ignorant of his learning content." After some research, Ms. Chen is confident that her children can master this knowledge. She told reporters that from the end of February to the present, in accordance with the principle of combining work and rest, in addition to arranging Chinese, mathematics and English knowledge study for children, she also interspersed poetry reading, picture book reading, calligraphy practice, skipping rope, roller skating and other sports. "It is only tentative to let children do some knowledge reserves in advance, without any assessment." Ms. Chen said that studying in advance may make children more confident about going to primary school, but after entering primary school, children may not listen carefully because they understand.

　　The survey is worried that children can’t keep up with their studies, and over 60% of parents will report to the young bridging course.

　　At present, how to do a good job of connecting young children is not only an urgent problem for parents of kindergarten students in large classes, but also the focus of education departments. In order to understand parents’ understanding and confusion about the connection between young and old children and their adaptability in primary schools, so as to grasp the future direction of parents’ education, not long ago, under the guidance of Yuelu District Education Bureau, Bocai Education Group distributed questionnaires to 2,102 kindergarten parents in the form of online questionnaires. The survey shows that many parents have different puzzles about the connection between young and young.

　　Many parents are worried about whether their children can smoothly adapt to the study and life of primary schools after attending primary schools, such as whether they can concentrate on lectures, whether they can adapt to the teaching methods of primary school teachers, whether they can take good care of themselves, and whether they can get along well with their classmates. There are also parents who worry from themselves, such as not being able to pick up their children too early after school; There are also a few parents’ worries from schools, such as campus safety and campus violence.

　　When answering the question "You will enroll your child in the young bridging course", over 60% of parents said "Yes". Among them, 58.75% parents think it is "very necessary" because they are worried that their children can’t keep up with their studies; 6.47% of parents think that other children have gone to school and their children can’t fall behind. Another 20.08% of parents said that they would not report, on the grounds that they would teach.

　　In addition, many parents who participated in the survey have doubts about what should be prepared and done in the early childhood bridging education, so that children can smoothly transition from kindergarten to primary school, and how to cultivate their various habits and skills.

　　"Through the feedback of literature and questionnaires, we can know that parents’ understanding of young convergence has made great progress compared with previous years. They no longer simply think that young convergence is only to teach children to read and count, but more importantly, to cultivate children’s good study habits and living habits. However, parents still have doubts about specific measures." The relevant person in charge of Bocai Primary School said in the investigation report.

　　Young convergence of views ≠ Parents should be patient and wait for the children who have just entered the school.

　　So, what can parents do to help their children make a good connection? Well-known primary school principals and senior public kindergarten directors in Yuelu District expressed their views.

　　Peng Qingqing, director of the Eighth Kindergarten of Yuelu Preschool Education Group, believes that when parents help their children to make young connections, they should first correctly define young connections. She said, "Young convergence ≠ Learning primary school content, learning quality training is far more important than learning knowledge and skills preparation. " She said, "From the perspective of the turn of education in the world today, it is from knowledge-based education to the cultivation of learning quality. Among them, learning quality refers to the positive attitude and good behavior tendency of children in the process of activities, including learning interest, learning habits, learning attitude and learning ability. "

　　Peng Qingqing suggested that parents should not only pay attention to the cultivation of their children’s learning quality, but also make their children well prepared for psychology, life, material, knowledge and sports. For example, help children prepare psychologically and stimulate their yearning for primary school life. When preparing for sports, you can help your child practice skipping, playing ball, running and other sports. "When entering primary school, it is necessary to carry out a sports compliance test, and the child’s physique, physical fitness and athletic ability must keep up. Studies have proved that skipping rope and racqueting can also cultivate children’s concentration. "

　　Long Sheng, the principal of Bocai Boarding Primary School, said that children in the young convergence stage have some characteristics and needs, and if parents understand them, they can be more patient. "6-year-old children’s cognitive ability and development level are not consistent. It is normal to have differences before and after. There is no right or wrong, and temporary backwardness should be allowed. In the face of many changes, the first psychological nutrition that children need in the young transition period is: a sense of security. " Longsheng said that the second demand of children at this stage is role model demand. They need to learn how to learn, how to manage their emotions and how to deal with problems in life, and this learning comes from an example, and parents are the best models.

　　"The basis of all learning abilities in the future is determined by whether you get enough psychological nutrition before the age of 7. Safety, example and recognition … … These are all psychological nutrition that children need. If you get it, children will naturally have the vitality to explore and learn new things; If he doesn’t get it, he will spend a lot of life energy to find unsatisfied psychological needs. Therefore, in the key steps of children’s growth, parents should be slower. Slow means feeding the child well first and giving him physiological and psychological nutrition; Slowness means creating high-quality parent-child relationship and teacher-student relationship first; Slow means waiting for a child to let his nature grow well. "

　　While advocating "slow education" and advising parents to be patient, Longsheng also put forward the view of "critical period", that is, growth is more important than children’s grades. "In such a critical period, what is the most critical, to cultivate? Years of educational work have made us realize that children should be cultivated when entering primary schools ‘ Freedom in rules ’ … … The process of helping children establish rules and habits is not simple and rude ‘ Pull weeds ’ , but should be ‘ Planting crops by throwing seedlings ’ The process. On the basis of rules, give them freedom of mind and thought. " Long Sheng said.

　　Worried that children can’t adapt to primary school? Try these six tricks.

　　What should parents do to help their children adapt to primary school study and life? Li Hui, the principal of the first primary school in Yuelu District, combined with 30 years of primary education practice, summed up the experience of six tricks to make children adapt to primary school life quickly.

　　These six tricks are: playing "family drama of primary school life" with children; One-day tour of primary school campus with children; Adjust your child’s schedule one month in advance; Adapt to not taking a nap; Develop three exclusive chores for children and cultivate their awareness of completing tasks on their own initiative; Establish a special study area for children and cultivate their concentration.

　　Taking the "Family Drama of Primary School Life" as an example, Li Hui suggested that parents can use 10 minutes to open a small family class every day, and family members can play the role of teachers and students in class, play games and make friends, so that children can learn to listen, learn to express and make friends on their own initiative. In terms of cultivating children’s awareness of actively completing tasks, she said that parents can arrange some tasks for their children every day, such as sweeping the floor, watering flowers, folding quilts and taking out garbage. After practicing for a month, children will build up the consciousness of actively completing tasks, so they don’t have to worry about their procrastination in doing homework and doing things, so as to avoid the trouble of parents nagging their children to do homework every day and urging them to "hurry up" in the future.

　　Cctv newsAccording to the website of the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Education is currently organizing the compilation and revision of textbooks for various subjects in ordinary high schools, and will complete the training of all staff in the new curriculum by the end of 2018. According to the Ministry of Education,Starting from the fall semester of 2019, all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China will implement new courses and use new teaching materials step by step.

　　Ministry of Education: At present, it is organizing the compilation and revision of textbooks for various subjects in ordinary high schools.

　　In order to thoroughly implement the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and implement the fundamental task of cultivating people by virtue, the Ministry of Education has revised and promulgated the Curriculum Plan for Ordinary Senior High Schools and Curriculum Standards for Chinese and Other Subjects (2017 Edition), and is currently organizing the compilation and revision of textbooks for various subjects in ordinary senior high schools.

　　The Ministry of Education has made it clear that the training of all staff in the new curriculum will be completed by the end of 2018, and the training of new teaching materials will be completed step by step in batches from the first half of 2019; Beginning in the autumn of 2022, all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China started to implement new courses and new textbooks; By 2025, the concept, content and requirements of new curriculum and new textbooks will be fully implemented in all aspects of ordinary high school education and teaching.

　　Next year, the new curriculum will be implemented step by step throughout the country.

　　The Ministry of Education has made it clear that from the fall semester of 2019, all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China will implement new courses and use new textbooks step by step.

　　Pilot provinces for comprehensive reform of college entrance examination,You can implement new courses and use new textbooks from the first year of high school in the fall semester of 2019;

　　The provinces that launched the comprehensive reform of the college entrance examination in 2018,You can implement new courses and use new textbooks from the first year of high school in the fall semester of 2019 or 2020;

　　The provinces that launched the comprehensive reform of the college entrance examination in 2019,You can implement new courses and use new textbooks from the first year of high school in the fall semester of 2019 or 2021;

　　Provinces that start the comprehensive reform of the college entrance examination in 2020,You can implement new courses and use new textbooks from the first year of high school in the fall semester of 2020 or 2022.

　　Source of this article: China News Network, Ministry of Education website.

　　CCTV.com News: In order to further strengthen the Olympic concept and create an Olympic atmosphere, a news briefing was held in Beijing on the afternoon of 28th to launch the Olympic Channel of CCTV. It was announced at the meeting that from January 1 to September 30, 2008, the sports channel of CCTV will be renamed as the Olympic channel.

　　> > > > Click to watch the video recording of the news briefing.

　　Sun Yusheng, deputy director of CCTV, said in his speech that the launch of the Olympic Channel is an important node, which is the need for CCTV’s Olympic coverage to be further upgraded, and it marks the all-round development of CCTV’s Olympic coverage. To this end, CCTV will build the Olympic channel with the program standards and modes of the Olympic Games.

　　> > > Full text of Sun Yusheng’s speech: Do the best Olympic coverage.

　　Jiang Heping, director of CCTV sports channel, introduced that the Olympic channel will be operated in five stages according to the Olympic process in 2008. While maintaining the original characteristics of the sports channel, the following program arrangements will be made.

　　> > > > Full text of Jiang Heping’s speech: At that time, seven CCTV channels will cover the Olympic Games.

　　The first stage: January 1 to March 23. In the morning, the Sports Morning Post was completely revised to Hello, 2008, and in the afternoon, the Olympic Games time slot was opened to reorganize the classic games of previous Olympic Games.

　　The second stage: March 24th to May 3rd. Launch the torch relay report program "Walking with the Flame". This 40-minute program focuses on the relay of the Olympic flame abroad and Everest. At the same time, the "Beijing 2008" series will be adjusted. At this stage, the Olympic channel will focus on several time nodes: March 24, the fire ceremony in Olympia, Greece; On March 30, the fire handover ceremony at the marble stadium in Athens; On March 31, the torch arrived in Beijing; On April 30th, the countdown to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games was 100 days. At the beginning of May, the Olympic flame passed into Mount Everest.

　　The third stage: May 4th to August 7th. The Olympic Channel adds a special program "Walking with the Torch" every morning, noon and evening, covering the Olympic torch relay in 31 provincial capitals of China. In addition, special time slots have been set up to report the preparation and promotion of Chinese athletes and the important events before the Olympic Games. It is the first time in the history of the Olympic Games that the torch relay will pass through all 21 overseas cities and 113 domestic cities on TV.

　　The Law on the Protection of the Yangtze River was officially implemented on March 1st. Can it provide a new model for China’s future legislation based on ecosystem? How should the Yangtze River Economic Belt really develop green?

　　News 1+1 connects with Chang Jiwen, deputy director of the Institute of Resources and Environmental Policy of the State Council Development Research Center, to analyze what changes will be brought by the Yangtze River Protection Law.

　　Q　The Yangtze River is "sick". Is the Yangtze River Protection Law "medicine"?

　　Chang Jiwen, Deputy Director of the Institute of Resources and Environmental Policy of the State Council Development Research Center:The Yangtze River basin has been "sick" in the past few years or even more than ten years. The problems of illegal fishing, pollution of the Yangtze River basin by chemical enterprises and smoke pollution are urgently needed to be solved by the Yangtze River Protection Law. If it is not to the point where it is impossible to cure or not to cure, the Yangtze River Protection Law will not be promulgated. Because in the past, there were various laws related to the protection of water bodies, such as the Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, the Law on Soil and Water Conservation, the Law on Forest Protection, etc., but the effect was not too great, so only a watershed law could be specially formulated to solve it.To stipulate a special system and stricter legal responsibilities to stop illegal activities..

　　Q　Yangtze River Protection LawWill it be more effective for the shortcomings in the ecological and environmental protection management of the Yangtze River Basin in the past?

　　Chang Jiwen, Deputy Director of the Institute of Resources and Environmental Policy of the State Council Development Research Center:I thinkWill be more effectively governed.. ①The punishment for the administrative counterpart is stricter.In the past, you may have done some acts without being punished. Now it is different. For example, if you engage in illegal fishing in production, you may confiscate fishing gear, including fishing boats, and be fined more than 10,000 yuan and less than 50,000 yuan. If you adopt methods such as poisonous fish, electric fish and fried fish, you may be fined more than 50,000 yuan and less than 500,000 yuan. If you violate the criminal law, you may be investigated for criminal responsibility. If some restaurants advertise in the name of selling wild fish, they will also be punished, with a maximum penalty of 2 million yuan. ②Stricter legal responsibilities have been imposed on local officials.If local officials do not seriously ensure the implementation of the law, they may face accountability. The highest accountability is to take the blame and resign, as well as dismissal and dismissal. This is the stricter legal responsibility after the strictest Environmental Protection Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) in history.

　　Q　Why should the Yangtze River protection start with a 10-year fishing ban?

　　Chang Jiwen, Deputy Director of the Institute of Resources and Environmental Policy of the State Council Development Research Center:The 10-year fishing ban has been scientifically demonstrated. On the basis of scientific argumentation, the state issued a fishing ban period, which was consolidated by the Yangtze River Protection Law. The Law on the Protection of the Yangtze River also stipulates a 10-year period for the investigation and evaluation of ecological biodiversity in the Yangtze River basin, including the restoration of plant and animal systems.It is beneficial to the ecological stability and biodiversity of the Yangtze River basin, and lays a solid foundation for the sustainable development of the Yangtze River basin in the future.. Its bottom line is to give priority to protection and green development, and the Yangtze River cannot be developed and utilized in a way that undermines the ability of sustainable development, so it must be protected first.After it is restored, the Yangtze River will be used in a sustainable way.This is the current rule of law model.

　　Q　Will economic development be affected if fishing is banned for 10 years?

　　Chang Jiwen, Deputy Director of the Institute of Resources and Environmental Policy of the State Council Development Research Center:Economic development will be affected in the short term, but in the long run, it will definitely promote economic development in a long term. ① In the short term, taking Jianli County, Jingzhou City, Hubei Province as an example, the transformation of fishermen is very painful. Because local finance can’t provide much money to support farmers’ transformation and production conversion, there are some difficulties in the short term. (2) in the long run, will not suffer. At present, the biggest impact is on the polluting economy and the ecologically destructive economy. Therefore, it will take some time for local transformation. We must grasp the rhythm and be patient. We must not be impatient and engage in polluting projects whenever there are difficulties. This is unacceptable. Therefore, if the work is in place and the pace of transformation is appropriate, it can promote the green competitiveness of cities in the Yangtze River Basin at home and even around the world. Now, we have been talking about green development, low-carbon development and circular development. Cities in the Yangtze River Basin should take this opportunity to enhance their competitiveness in the integration of green and low-carbon.

　　Q　How to grasp the balance between protection and development when formulating the detailed rules for the development of the Yangtze River Basin at the local level?

　　Chang Jiwen, Deputy Director of the Institute of Resources and Environmental Policy of the State Council Development Research Center:(1) strictly enforce the law, strictly implement the Yangtze River Protection Law, so that the requirements of the law can be implemented in production and life. 2 Actively and scientifically guide the green transformation. Although the foundation of transformation in some places is very weak, you have to transform. The sooner you transform, the more active you are. All localities should complement each other’s industries, form their own industries with advantages and characteristics, and carry out innovation.

△ "Under the protection of news 1+1, how did the Yangtze River become a" golden economic belt "? 》

　　Recently, the central and local governments at all levels have voiced their voices one after another, adjusted and optimized real estate policies in a timely manner, and made good use of the policy toolbox to better meet the rigid and improved housing needs of residents.

　　A few days ago, Zhengzhou issued the "Notice on Further Promoting the Stable and Healthy Development of the Real Estate Market in Our City", proposing 15 optimization policies, such as canceling the sales restriction and implementing "recognizing the house but not the loan".

　　The insiders believe that stabilizing the construction industry and the real estate industry plays an important role in promoting the economic recovery. Previously, some adjustment policies proposed by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and the People’s Bank of China will accelerate, and the real estate market is expected to usher in a steady development trend.

　　On August 4th, the National Development and Reform Commission and other four departments held a press conference with the theme of "laying a good combination of macro policies and promoting high-quality economic development". Yuan Da, Deputy Secretary-General of the National Development and Reform Commission and Director of the Comprehensive Department, said that policies and measures such as promoting the renovation of urban villages in mega-cities and the construction of "flat and emergency dual-use" public infrastructure, and orderly expanding the issuance scale of real estate investment trusts (REITs) in the infrastructure sector have been introduced and implemented one after another, and other policies are also being pushed forward, providing strong policy support for sustained economic recovery.

　　"Strengthen policy reserves in better meeting the rigid and improved housing needs of residents and actively expanding effective investment, and continuously release the potential of ultra-large-scale market." Yuan Da said.

　　Zou Lan, director of the Monetary Policy Department of the People’s Bank of China, said that he would continue to support the smooth operation of the real estate market, and reiterated that he would continue to implement the loan support plan for Baojiaolou until the end of May 2024, and steadily push forward the rental housing loan support plan in pilot cities. At the same time, guide banks to adjust the interest rate of existing individual housing loans in an orderly manner according to law.

　　It is worth mentioning that this is not the first time that the People’s Bank of China has proposed to adjust the "stock mortgage interest rate". On July 14th, at the press conference of financial statistics for the first half of 2023 held by the State Council Office, Zou Lan said that the interest rate of existing mortgage loans issued in previous years in China was still at a relatively high level. "Next, in accordance with the principles of marketization and rule of law, the People’s Bank of China supports and encourages commercial banks and borrowers to negotiate independently to change the contractual agreement, or to issue new loans to replace the original stock loans."

　　Subsequently, on August 1st, the People’s Bank of China and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange also explicitly proposed in the working meeting in the second half of 2023 that the differentiated housing credit policy should be accurately implemented due to the city’s policy, and the interest rate and down payment ratio of individual housing loans should continue to decline to better meet the rigid and improved housing needs of residents. Guide commercial banks to adjust the interest rate of existing individual housing loans in an orderly manner according to law.

　　Zhang Bo, president of 58 Anjuke Research Institute, said that at present, the downward direction of the interest rate of existing individual housing loans has been made clear, which is an important measure to reduce the demand-side cost of buying houses. On the one hand, adjusting the interest rate of stock mortgage can reduce the economic burden of the people who have bought houses, and play a certain role in promoting their living expenses. On the other hand, it can also reduce the phenomenon of early repayment of loans, which is conducive to the stability of high-quality mortgage assets of banks.

　　In fact, in addition to the frequent statements of the financial sector, the housing and construction sector has also made a clear statement. Ni Hong, Minister of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, pointed out at a recent enterprise symposium that it is necessary to continue to consolidate the trend of stabilization and recovery of the real estate market, vigorously support the demand for rigid and improved housing, and further implement policies and measures such as reducing the down payment ratio and loan interest rate for the first home purchase, reducing taxes and fees for the purchase of improved housing, and "recognizing housing without repaying loans" for individual housing loans.

　　Among these policies, the policy of "recognizing the house without recognizing the loan" has received great attention. Li Yujia, chief researcher of the Housing Policy Research Center of the Guangdong Provincial Urban Planning Institute, said that "there is no need to recognize a house" means that when determining the loan ratio, commercial banks do not look at the previous loan records, but only determine whether there is a house under the family name. This means that the "sell one, buy one" improved home buyers will enjoy the treatment of the first home purchase.

　　Policies such as "recognizing the house without recognizing the loan" are expected to usher in more breakthroughs in the second half of the year. On August 3, Zhengzhou announced the implementation of the policy of "recognizing houses but not loans", which is considered to have a strong demonstration significance. First-tier cities such as North, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen have also indicated that they will pay close attention to the implementation work in conjunction with relevant departments in light of the actual situation of the local real estate market, vigorously support and better meet the rigid and improved housing needs of residents, and promote the stable and healthy development of the real estate market.

In what way human society lives, it fights in what way. With the maturity of the military Internet of Things, it is possible for weapons and equipment to "see", "communicate", "think" and listen to "command". Silent objects seem to have wisdom, which will provide important support for the integrated joint operational command and decision-making system and will be the real "tight encirclement" in the future war environment.

Realize seamless battlefield perception and improve battlefield transparency.

As early as 1999, when the Internet of Things was just born, it was called sensor network. The birth of the sensor system of military Internet of Things can be traced back to the Vietnam War in 1960s. In order to monitor the people and vehicles coming and going on the Ho Chi Minh Trail, the US military used an unattended "tropical tree" vibration sensor. When there is a target moving, the sensor can detect the vibration and sound source information generated by the target, and then transmit the data to the command center, so as to command the air fighter to bomb the target.

The military Internet of Things focuses on the battlefield situation awareness, intelligent analysis and judgment, action process control and other links, so that the system can operate effectively in all directions, full-time domain and full spectrum, thus breaking the "fog of war" and comprehensively improving system capabilities based on information systems. Using the core technology of military Internet of Things-radio frequency identification technology, ordinary and low-cost equipment can also effectively obtain battlefield information and transmit it in real time through the network. For example, the "smart dust" developed by the US military has all the functions from information collection, processing to sending, although it is only the size of gravel. This will bring a new revolution to information acquisition: on the one hand, it can eliminate the blind spot of reconnaissance, realize the "seamless" perception of the battlefield and improve the transparency of the battlefield; On the other hand, the military Internet of Things can bring all personnel, weapons and support materials on the battlefield into the network. Any sensor on the network node can be connected with various reconnaissance and monitoring systems on satellites and airplanes to obtain the spatial positioning ability of the target that it does not have, so as to realize the perception and be positioned.

The military Internet of Things can also realize the accuracy of battlefield perception, that is, to establish an all-factor, all-process comprehensive information chain from the automatic perception of the battlefield from the sensor to the shooter, data transmission, command and decision, and fire control, so as to realize the reconnaissance of enemy forces’ deployment, weapons and equipment configuration, movement state, reconnaissance of operational terrain, defense facilities and other environments, accurate perception of battlefield information such as their own position protection and force dynamics, and joint cooperation of large-scale weapons platforms and various forces and weapons.

With the development of military internet of things technology, in the future information battlefield, military information network will be integrated with military internet of things, providing a brand-new means for information acquisition and processing. At present, the military of western developed countries attaches great importance to the development of military Internet of Things, and regards it as an important research field of sensor networks, and various innovative military Internet of Things platforms emerge one after another. The U.S. military has successively carried out research and application of a series of military sensor network systems, such as "Rumbas" system for remotely monitoring the battlefield environment, "Sand Line" system for monitoring the movement of weapon platforms, and "Wolf Pack" system for detecting electromagnetic signals. Japan, Britain, Italy, Brazil and other countries and armies have also shown strong interest in the military IOT network, and have launched research work in the military application field of wireless sensor networks.

Implementing transparent command in the whole process to improve the efficiency of operational decision-making

The military Internet of Things connects various military elements in the military field, such as things and things, things and people. Every combat unit, every firepower unit, every soldier and every weapon is tagged with RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), and every combat action of the troops can be transmitted to the command center through the wireless data communication network, thus realizing the transparent command and control of the whole combat action and improving the efficiency of operational decision-making.

Shorten the command cycle. The future information-based war will be a high-speed, high-precision and high-intensity war, with the sudden outbreak of the war, the rapid transformation of combat styles, the increased flow of material, energy and information on the battlefield, and the changeable flow direction. The relationship between various operational factors is complex, especially the application of the Internet of Things technology and the large number of information-based weapons and equipment put into the battlefield, which greatly shortens the process of obtaining intelligence information, transmitting information, making up your mind, implementing operational actions and evaluating operational effects. For example, the application of information transmission system based on military Internet of Things technology can greatly shorten the process of battlefield intelligence information transmission and greatly improve the speed of information transmission; Through the real-time monitoring of the battlefield, accurate target positioning information can be provided to the fire control and guidance system, and the command cycle of "observation-positioning-decision-action" can be shortened, thus making the command faster and more flexible.

Improve battlefield awareness. Applying the Internet of Things technology to the military field will make the battlefield intelligence information more accessible, faster in transmission and more scientific in processing and application, thus deepening the understanding of the battlefield. If the Internet of Things technology is applied to reconnaissance and early warning equipment, assisting reconnaissance satellites with real-time reconnaissance and real-time transmission capabilities, battlefield surveillance TV systems, unmanned aerial vehicles, etc., a large number of battlefield information can be collected all-weather, all-time, timely and accurately, so as to correctly recognize the battlefield. At the same time, the application of military internet of things will provide material conditions for commanders to command in real time. Commanders can get a panoramic view of the whole battlefield situation through the information display system of the command center, and countless digital links connected with the large database of the command center will extend to every corner of the battlefield, transmitting the positions, actions and achievements of the enemy and our troops to the command center in real time, forming a constantly updated comprehensive shared battlefield situation map, on which commanders can make decisions, quickly make up their minds, make correct responses to changes in the situation and command troops to fight in real time.

Implement stable command. The application of command information system with military Internet of Things technology as the core can realize the integration of acquisition, transmission, processing and application of battlefield information, and the seamless connection between all links can be realized. In particular, the command information system networked by military Internet of Things technology is network-like. Even if one channel is hard-destroyed and soft-killed by the enemy, other channels can work, so that battlefield information can be continuously obtained, transmitted, processed and used, effectively avoiding the situation that the troops will lose control when the combat command system is destroyed in the past, and enabling commanders to conduct stable command of the military operations. At present, the armed forces of western developed countries are seizing the development opportunity, vigorously developing the military Internet of Things, and building the future battlefield sensing nerve.

Fully control the war supply line and improve the accuracy of support.

Military Internet of Things has unlimited potential, and its popularization and application in the field of logistics support will help to realize "dynamic precision" support. During the Iraq war, Tommy Felix, then commander of the US Central Theater, ordered that any materials entering the theater under his jurisdiction must be tagged with RFID, so that he could get a panoramic view of the battlefield dynamic logistics without any effort.

Improve the ability of dynamic adaptive logistics support. The Internet of Things seems to be a perfect technology tailored for military logistics, which can effectively avoid the blindness of logistics work. With the breakthrough of radio frequency identification technology, two-dimensional bar code technology and intelligent sensing technology, the Internet of Things can provide a convenient and flexible solution for automatically obtaining information such as materials in storage, transportation and use. In the process of various military operations, the military Internet of Things can provide appropriate equipment and supplies to the combat troops at accurate locations and at accurate times, so as to avoid unnecessary confusion, trouble and waste caused by redundant materials rushing to the combat area. At the same time, it can make decisions according to the changes of battlefield environment, coordinate, control, organize and implement logistics support independently, and has adaptive logistics support ability. In addition, the military Internet of Things has realized the intelligence of military equipment. Through a large number of sensors, weapons and equipment can obtain battlefield information such as battlefield situation and enemy threat in real time, so as to respond in time and improve battlefield survivability; Through the embedded diagnostic sensor chip, the operator and maintenance point can know the intact condition of each part of the equipment in time, and realize the accuracy of battlefield maintenance.

Strengthen the precise control of combat materials. The electronic tag technology adopted by the military Internet of Things was first applied to the military. During the first Gulf War, American troops transported about 40,000 containers of weapons and equipment to the war zone. However, due to unclear signs, a lot of equipment lost cannot be found, which consumes huge war resources. Twelve years later, during the Iraq war, the US military installed high-tech RF satellite chips on every container shipped to the Gulf region, and placed readers at important material transportation intersections and storage areas, which realized the whole-course tracking of personnel, equipment and materials, made the material supply and management quite transparent, greatly improved the effectiveness of military logistics support, and finally saved billions of dollars. With the maturity of RFID tag technology and the reduction of cost, the military Internet of Things can be fully applied to single weapons, thus strengthening the management of weapons and equipment, and helping to find weapons and equipment that are extremely threatening and lost on the battlefield.

Improve the safety of supply lines. The logistics system based on the military Internet of Things has the characteristics of networking and nonlinear structure, and has strong anti-interference and anti-attack ability. It can not only accurately grasp the whole process of transporting materials from the factory to the foxhole in front, but also provide danger warning, deploy tasks for transport vehicles on the way and optimize transportation routes. In particular, it can integrate logistics support operations with the whole digital battlefield environment, realize the integration of logistics support and combat operations, enable logistics commanders to make decisions at any time or even in advance, greatly enhance the flexibility and crisis control ability of logistics operations, and fully guarantee the safety of logistics transportation.

[Global Times reporter Fan Wei Hu Yuwei special correspondent Jiang Bohuai] Recently, many China students believed in the temptation of getting rich and were tricked into losing contact with Myanmar, which once again aroused strong concern among domestic people about the problem of illegal smuggling. Although these lost students were finally found after many efforts, the evil phenomenon of luring others to sneak out of the country and engage in illegal activities still exists, and some people still have illusions about the false "gold rush dream". Recently, Yang, a self-confessed person who was deceived and smuggled abroad for nearly two years, told the Global Times reporter about his tragic experience of inhuman torture abroad. Yang told the Global Times reporter that he hoped to use his personal experience to warn people who had the same fantasies as him not to make the same mistakes again.

"When he lifted his underwear on his back and thighs, the scars deeply embedded in his skin shocked all the policemen present," a policeman at the entry-exit frontier inspection station in Ruili, Yunnan, who participated in receiving Yang, told the Global Times reporter that at the moment when he saw Yang show his scars, he and his colleagues around him could not believe that such a tragic experience had happened to a young man who was only 18 years old.

And the beginning of all this, just because of an overseas "gold rush" message.

Yang comes from a county in Guizhou, but he always has a dream of getting rich one day at a young age. One day in December 2020, he accidentally received a short message from abroad, which said that a company in Myanmar was recruiting salesmen. "As long as you can surf the Internet, you can chat with customers on your mobile phone and promote your products, you can easily earn 100,000 yuan a month! Food, shelter, and round-trip air tickets … "Yang told the Global Times reporter that after several days of careful consideration, he finally failed to resist the temptation of high salary and planned to take a trip outside while he was young. So I immediately got in touch with the other party, agreed on a good time, and sneaked abroad under the arrangement of the other party.

"But it doesn’t feel right when you get there. It doesn’t look like a place where you can make money," Yang said. After arriving in Myanmar, he went with the car to a "company" hidden in an unknown mountain. Although the connector claimed to be a "company", it was just a few iron houses built sporadically on the grassy grass, and the environment was very poor.

Before his previous contact showed up, he was taken to a dark room and forced to hand over his mobile phone, bank card and ID card. "When I first arrived in Myanmar at night, the wind outside made a creaking noise on the iron sheet. In the dormitory of two dozen people, the double-decker iron bed would make a harsh noise as soon as it turned over, and a pale yellow light would light up in a small toilet. I couldn’t sleep over and over in bed, and my heart was not practical, "Yang recalled the night when he first arrived in Myanmar.

The next day, the "company" manager led Yang to the place of work. "I asked what it was, and the person who took the class told me that it was fraud through online social software. Before leaving the country, my contact always told me that I was engaged in’ promotion’ work after arriving in Myanmar, and did not disclose that I wanted to engage in fraud. "Yang said that he immediately refused, but five or six big men rushed out of the inner room and dragged him into the inner room, followed by a burst of punching and kicking. Subsequently, Yang was detained by gunmen and restricted his personal freedom until he signed a work contract with the company a week later, but he lost his freedom and dignity since then. Not only did I not get the so-called "high salary" at the beginning, but I was also intimidated and brainwashed to "go to work" to engage in telecom fraud.

Yang recalled that the "company" manager asked him to complete the work tasks of the day every day before he got off work. Every day, "colleagues" are dragged to the inner room and beaten up, or handcuffed and electrocuted, and shouts are often heard from the inner room. This happens to everyone who can’t finish the task, and he is not spared.

"One day, because I didn’t complete the task arranged by the company, I was asked by the manager of the’ company’ to take off my clothes in public, kneel on the ground, and then beat my back, ass and thighs with a whip, leaving a deep imprint. In a short time, my back was beaten raw and bloody, and I could smell the faint smell of blood in the surrounding air. Half an hour later, perhaps because I was tired from playing, or because I thought I was still of use value, the manager of the’ company’ stopped waving the whip in his hand and threatened me that if I didn’t get results within a week, I would dig out my kidney and sell it! Speaking of the scene that he had been abused, Yang was still a little afraid.

In order not to be whipped again by the manager, Yang worked overtime every day and exhausted his efforts to complete the tasks arranged by the "company". I thought this life would be easier. Unexpectedly, due to the serious lack of long-term overtime sleep, there was a mistake in the work, so the manager of the company slapped him continuously, which led to the rupture of the eardrum of the left ear. The manager also pointed a gun at Yang’s head to warn him not to do it again.

In the days of living an inhuman life, Yang also thought about running away, but because his ID card had been taken away and he was a stranger, he couldn’t escape at all. "The company is located in the barren hills and there are guards at the door, and they can’t let me escape. Someone tried to escape, but they were quickly recovered. What was waiting for them was a beating and then put in jail," Yang said.

Finally, because of his mediocre performance in "work", Yang was sold as "goods" by the "company" managers to a number of companies engaged in fraud. But each time, they suffered from worse environment and more brutal abuse.

Yang said that during his two years of smuggling abroad, he was whipped and injured in more than 20 places, especially leaving a 15cm-long scar on his calf. In the past two years, he wanted to leave countless times, but every time he mentioned this to the manager of the company, he was beaten up and couldn’t get out of bed for two or three days. Because of his physical pain, Yang dared not mention leaving again. Every day, he lived like a walking corpse.

The last "company" where Yang worked was located in a mountain near Muse City, Myanmar. After coming to this "company", Yang still engaged in the same "work" as the first two companies. The only difference was that the manager of this "company" told him that as long as he could pay 60,000 yuan, he could let him leave and regain his freedom. The hope of life prompted Yang to start making fraudulent phone calls day and night, hoping to earn enough money to be redeemed as soon as possible and escape from here as soon as possible.

In February of this year, Yang, who had experienced a nightmare life in Myanmar for nearly two years, finally saved enough money to be redeemed and regained his freedom. At the first time he left the company, Yang came to Ruili Port to surrender to the police at the border checkpoint on duty at the port.

"It feels really good to go home. I can accompany my parents and do what I want. Even if I take a class at home, it is better than there. In the future, I want to open my own grilled fish shop and stop thinking about the dream of getting rich overnight." The police at the entry-exit frontier inspection station in Ruili, Yunnan Province told the Global Times reporter that when he met Yang, he kept expressing his regret for easily listening to others smuggling out of the country, and at the same time he was glad that he had the opportunity to become the kind of person who escaped from inhuman torture. At present, Yang has been taken criminal compulsory measures in accordance with the law for allegedly crossing the country (border), and the case is being handled.

In recent years, some people have been tricked into engaging in online gambling and telecom fraud abroad by the high salary trap. These cross-border illegal activities have triggered a series of chain social problems in Southeast Asian countries such as Myanmar, the Philippines and Thailand, such as murder, kidnapping and human trafficking. In order to crack down on a series of criminal activities, on March 20th, a trilateral meeting on human trafficking jointly held by the Ministry of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China, the National Police of the Republic of Myanmar and the National Police Department of Thailand was held in Bangkok, Thailand, which will jointly crack down on transnational crimes such as human trafficking and telecom fraud.

According to the China Embassy in Myanmar, on March 23rd, Chen Hai, Ambassador of China to Myanmar, also held a meeting with Lieutenant General Soto, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior of Myanmar, on stepping up efforts to crack down on illegal cross-border criminal activities such as cyber fraud and gambling.

Ambassador Chen Hai pointed out that illegal cross-border criminal activities such as online fraud and gambling harm people’s interests and safety, undermine social stability and order, and affect China-Myanmar exchanges and cooperation. Recently, many incidents of Chinese personnel crossing the border to Myanmar have the background of illegal activities such as online fraud and gambling in Myanmar. It is hoped that Myanmar will attach great importance to the seriousness and harmfulness of related activities, further strengthen coordination and cooperation with China, intensify efforts to crack down on related illegal activities, and create a clear environment for China-Myanmar friendly cooperation.

Suotu said that Myanmar is well aware of the dangers of illegal activities such as online fraud and gambling, attaches great importance to the position that China has repeatedly stated, and has stepped up efforts to crack down. In view of the recent continuation of illegal activities in Myanmar, Myanmar is willing to join forces with China and other relevant neighboring countries to resolutely crack down and effectively curb them, and jointly safeguard the friendly cooperation between China and Myanmar and the safety of people’s lives and property.

　　Idea is the forerunner of action. Whether the development concept is right or not fundamentally determines the development effectiveness and even success or failure. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized in the Party’s Report to the 20th CPC National Congress that "implementing the new development concept is the only way for China to develop and grow in the new era". This important conclusion provides an important follow-up for the new era and new journey to promote Chinese modernization.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has put forward a series of major theories and concepts on economic and social development, among which the new development concept is the most important and important. Promoting Chinese-style modernization is a great exploratory undertaking, and there are still many unknown fields that need us to explore boldly in practice. Therefore, it is of great significance to lead Chinese modernization with new development concepts.

　　The road of innovation and development of modernization

　　Innovation is the first driving force to lead development, and innovation and development focus on solving the problem of development motivation. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "International economic competition and even comprehensive national strength competition, in the final analysis, is the competition of innovation ability. Whoever can make the first move in innovation will be able to take the initiative. " The innovation-driven development strategy implemented in China involves scientific and technological innovation, enterprise innovation, product innovation, market innovation, brand innovation, etc. The core is scientific and technological innovation. The key to Chinese modernization lies in scientific and technological modernization.

　　In promoting the new journey of Chinese modernization, innovation and development need to be exerted in the following aspects.

　　First, there must be new breakthroughs in the development of the digital economy. Developing digital economy is of great significance, and it is a strategic choice to grasp the new opportunities of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. In the era of digital economy, the digitalization of information and knowledge makes data a key factor of production, computing power a new driving force for economic and technological development, and the Internet, big data, artificial intelligence, cloud computing and the real economy are deeply integrated. This is a new track for economic and technological competition in the world, and it is also the focus of innovation and development of modernization. It is necessary to further strengthen the innovation of digital technology, improve the level of Internet and artificial intelligence with the enhancement of computing power, and promote the deep integration of digital economy and real economy on this basis. It is necessary to promote the digitalization of industries on the basis of digital industrialization, empower various industries with the support of a new generation of information technology, promote the digitalization and intelligent transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, and rely on the technology and platform provided by the digital economy to promote the innovation of new industries and their technologies, promote the digitalization of enterprise operation, and promote the digitalization of government governance and social management.

　　The second is to strive to achieve high-level scientific and technological self-reliance. Practice has repeatedly told us that key core technologies can’t be bought, bought or discussed. Only by mastering key core technologies in our own hands can we fundamentally guarantee national economic security, national defense security and other security. In the past, the advantage of late-developing countries was mainly about introducing new international technologies. However, the closer the late-developing countries are to modernization, the more difficult it is to introduce key core technologies from developed countries. At present, China’s scientific and technological innovation has shifted from following to running, running side by side and leading. The so-called parallel running is to be in line with international standards, that is, to exert strength in the same frontier direction of science and technology; The so-called leading means connecting with the future, becoming a global leader in important scientific and technological fields, becoming a pioneer in frontier cross-fields, becoming a major scientific center and innovative highland in the world. We must adhere to the principle that science and technology are the primary productive force, talents are the primary resource and innovation is the primary driving force, and carry out the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, strengthening the country through talents and innovation-driven development in depth, so as to enhance the endogenous driving force of innovation and development and realize the self-reliance and self-reliance of high-level science and technology.

　　Third, deploy innovation chain around the industrial chain. At present, the global division of labor has entered the stage of intra-product division, and most of the production links of products are distributed in different countries and regions. International competition is mainly manifested in the competition of industrial chain and supply chain. There are two main situations in the layout of China’s industrial chain, one is the layout of China’s industrial chain supply chain, and the other is the layout of China’s industries participating in the global industrial chain. The decisive factors affecting the layout of industrial chain involve the level of science and technology, cost and market conditions. At present, some developed countries have cut off the supply of high-tech links to China enterprises, resulting in a number of industrial chains in which China participates. This is both a challenge and an opportunity for China’s industrial chain supply chain. We should focus on cultivating leading industries with core competitiveness, deploy innovation chain around the industrial chain, develop strategic emerging industries with high scientific and technological content, strong market competitiveness, great driving effect and good economic benefits, truly put scientific and technological innovation on industrial development, promote short-board industries to supplement chains, extend chains of advantageous industries, upgrade chains of traditional industries and build chains of emerging industries, and strive to build a modern industrial system.

　　The road of coordinated development of modernization

　　Coordination is the inherent requirement of sustained and healthy development, and coordinated development focuses on solving the problem of unbalanced development. The main contradiction in our society has been transformed into the contradiction between the people’s growing need for a better life and the unbalanced development, which is a historic change that has a bearing on the overall situation. China is a big developing country, and the imbalance between urban and rural areas, regions and industries is prominent. To solve these unbalanced problems, we should coordinate at a high level, not at a low level in all aspects.

　　In promoting the new journey of Chinese modernization, coordinated development needs to focus on two aspects.

　　On the one hand, it promotes the synchronous development of new industrialization, informationization, urbanization and agricultural modernization. China’s modernization is very different from that of western developed countries. Western developed countries are a "series" development process. It took more than 200 years for industrialization, urbanization, agricultural modernization and informatization to develop in sequence. We want to catch up with others and get back the "lost 200 years", which determines that China’s development must be a "parallel" process, and industrialization, informationization, urbanization and agricultural modernization are superimposed. "Synchronization of the four modernizations" is a successful experience of China’s development, a new era and a new journey, and this experience needs more abundant content. First, efforts should be made to build a modern industrial system, including the high-end, intelligent and green development of manufacturing industry and the construction of a new high-quality and efficient service industry system. Second, informatization has entered a new stage of accelerating digital development and building a digital China, and it needs to actively integrate into a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation to promote the upgrading of industrial base. Third, the new urbanization has been continuously promoted, and the urbanization of agricultural transfer population has been promoted in accordance with the requirements of new urbanization with people as the core. It is necessary to promote cities and towns to have urban functions and the ability to undertake urban industrial transfer and urbanization of agricultural transfer population, and to promote urban modernization, make it the source of modernization in various regions, increase the supply of modern urban elements, and realize the integration of production, city, culture and ecology.Promote the coordinated development of large, medium and small cities. The fourth is to build an agricultural power in the short board of agricultural modernization, build a high-quality and efficient modern agricultural industrial system that is compatible with the upgrading of household consumption, improve the quality and added value of agricultural products through biological and digital technology innovation, and realize high-quality and efficient agriculture, livable and suitable for rural areas, and rich farmers.

　　On the other hand, it is to promote regional coordinated development. Report to the 20th CPC National Congress, the Communist Party of China, put forward that "regional coordinated development strategy, major regional strategy, main functional area strategy and new urbanization strategy should be thoroughly implemented, the layout of major productive forces should be optimized, and a regional economic layout and land space system with complementary advantages and high-quality development should be constructed". For the late-developing areas, it is necessary to fill in the shortcomings according to the requirements of "four modernizations synchronization". We emphasize the promotion of regional coordinated development, which is embodied in the economic field. First, we promote the integration of industrial development. For example, the first-developing region distributes the industrial chain of its advantageous industries to the later-developing regions to form an integrated industrial system; The second is to promote the integration of scientific and technological innovation. For example, as a science and technology innovation center, the first-developing region will arrange the innovation results to the late-developing region to realize industrialization; The third is to build a two-way "enclave economy". For example, the science and technology (industry) park will be built in the late-developing areas in the first-developing areas, and the R&D institutions will be built in the late-developing areas; Fourth, the integrated construction of traffic information facilities, so as to shorten the distance between the late-developing areas and the early-developing areas; Wait a minute.

　　The road to green development of modernization

　　Green is a necessary condition for sustainable development and an important embodiment of people’s pursuit of a better life. Green development focuses on solving the problem of harmony between man and nature. Since modern times, the modernization of western countries has mostly gone through the stages of wanton plunder of natural resources and vicious destruction of ecological environment. While creating huge material wealth, it often causes serious problems such as environmental pollution and resource depletion. China’s per capita energy resource endowment is seriously insufficient, and accelerating development faces more energy resources and environmental constraints, which determines that China cannot take the old road of western modernization. Respecting nature, conforming to nature, protecting nature and promoting harmonious coexistence between man and nature are the distinctive features of Chinese modernization.

　　To promote the modernization of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, it is necessary to practice Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets’s ideas. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that green mountains and green rivers are not only natural wealth, ecological wealth, but also social wealth and economic wealth. Protecting the ecological environment means protecting natural value and increasing natural capital, and protecting the potential and stamina of economic and social development, so that green mountains and green rivers can continue to play their ecological and economic and social benefits. At the same time, people’s needs for a better life are more extensive. People expect to breathe fresh air, drink clean water, eat safe food, live in a livable environment, and truly feel the tangible environmental benefits brought by economic development.

　　On the new journey of Chinese modernization, we will better promote green development. First, we will accelerate the green transformation of development mode, promote green and low-carbon economic and social development, and unswervingly follow the civilized development path of production development, affluent life and good ecology; Second, deepen the energy revolution, accelerate the planning and construction of a new energy system, and actively and steadily promote carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions; The third is to promote the improvement of urban and rural human settlements, implement urban renewal actions, strengthen urban infrastructure construction, build livable, resilient and smart cities, and make rural areas basically have modern living conditions; Fourth, we should promote carbon reduction, pollution reduction, greening and growth, accelerate technological progress and industrial restructuring, and support high-quality development with a high-quality ecological environment.

　　The road to modernization and open development

　　Opening-up is the only way for a country to prosper and develop, and opening-up development focuses on solving the problem of internal and external linkage of development. Only an open China will become a modern China. At present, the world has undergone a great change in the past century, and the trend of anti-globalization has risen, and unilateralism and protectionism have risen markedly. In this context, to promote modernization, we need to further deepen reform and opening up, enhance the endogenous power and reliability of domestic large-scale circulation, improve the quality and level of international circulation, and firmly grasp the leading role of development in our own hands.

　　On the new journey of promoting Chinese modernization, the ways to promote high-level opening up mainly include the following aspects. First, greater efforts should be made to attract and utilize foreign capital. It is necessary to rely on China’s super-large-scale market advantage to attract global resource elements through domestic circulation, not only to keep high-quality foreign capital, but also to attract more high-quality foreign capital to improve the quality and level of trade and investment cooperation. The corresponding measures include: expanding market access, reasonably reducing the negative list of foreign investment access, and increasing the opening up of modern service industry; Comprehensively optimize the business environment, implement the national treatment of foreign-funded enterprises, promote fair competition, ensure that foreign-funded enterprises participate in government procurement, bidding and standard setting on an equal footing according to law, and increase the protection of intellectual property rights and the legitimate rights and interests of foreign investment. The second is to form an open and innovative ecology with global competitiveness. Breaking the technical blockade and carrying out open innovation is a reliable path. Efforts should be made to introduce innovative resources, especially innovative talents, and make breakthroughs in core technologies and key technologies with independent intellectual property rights that are at the forefront of the world and lead industrial innovation. In this regard, it is particularly important to build an open and innovative ecology. It is necessary to steadily expand the institutional opening of rules, regulations, management and standards for international trade and investment, and improve the intellectual property protection system. The third is to cultivate new comparative advantages and competitive advantages. Now, China’s competitive advantage in participating in the international circulation has changed, and it is necessary to speed up the construction of an important talent center and an innovative highland in the world to form a comparative advantage in international competition for talents. The fourth is to coordinate development and security in opening up. The more open,The more we should pay attention to safety, we should coordinate development and safety, and enhance our own competitiveness, open supervision and risk prevention and control capabilities.

　　The road of shared development of modernization

　　Sharing is the essential requirement of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, and sharing development focuses on solving social fairness and justice. Chinese-style modernization is the modernization of common prosperity for all people. We should not promote common prosperity after realizing modernization, but promote modernization and common prosperity simultaneously. We insist on realizing the people’s yearning for a better life as the starting point and the end result of modernization, make efforts to safeguard and promote social fairness and justice, make efforts to promote the common prosperity of all people, and resolutely prevent polarization. Now, China has built a well-off society in an all-round way, which has historically solved the problem of absolute poverty, and it needs to further solve the problem of relative poverty in the new journey.

　　Chinese-style modernization should not only create higher efficiency than capitalism, but also safeguard social fairness more effectively, and better realize the balance, promotion and unity of efficiency and fairness. Common prosperity is a long-term goal, which needs a process and cannot be achieved overnight. Its long-term, arduous and complex nature should be fully estimated. Common prosperity is not simultaneous prosperity, nor uniform egalitarianism.

　　On the new journey of Chinese modernization, to promote common prosperity and shared development in a down-to-earth manner requires both inclusive development and continuous deepening of reform.

　　In promoting inclusive development, we should take effective measures against the gap between urban and rural areas and regions, paying special attention to the development of rural areas and late-developing areas; In view of the income gap between industries, it is necessary to adjust the industrial structure based on the objective evaluation of various industries by the market; In view of the income gap caused by the difference of human capital level, it is necessary to strengthen education and training to improve the level of human capital.

　　In the aspect of continuously deepening reform, it is necessary to build a coordinated system of primary distribution, redistribution and third distribution, and properly handle the relationship between efficiency and fairness. First, give full play to the basic role of primary distribution, build an income distribution system that reflects efficiency and promotes fairness, improve the policy system of distribution according to factors, explore various channels to increase the factor income of low-and middle-income people, and increase the property income of urban and rural residents through multiple channels. Second, give full play to the regulatory role of redistribution, strengthen the regulation of taxation, social security and transfer payment, improve the basic public service system, improve the level of public services, promote the equalization of basic public services, enhance their balance and accessibility in urban and rural areas and regions, improve the social security system and expand the coverage of social security. The third is to improve the third distribution mechanism and develop social welfare undertakings such as charity.

　　In a word, Chinese-style modernization is a socialist modernization led by the Communist Party of China (CPC), which not only has the common characteristics of modernization in all countries, but also has the characteristics of China based on its own national conditions. On the new journey of Chinese modernization, we should implement the new development concept completely, accurately and comprehensively, promote high-quality development, and comprehensively promote the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with Chinese modernization.

　　(This article Source: Economic Daily Author: Hong Yinxing, former Party Secretary of Nanjing University and academic member of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought Research Center, the supreme leader of Jiangsu Province)

Important reminder!

Medical insurance for urban and rural residents in this city in 2024

Insurance registration and payment

Accept it from now on.

In 2024, the city’s finance continued to increase.

Inclusive subsidies for insured residents

The per capita financial subsidy has increased more than that of 430 yuan.

The public can use the "With the Bid for Citizen Cloud" APP.

Complete individual payment

Financing standard of residents’ medical insurance in 2024

And personal payment standards.

attention please

1, give appropriate subsidies to individual contributions of rural residents.

2, the insured to enjoy the minimum living guarantee for urban and rural residents in the city’s family members and low-income families over the age of 60, as well as the elderly, the elderly survivors of employees, severely disabled people and other groups of individual contributions, can be reduced or exempted in accordance with the provisions.

Handling methods and channels

The registration method of all kinds of personnel is basically the same as in previous years. Except for students at school, children in kindergartens and rural residents, other insured persons can go to the community affairs acceptance service center to complete the enrollment registration in 2024, and can complete individual payment through offline and online channels after 5 working days.

First, the payment mode

In 2024, the medical insurance department is responsible for insurance registration and review of insurance qualifications; The tax department is responsible for verifying the payment amount according to the policy and collecting it.

Second, the payment group

Audited eligible payers can be divided into three types according to payment methods:

1, all kinds of college students at all levels in this city

2, the city’s rural residents

3, in addition to the above two categories of other urban and rural residents medical insurance payment personnel.

Third, the payment method

(1) Centralized remittance and payment

Students of all kinds of colleges and universities in this Municipality shall go through the formalities of insurance registration and payment at their schools.

Meet the conditions of insurance:

The school will handle the insurance payment procedures in a unified way and pay the fees through the tax and social security fee collection client.

Payment process:

1, the school to the medical insurance department unified insurance payment procedures.

2. After receiving the collective declaration and approval form issued by the medical insurance department, the school will declare the payment through the social security fee collection client within 5 working days.

(2) Batch deduction

Rural residents shall go through the registration formalities at the village committee where their household registration is located, and the tax authorities shall uniformly allocate funds by means of bank batch deduction.

Payment process:

1. Rural residents should go to the village committee where the household registration is located to go through the insurance confirmation procedures. If the information cannot be confirmed, they need to sign a withholding agreement at the community affairs acceptance service center, go through the insurance registration, and change the personnel information.

2. On December 12th and 22nd, the tax authorities paid the medical insurance fee by way of bank batch deduction.

(3) Paying by oneself

Meet the conditions of insurance

You can pay online through the APPlication of the citizen cloud app, or you can go through the registration formalities at the nearest community affairs acceptance service center.

Content source: Shanghai Medical Insurance Bureau

Stay indoors! Online payment guide

Step 1: Scan the QR code below to get to the service directly. (Or open the "With the Bid Citizen Cloud" APP, search for "Personal Social Security Payment" in the homepage search bar, and click the corresponding search option to enter the service)

Step 2: Fill in your personal information according to the page prompts, and then complete the three steps of ID card information, insurance information selection and payment information submission in turn to apply.

"Follow the application code" to see a doctor

Without a medical insurance card and less queues, you can also open a medical scene with the application code on the scene configuration page, and enjoy the digital medical service in the whole process of seeing a doctor.

After opening, support the city’s medical insurance users, and scan the code for medical treatment and drug purchase in designated medical institutions and pharmacies.

It can be easily opened in the palm of your hand with just a little finger.

Family mutual aid payment through personal account

Since December 1, 2023, if a family mutual aid network has been established and "mutual aid payment" is selected, the medical insurance department will directly deduct the insurance contributions of family members from the balance funds of the founder’s account over the years, without the need for individuals to pay through offline or online channels.

pay attention to

If the employee medical insurance participants in this city are willing to pay the insurance premium for their family members (parents, spouses and children) in 2024 by means of mutual aid payment, they must set up a family mutual aid network and choose the use mode of "mutual aid payment" before 17:30 on December 25, 2023, on the premise of ensuring that the remaining funds in the occupational insurance account can fully pay the insurance premium.

Scan the QR code below to enter [Medical Insurance Account Family Mutual Aid]

Guide to building a family mutual aid network

Step 1: After entering the service, click "Deal with it immediately" and the founder (investor) will choose to set up a family mutual aid network to enter ("ID card" or "other documents") according to the situation.

Step 2: Complete the establishment of family mutual aid network according to the application process, and choose the use mode of family mutual aid funds.

Urban and rural residents’ medical insurance participants

Who did not participate in other basic medical insurance, and meet one of the following conditions, can participate in the medical insurance for urban and rural residents in this city:

1, with the city’s household registration, people over the age of 18.

2. Primary and secondary school students and infants with household registration in this city.

3. Full-time college students, vocational college students and part-time graduate students who receive general higher education in colleges and research institutes in this city.

4. Other personnel who meet the requirements.

Online direct payment renewal personnel

In order to further facilitate residents to apply for insurance, those who have participated in the medical insurance for urban and rural residents in this city in 2023 and have no basic medical insurance benefits in other provinces and cities, and meet any of the following conditions, are regarded as renewal personnel, and do not need to go to the community affairs acceptance service center to apply for insurance registration. They can pay directly through online payment channels or be paid by others, or through "mutual aid payment" to achieve "zero running" (those who are used to handling offline windows can still do so through offline windows)

The specific conditions are as follows:

01, the last year at least 19 years of age and above the city’s urban household registration personnel.

02, in addition to students at school, in the park (the) children under the age of 18, the city’s household registration personnel.

03. Persons holding permanent residence permits for foreigners (within the validity period, the same below).

04. Spouses and children under the age of 18 who hold the residence permit for Hong Kong and Macao residents or the residence permit for Taiwan Province residents, and unemployed Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan residents who actually live in this city and have held the residence permit for Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan residents issued by the public security department of this Municipality for more than 2 years.

05. Spouses registered in other provinces and cities, non-local students (under 18 years old) and non-kindergarten children who hold the Shanghai Residence Permit and have reached the standard score.

Important reminder

In 2024, the registration and payment period of medical insurance for urban and rural residents in this city will end at 17:30 on December 25, 2023. It is hoped that eligible residents will go through the registration and payment procedures in time within the prescribed time limit to ensure the timely enjoyment of personal medical insurance benefits.

For the process of insurance registration and payment, you can consult the nearest community affairs acceptance service center; Or call the medical insurance service hotline 12393 for consultation on enrollment registration and mutual aid payment, and call the tax hotline 12366 for consultation on online and offline payment.

Frequently asked questions

What are the medical insurance benefits for urban and rural residents in 2024?

In 2024, the proportion of residents’ medical insurance hospitalization and outpatient and emergency medical insurance reimbursement will be implemented according to the current policy. In addition, people who participate in medical insurance for residents in this city can also enjoy serious illness insurance for residents. The medical expenses incurred by insured residents due to dialysis treatment of severe uremia, anti-rejection treatment of renal transplantation, treatment of malignant tumor and treatment of some mental diseases can be reimbursed by 60% of the serious illness insurance funds and 65% of the low-income and low-income family members in this city after the basic medical insurance reimbursement. Medical expenses incurred by college students due to hemophilia and aplastic anemia are included in the coverage of residents’ serious illness insurance.

How to adjust the financing standard of medical insurance for urban and rural residents in 2024?

In order to ensure the sustainable development of urban and rural residents’ medical insurance system, in 2024, the government finance continued to increase the investment in urban and rural residents’ medical insurance, and raised the total financing standard of residents’ medical insurance. Specifically:

For people over 70 years old, the financing standard is adjusted to 7169 yuan/year, including 595 yuan/year for individual contributions and 6574 yuan/year for financial subsidies;

For people aged 60-69, the financing standard is adjusted to 7169 yuan/year, including 765 yuan/year for individual contributions and 6404 yuan/year for financial subsidies;

For people aged 19-59, the financing standard is adjusted to 4,149 yuan/year, including 935 yuan/year for individual contributions and 3,214 yuan/year for financial subsidies;

For primary and secondary school students and infants, the financing standard is adjusted to 2419 yuan/year, including 295 yuan/year for individual contributions and 2124 yuan/year for financial subsidies; Full-time undergraduate students, vocational college students and part-time graduate students (hereinafter referred to as "college students") who receive general higher education in various colleges and research institutes in this city have their financing standards adjusted to 1,149 yuan/year, of which individual contributions are 295 yuan/year and financial subsidies are 854 yuan/year.

How to adjust the individual payment standard of medical insurance for urban and rural residents in 2024?

In 2024, the residents’ affordability will be fully considered, and the individual payment standard will be appropriately adjusted according to national requirements. Specifically:

For people over 70 years old, the individual payment is adjusted to 595 yuan/year;

For people aged 60-69, the individual payment is adjusted to 765 yuan/year;

For people aged 19-59, the individual payment is adjusted to 935 yuan/year;

For primary and secondary school students, infants and college students, the individual payment is adjusted to 295 yuan/year.

Important reminder

In order to further facilitate residents to apply for insurance, people who have participated in the medical insurance for urban and rural residents in this city in 2023, have no basic medical insurance benefits in other provinces and cities, and meet any of the following conditions are regarded as renewal personnel, and do not need to go to the community affairs acceptance service center to apply for insurance registration. They can pay directly through online payment channels or by others, or through mutual aid payment to achieve "zero running" (those who are used to offline payment channels can still pay by themselves). The specific conditions are as follows:

1, the last year at least 19 years of age and above the city’s urban household registration personnel.

2, in addition to students at school, in the park (the) children under the age of 18, the city’s household registration personnel.

3. Persons holding foreigners’ permanent residence permits (within the validity period, the same below).

4. Spouses and children under the age of 18 who hold the residence permit for Hong Kong and Macao residents or the residence permit for Taiwan Province residents, and unemployed Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan residents who actually live in this city and have held the residence permit for Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan residents issued by the public security department of this Municipality for more than 2 years.

5. Spouses registered in other provinces and cities, non-local students (under 18 years old) and non-kindergarten children who hold the "Shanghai Residence Permit" and have reached the standard score.

6. Spouses of persons with Class B residence permits, non-local students (under the age of 18) and non-local children.

Family mutual aid payment through personal account

Since December 1, 2023, if a family mutual aid network has been established and "mutual aid payment" is selected, the medical insurance department will directly deduct the insurance contributions of family members from the balance funds of the founder’s account over the years, and it is not necessary for individuals to pay through offline or online channels. Reminder: If the employees’ medical insurance participants in this city are willing to pay the insurance premium for their family members (parents, spouses and children) in 2024 by mutual aid, they must pay the insurance premium in full before 17:30 on December 25, 2023 on the premise of ensuring that the surplus funds in the account of occupational insurance over the years can pay the insurance premium. Through the APPlication of "Citizen Cloud" APP, the application of WeChat applet, the application of Alipay applet or the local area of "National Medical Insurance Service Platform" app, the family mutual aid network is established and the use mode of "mutual aid payment" is selected, so that the medical insurance department can complete the deduction and remittance in time to avoid missing the deadline for payment and affecting the enjoyment of treatment.

"Apply for Citizen Cloud" APP [Internet Hospital] Zone

On-line follow-up visit and drug distribution without leaving home

Scan the QR code below for direct service.

The content and pictures of the article come from | Shanghai Yangpu official WeChat. Please contact the original author for reprinting and authorization.

Original title: "It’s about social security! This payment will start from now on! Government subsidies have increased! It’s troublesome to forget … "

Read the original text