foreword

In general, the second-hand car market in China and the second-hand car market in the United States are also facing the challenges brought by the Internet and e-commerce, but there is still a big gap between the two sides in land policy and market environment, so it is impossible to make a parallel comparison. However, whether in China or the United States, the used car industry has entered the era of online and offline all-round war, and the lack of any link may make used car retailers at a disadvantage in the competition.

The used car market in the United States is highly dispersed. According to the data of the used car industry in the United States, there were about 40 million used cars sold in the United States in 2017, of which about 22 million were between 0 and 10 years old. There are about 18,000 franchised dealers in the United States (similar to domestic 4S stores). CarMax thinks this is their main retail competitor. Franchisees sell both new and used cars, so they master most of the new used cars. Franchisees also use their franchise relationship with automobile manufacturers to mark some used cars as "officially certified used cars", which is an advantage that ordinary used car retailers do not have, and CarMax is no exception.

Of course, in addition to franchised dealers, second-hand car retailers will also face competition from independent second-hand car dealers, e-commerce platforms and C2C trading organizations.

Established in 1996, CarMax, a second-hand car retailer, showed in its latest financial report that it has retailed 71,512 second-hand cars. With this achievement, CarMax has ranked first among second-hand car retailers in the United States.In addition, CarMax is one of the largest wholesale vehicle auction operators in the United States and one of the largest used car financing providers in the United States.

A long history does not mean that CarMax is complacent. In FY 2018, about 90% of customers who bought vehicles from CarMax first visited websites or mobile applications online.

Overview of CARMAX FY 2018 data

Today, we will briefly outline the commercial prototype of the largest used car retailer in the United States from three parts: retail, auction and finance.

retail

According to the latest annual report of CarMax, the company currently has 188 used car stores in the United States, of which 111 stores are located on their own land and 77 stores use leased land.. In FY 2019, CarMax plans to open 15 stores. In FY 2020, CarMax plans to open 13-16 stores.. At present, the number of CarMax employees has exceeded 25,000. In terms of vehicle sources, most of them come from individual car owners, and a smaller part comes from wholesalers, franchisees and independent dealers, and leasing companies.

The second-hand car business in the United States is also seasonal, with the strongest traffic and sales in spring and summer. Sales usually grow the slowest in autumn. In February and March, the traffic and sales of used car retailers began to increase, which coincided with the federal income tax rebate season in the United States.

The second-hand car industry in China also has seasonal laws, which started to decline in December of the previous year and gradually picked up in July.

The car purchase process in CarMax stores is different from the traditional American car retail experience. First of all, CarMax provides a free evaluation for the vehicle, and also provides a written quotation for the owner. After purchasing used cars, CarMax refurbished each used car to meet the relevant quality certification standards. This process includes checking the engine and all major systems. CarMax quality certification standards are developed by CarMax internally and are not affiliated with any third party or original equipment manufacturer. CarMax has the cost of renovation and maintenance in the quotation to consumers. Almost all used car shops in CarMax provide vehicle maintenance services, and the larger stores even have renovation services, which is similar to having the qualification and ability of a domestic first-class repair shop.

CarMax every used car must pass the inspection before it is sold, and promises to get a refund within five days. Each car is also provided with a 30-day limited warranty service, and some paid extended warranty services and financial services are provided to consumers.

Among the domestic second-hand car retail e-commerce companies, Renren, Guazi and Youxin have also adopted the methods of self-construction, joint venture or selection of a third party for second-hand car servicing. The preparation of used cars has a great influence on the price of vehicles and the consumer experience in the process of vehicle sale.

CarMax will transfer almost all the used cars in the inventory to local stores, and the storage is the store. In addition to retailing used vehicles, CarMax also sells new vehicles in two locations under franchise agreements. The integration of warehouses and doors and the sale of new cars are also one of the focuses of domestic used car e-commerce players.

auction

It is worth noting that CarMax pays attention to used cars of 0-10 years old; These vehicles usually cost between $11,000 and $35,000. CarMax evaluates vehicles by age, mileage or condition, and less than half of them meet its retail standards. Vehicles that do not meet the retail standards will be auctioned to franchisees through CarMax’s on-site wholesale auction.

In the United States, CarMax car auction market has two main competitors: Manheim, a subsidiary of Cox Enterprises, and KAR auction service company, which together account for 70% of the wholesale car auction market in North America. These competitors auction vehicles of all ages, while CarMax’s auction mainly sells older vehicles with higher mileage.

At present, the vehicles sold in CarMax wholesale auction are about 10 years old and have more than 100,000 miles. Dealers pay CarMax a certain percentage according to the sales price of the vehicles they buy. Its auction activities are usually held once a week or once every two weeks.　

In other words, retailers who have the ability to obtain car sources from the C end will have more and better used car sources, while retailers like CarMax may keep good car sources for themselves and auction almost used cars to other players. Generally speaking, the ability to collect cars independently is very important in the used car industry.

Previously, Dasou car carried out an advertising campaign in the name of car dealers, one of the purposes of which was to strengthen the car dealers’ car collection ability and ensure that car dealers in the system maintained a strong C-end car collection ability.

At present, there are many e-commerce companies engaged in the auction of used cars in China, including Cheyi Auction, Youxin Auction, Alliance Auction, Weipu Used Car Auction and Daily Auction. Even a number of C2C second-hand car e-commerce companies have begun to actively deploy auction modes, such as the speed auctions of many car groups and the quick sales of everyone under Renren.

finance

In addition to the trading link, CarMax Auto Finance (CAF) is also one of the main sources of the company’s revenue. According to its financial report, as of February 28, 2018,CAFTotal revenue in fiscal year 2018$421.2 million,Compared with FY 2017, it increased by 14.1%.CAFIn its $11.62 billion managed accounts receivable portfolio, it is about895,000 customer accountsprovide services. However, it is worth mentioning that CAF is not the most important participant in automobile consumption finance, and the mainstream players are still banks, exclusive financial departments of new car manufacturers, credit cooperatives and independent financial companies.

Overview of CarMax automobile finance

CAF’s main competitors are banks and credit cooperatives that provide direct financing to customers who buy used cars. The main driving force of CAF’s growth is the growth of CarMax retail used car sales, and typical transactions drive financial growth.

The increase of CAF income is mainly due to the increase of average management accounts receivable and the decrease of loan loss reserve, which is partly offset by the lower percentage of total interest rate.

CarMax auto finance is mainly oriented to the retail market, and there are many players in China, such as Murray Finance and Youxin Finance. China used car e-commerce company also provides B2B storage services for used car dealers, and the main players are the No.1 car loan and the used car home. Earlier, the IPO financial report of Youxin showed that Youxin also participated in the second-hand car storage service.

Competition from Internet and E-commerce

However, it is undeniable that in the United States, the Internet is increasingly used in the second-hand car market. Buying and selling second-hand cars and providing vehicle financing may have a significant adverse impact on the sales and operating performance of CarMax.

American second-hand car retailers also face competitors from e-commerce, including second-hand car pricing information can be queried online, which makes it difficult for second-hand car dealers to distinguish their customers’ products from competitors’ products, resulting in a decline in retail profit margins. Although search engines and online classification websites are not the direct competitors of American used car retailers, online traffic is directed to the websites of competitive car retailers, which makes the competition of used car retailers more diversified.

It is more and more difficult to sell used cars through a single channel (whether online or offline), which is similar to the environment faced by domestic used car retailers.

For example, some websites provide consumers with online evaluation tools to generate quotations and promote consumers to buy at any used car retailer, and evaluation tools have become one of the entrances to used car transactions. There are also a large number of online appraisal companies in China, such as blueprint price, fair price, accurate appraisal, car 300 and car E appraisal. CarMax believes that online evaluation tools may increase the purchase cost of used car retailers because of price transparency.

In addition to the Internet and e-commerce, some companies in the United States sell software and data solutions to new and used car dealers, so that these dealers can provide source and price inventory more effectively. Domestic second-hand car management system providers include Big Windmill, Car Win, Car Netcom, Car Visitors and so on.

In general, the second-hand car market in China and the second-hand car market in the United States are also facing the changes brought by the Internet and e-commerce, but there is still a big gap between the two sides in land policy and market environment, so it is impossible to make a parallel comparison. However, whether in China or the United States, the used car industry has entered the era of online and offline all-round war, and the lack of any link may make used car retailers at a disadvantage in the competition.

— END —

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Subject: Plan B: From Supply Chain to Value Chain

Time: July 2, 2018

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catalogue

　　I. Preface

　　Second, political responsibility

　　Third, the position construction responsibility

　　Fourth, the service responsibility

　　Five, the responsibility of humanistic care

　　VI. Cultural Responsibility

　　Seven, safety responsibility

　　Eight, moral responsibility

　　IX. Responsibility for safeguarding rights and interests

　　X. Legal Management Responsibility

　　Xi. Postscript

　

I. Preface

1. Media profile　

China Media Group (CMG), officially listed on April 19, 2018, is a comprehensive international media group with the largest volume, the largest business forms, the largest program production and the widest coverage in the world.

There are 51 TV channels under the jurisdiction of the Central Radio and Television Headquarters, including 31 public channels and 20 pay channels, 9 of which are international channels. Launch 23 domestic broadcasting frequencies; Use 68 languages for external communication; Operation and maintenance of 25 new media clients such as CCTV News, CCTV Video, CGTN and Yunting, and websites such as CCTV, Yangguang.com and International Online.

2. The concept of social responsibility

The Central Radio and Television General Station always insists on guiding all work with the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, firmly supports the "two establishments" and resolutely implements the "two maintenances", faithfully fulfills the party’s duty and mission of being an ideological town, strives for progress steadily, maintains integrity and innovates, effectively serves the overall situation of the work of the party and the state, and strives to build a world-class new mainstream media with strong leading power, communication power and influence.

3. Awards

In 2022, 64 works and 20 collectives and individuals from the Central Radio and Television General Station won national key awards such as the "Five One Project Award" for spiritual civilization construction, the China News Award, the China Radio, Film and Television Award, and national commendation and awards such as the National May 1st Labor Medal, the National March 8th Red Flag Collective and the National Youth Post Expert.

　

Second, political responsibility

1. Political direction

(1) innovate and upgrade the "headline project" to promote the supreme leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, which is deeply rooted in people’s hearts and resonates.

Give full play to the advantages of exclusive video, carefully create the lens language, do a good job in reporting the important current political activities of the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader with heart and emotion, and firmly occupy the mainstream media public opinion to lead the commanding heights with the fastest publication time limit, the fastest on-site direct attack and the fastest response report. In the whole year, 23 major political events such as the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China were broadcast live, and 584 important news bulletins were issued, up nearly 23% year-on-year.

A large number of excellent programs such as Following the Footsteps of the General Secretary, Piloting, Journey, New Era, Power of Thought, Xiongan Xiongan, and China Region fully demonstrate the great practice of new ideas leading a new journey.

Strengthen the expression of international discourse, and launch a series of current political micro-videos "Meeting the Supreme Leader" and "Being with the People", a series of current political features "The Rule of China", a new media commentary video "The New Pattern of Governing the Country", a series of micro-videos "The Beginning of Poetry Printing", a series of reports "Idiom Wish" and other multilingual products. The core communication data of various current affairs reports of the International Video News Agency of the Central Radio, Film and Television General Station reached a record high, realizing the full coverage of leaders’ thoughts overseas.

(2) Give full play to the important role of the party’s propaganda and reporting on the main force of ballast stone, and go all out to perfectly present the party’s 20 grand occasions.

The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China has created the best communication effect of "the widest coverage, the largest reach scale, the most broadcast and reprinting, and the hottest interactive topic", realizing the full coverage of all 233 countries and regions in the world historically, and expanding the number of reporting languages to 68 on the basis of its own 44 languages; Historically, all the so-called "countries with diplomatic relations" of the Taiwan Province authorities were broadcast on the ground, and a major breakthrough was made. News Network, News and Newspaper Summary and other key columns broadcast a series of reports such as "Twenty Great Times", "Great Rejuvenation and Magnificent Sail", "Seeing China with Rivers Pentium" and "Seeing Development in the County", which received enthusiastic response at home and abroad.

(3) Focus on gathering strength to do major events and thematic reports, show the practical power of Chinese modernization in multiple dimensions, and continue to consolidate and expand mainstream public opinion.

The coverage of the Beijing Winter Olympics reached a total audience of 62.814 billion people on the multi-platform of the Central Radio, Film and Television General Station, making it the highest-rated Winter Olympics, with a record-breaking communication effect. Programs such as "The Covenant of Ice and Snow" and "Together on the Ice and Snow" vividly depict the grand picture of China’s "300 million people participating in the ice and snow movement" from vision to reality.

The propaganda to celebrate the 25th anniversary of Hong Kong’s return to the motherland is vivid. Various works such as Live Greater Bay Area, Xiangjiang River Running Forever, Witness to the Forbidden City in Hong Kong and Story under the Lion Mountain are spread in a matrix, and CGTN Record Channel and Voice of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area frequency channel are broadcast in Hong Kong.

Successfully completed the publicity and coverage of major events such as the National People’s Congress, Boao Forum for Asia, China International Import Expo, China International Consumer Goods Expo, China International Fair for Trade in Services and Central Economic Work Conference.

2. Public opinion guidance

Sing the chinese’s theory of bright economy.A series of reports, special programs and brand activities, such as China Economic Watch in 2022, Financial List in 2022, First-line Investigation, China Confidence, CCTV Financial Forum in 2022, and Survey of China’s Good Life, were launched to fully demonstrate the long-term development trend of China’s economy.

Do a good job in epidemic prevention and control and food safety reporting.What are the new changes in the "National Health Commission: China’s current epidemic prevention and control has entered a new stage, and the implementation of" Class B and B management "focuses on strengthening services and guarantees" and "New Ten Articles for Optimizing Epidemic Prevention and Control" issued by multi-platform authorities? News such as "Boosting Confidence in Action" and "Three Years: Three Questions and Three Answers" and other media products. News Network launched the column of agricultural production "On the Field of Hope", and Voice of China launched a series of reports such as "Chinese food on the plate, China grain", which vividly recorded the extraordinary achievements of China’s grain production "19 consecutive harvests".

Strengthen the guidance of public opinion in social hotspots.We will firmly grasp the reports of social hot events such as the incident of giving birth to an eight-child girl in Fengxian County, Jiangsu Province, the beating incident in Tangshan barbecue shop, and the case of Lao Rongzhi, and present the truth at the first time, and the authoritative voice will effectively guide public opinion.

Innovative means of communication.The media coverage "Decoding Ten Years" innovatively uses the way of "satellite perspective+big data survey+news story" to present the historic achievements and changes of the party and the country. Innovative technology applications, current political pictorial, current political Vlog, Ten-year Picture Scroll, Flower Growers’ Flowers All the Way in this Decade, and other grounded, aura and empathetic media products highlight young expressions.

3. Public opinion supervision

Public opinion supervision is normalized and long-term.The theme of "March 15th" special program is "fair and honest consumption with peace of mind", which exposes problems such as unauthorized capture of users’ browsing data, inferior "pothole" sauerkraut, and hidden dangers of "medical beautician" crash course. The voice of the economy "Everyday March 15th" helps a large number of consumers successfully safeguard their legitimate rights and interests.

Adhere to constructive supervision by public opinion.Focus Interview, News Survey, News 1+1, Weekly Quality Report, Front Line and so on launched several exclusive in-depth investigation reports on telecom fraud, illegal modification of electric bicycles, and the safety of residents’ self-built houses. The news channel continued to follow up and report the tattooing chaos of minors for one year in a row, and promoted the promulgation of the Measures for the Management of Tattoos of Minors; Voice of China exclusively investigated "More than a thousand engineering quality inspection reports in Baoji, Shaanxi Province are suspected of fraud" to promote special treatment throughout the country.

4. External communication

Established the column "High-end Interview".Interview with foreign heads of state, government and heads of international organizations by bilingual anchors, explain China’s initiative, China’s proposition and China’s wisdom, and powerfully convey the voice of justice to the world to strengthen multilateral cooperation and promote the reform of the global governance system.

Vigorously and effectively carry out the international public opinion struggle.CGTN planned and launched the American Mourning, The Eternal War Machine, America Kidnapped by Guns, Exposing and Criticizing the Seven Deaths of Western Mainstream Media, and criticizing the "four-part" of the United States, which aroused widespread concern in global public opinion. The International Sharp Review published 236 comments, and the fans of Yuyuan Tan Tian exceeded 8 million, seizing the commanding heights of international public opinion.

Comprehensively improve the efficiency of international communication.Improve the rapid response mechanism of global emergencies, and the global initial rate of international news reaches 14.55%, ranking second among the major media in the world. Quickly expose and criticize Pelosi’s visit to Taiwan Province, China, and related reports have become the main source of global media. Video news related to the Russian-Ukrainian conflict has been adopted by 2,581 TV stations and new media platforms in 127 countries and regions for over 830,000 times, setting a record in the history of international hot events.

Innovatively carry out "media diplomacy".Successfully held the first global media innovation forum, the China-Argentine high-end cultural exchange forum, and participated in the hosting of the "Global Development: Common Mission and Action Value" think tank media high-end forum. Guided by the diplomacy of the head of state, we signed cooperation agreements with multinational government agencies and mainstream media. Innovatively held 58 overseas media activities of "China and the World on a New Journey" to effectively introduce the spirit of the 20th Party Congress.

Promote cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.Successfully held a series of media activities, such as the United Nations Chinese Day in 2022 and the second overseas video festival of China Central Radio, Film and Television Station, the first global screening of China Video Festival, the first film screening of China-Latin America Love, the media cooperation of ASEAN partners and the 2022 China-Arab media cooperation forum.

　

Third, the position construction responsibility

1. Strengthen the construction of all-media communication system.

The cumulative download volume of the central video client exceeded 491 million times, and the cumulative number of active users was 185 million. The user scale and active users ranked first in the new media platform of the central media.

The total download volume of CCTV news client exceeded 191 million times, and the number of users of social platforms exceeded 738 million, an increase of nearly 100 million.

The number of users of cloud listening client is close to 200 million, ranking first in the audio industry in terms of scale growth.

There are more than 200 million monthly users of CCTV. The number of users of the new media platform "Voice of Greater Bay Area" has doubled, and the new media "Looking at the Taiwan Strait" ranks among the first phalanx of China’s communication to Taiwan. Release the "Evaluation System of Short Video Media Communication" and launch the "Elephant Dance Index" to evaluate the brand.

2. The strategy of "5G+4K/8K+AI" has achieved fruitful results.

Successfully completed the first 8K international public signal production in the history of the opening and closing ceremonies of the Olympic Games and key events, and realized the entire 4K broadcast of the Olympic Games for the first time. "CMG Media Cloud Helps Olympic Communication" and "Beijing Winter Olympics Virtual Studio and Winter Olympics 5G Train Live Broadcasting" won the Olympic Golden Ring Award. CCTV-8K ultra-high-definition channel was launched, and the "100 cities and 1000 screens" public large-screen project covered 21 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities across the country, and the "5G+4K/8K ultra-high-definition production and broadcasting demonstration platform" formed production capacity. Eleven research platforms, such as Ultra HD Production Technology Research Laboratory, 5G Media Application Laboratory, All Media Convergence Communication Technology Research Laboratory and New Display and Visual Perception Shicheng Laboratory, promote the transformation and application demonstration of scientific and technological achievements in multiple dimensions with the scientific and technological innovation mode of "production, learning, research and use".

3. The deep integration of media continues to advance.

In 2022, the first vertical screen was launched to watch the Spring Festival Evening, with a cumulative audience of 439 million. The central video "This young Summer", "young Flowers on Weekend" and "young Flowers" are wonderful enough — — Central Video Night and other "Central young" series products continue to be screened, and the cumulative video playback volume exceeds 700 million times. "Sanxingdui Fantasy Tour" provides users with a brand-new immersive experience through instant cloud rendering technology. Develop AI sign language translators to help hearing-impaired people watch the live broadcast of Beijing Winter Olympics smoothly.

　

Fourth, the service responsibility

1. Information services are timely and accurate

News and information programs timely and accurately release authoritative government information and policies to benefit the people, and do a good job in service tips. Launched 233 live cloud recruitment broadcasts of "Don’t Live Up to China’s Employment Action" to promote the efficient connection between job seekers and jobs. China Report on Agriculture, Countryside and Farmers, Rural Service Agency, etc. "China Twenty-four Solar Terms Series Short Video" makes the audience feel the wisdom of the ancients in the ancient paintings of solar terms.

2. Social services are effective.

Build a public service platform for media integration."Sunset Red" launched a number of medical popular science sections to create a health popular science platform. The media column "I do practical things for the masses" promotes the government to solve the "urgent difficulties and worries" of the masses, and the column "Thousands of jobs and hundreds of products" creates a communication platform between labor brands and employment enterprises.

Play the role of a public think tank.CGTN think tank launched the global poll of "China in the new era" and "China on the new journey"; More than 20 media events were held, such as "China Opportunities and World Development under Global Change", "Chinese Modernization and the World" and "Global Youth Talk: China Development and Youth Opportunities".

3. Continue to promote public welfare activities

Around the 20th Party Congress, model of the times, ecological civilization, traditional culture and other themes, 86 themed public service advertisements were created, which were broadcast nearly 490,000 times on 17 TV channels and broadcasting frequencies of the Central Radio and Television General Station.

Designated to help Xide County, Sichuan Province and Beijing and Shanghai to build a new era civilization practice center. Through improving school conditions, setting up scholarships, building public welfare canteens for the elderly, donating cultural equipment, and introducing industrial projects, Xide County was helped in many ways, helping to sell agricultural products in poverty-stricken areas for 59.4384 million yuan and training 2049 grassroots and technical personnel.

Carry out cultural assistance activities such as "Model of Rural Revitalization" public welfare communication, "Luming Literature Classroom" announcer and host public welfare class, and famous painters’ creative work. The theme public welfare activity "Mind Cinema" tells movies for the blind, and "Holding Hands with Big Hands" provides public welfare assistance for left-behind children, disabled and special children in send warm. Actively participate in blood donation, charitable donation and voluntary service.

　

Five, the responsibility of humanistic care

1. People’s livelihood coverage is extensive.

Continue to do a good job in people’s livelihood reports such as employment, medical care, education, and old-age care, and timely release authoritative information and convenience measures. CCTV Children’s Channel, the Voice of the Elderly in Yangguang, and national language broadcasting fully reflect the concern and care of the party and government for children, the elderly, ethnic minorities and other groups. Combine ethnic festivals, International Women’s Day, International Children’s Day, Double Ninth Festival, International Day of Disabled Persons and other special reports to reflect China’s efforts and achievements in safeguarding the rights and interests of special groups.

2. Disaster and accident reports are comprehensive and objective.

In the sudden and natural disasters, such as the flight accident of China Eastern Airlines MU5735, the collapse of residents’ self-built houses in Changsha, Hunan, the sinking of the "Fujing 001" in distress, the earthquake of magnitude 6.8 in Luding County, Ganzi Prefecture, Sichuan Province, and the mountain fire in Beibei, Chongqing, timely and authoritatively report the progress of the events, respond to social concerns at the first time, refute rumors and effectively guide public opinion.

3. Humanities programs deliver positive energy

Record the spiritual strength of upward goodness.A series of reports, such as Ten Years We Are All Dreamcatchers, Strugglers Are Young, Micro-recording My Story and Economic Voice "Glowing Youth", record the dream-chasing stories of Chinese people in the new era, and present the great changes and rapid development of our country from different aspects. My beautiful countryside creates a strong atmosphere of "paying attention to agriculture, caring for the countryside and caring for farmers" in the whole society.

Pay attention to teenagers’ physical and mental growth."The first lesson of school in 2022, struggle to achieve dreams", "Dream with childlike innocence in the future, to you as a teenager" spread the spirit of the times with the growth stories of role models, and inject positive spiritual energy into the growth of teenagers. With the theme of "inheriting the spirit of scientists and cultivating the feelings of home and country", "Let’s Talk" guides the younger generation to make great efforts. "Snow Dream Group" makes teenagers feel the charm of ice and snow sports. Special programs such as Protecting Teenagers, Love in the Last Mile, and Guardians of Growth pay attention to the health and safety education of minors, especially left-behind and troubled children.

　

VI. Cultural Responsibility

1. Vigorously carry forward the socialist core values

Uphold the party style, be honest with the people, promote the family style, and cultivate a new style.Reports on the Party’s work style and clean government, the feature film "Zero Tolerance" and other programs fully reflect the firm determination of the CPC Central Committee to punish corruption. The cultural tourism visit program "Home between Mountains and Waters" shows the magnificent picture of the countryside in the new era in a panoramic way. In the World, Dear Children, Living in Mind, Come on! Teleplays such as Mom, Exam, Family Affairs as Heaven, Family Style and Family Education Concept of Civil Code and other programs show a harmonious and upward-oriented family atmosphere and carry forward the new trend of family civilization in the new era.

The propaganda of the Chinese dream is cohesive.Special programs such as "Chinese Dream Ode to the Ancestor", "Chinese Dream Work Beauty" and "Struggling Youth" write a new era and a new chapter. Film and television dramas and documentaries such as Seeds, Keeping China’s Rice Bowl Firm, Beautiful Mountains and Rivers, and Daughter of Dashan show the earth-shaking changes in rural areas of China and the effective implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. Natural ecological documentaries such as Aerial Photography of China (Season 4), The Power of Nature, Life on the Earth and Meeting the Extreme China witnessed the development concept of "building a harmonious beautiful homeland for all things".

2. Promote the creative transformation and innovative development of Chinese excellent traditional culture.

Activate the vitality of Chinese culture.Special programs such as Spring Festival Gala in 2022, Lantern Festival Gala, Mid-Autumn Festival Gala, Qixi Festival Gala, Dragon Boat Festival, Chongyang Festival and Affectionate Land are carefully produced around Chinese traditional cultural festivals to fully demonstrate the influence, cohesion and appeal of Chinese civilization. Innovative launch of "Ancient Rhyme and New Sound" traces the cultural connotation of traditional festivals, helping to strengthen the cultural confidence of the Chinese nation.

Original boutique explosions continue.Cultural brand programs such as Word Meets You, China in Art, China in Poetry and Painting, Rong Baozhai, China in Classics, China in Stories, China National Treasure Conference, 2022 Chinese Poetry Conference, Olympics in Art, Biographies of Masters, Encountering Civilization and China in Intangible Heritage realize "Thought+Art+"

3. Promote the scientific literacy of the whole people.

Pay attention to major scientific and technological achievements such as the construction of China’s space station, Mars exploration and manned deep diving. "Tiangong Classroom" continues to carry out space teaching activities. 4K documentary "hello! Mars records the whole process of China’s first Mars exploration. The series of documentary "Smart China" shows the frontier development and product landing in the field of artificial intelligence technology in China. Programs such as "Cracking the Code of Life", "The Law of Changing the World" and "2021 Popular Science China Announcement Ceremony" have created a strong atmosphere of loving science in the whole society.

　

Seven, safety responsibility

Achieve safe broadcast throughout the year.The efficiency of technical support services has been continuously improved, the business process norms of "three trials and three schools" and "replay and retrial" have been compacted, the process management mechanisms such as pre-editing meeting, program monitoring and monitoring, and post-broadcast public opinion monitoring have been strictly implemented, and emergency response plans have been established to effectively ensure the successful completion of various publicity reports.

　

Eight, moral responsibility

1. Abide by professional norms

Strictly abide by laws and regulations such as "China Journalists’ Professional Ethics Code" and "Measures for the Administration of Radio and Television Advertising", adhere to the principle of news authenticity, resolutely put an end to paid news, and resolutely resist vulgarity and kitsch. We will improve the working mechanism of all-media copyright protection, and successfully complete the copyright protection of programs such as Spring Festival Evening, Beijing Winter Olympics and FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022.

2. Maintain social morality

"Touching China 2021 People’s Awards Ceremony", "The Spirit of the Constitution and the Power of the Rule of Law — — Special programs such as 2022 Rule of Law Figures and the Power of Example (the first season) set an example, praising virtue, generosity and righteousness. We will strengthen publicity on topics such as drug control, fire safety and traffic safety, and launch programs such as Bright Sword 2022, War on Drug Control 2022, Walk Safe 2022 and pride of chinese.

3. Accept social supervision

Strictly implement the "Measures for the Administration of Journalists’ Cards", and reporters will produce legal and valid journalists’ cards during interviews. Permanent petition departments, broaden feedback channels, actively collect and actively deal with the comments and complaints of local people on programs and personnel.

　

IX. Responsibility for safeguarding rights and interests

1 to protect the legitimate rights and interests of editors.

Support the editors to carry out normal editing activities, and timely declare the journalist assistance project in China for qualified employees. Do a good job in sending first aid packages to overseas employees, overseas emergency rescue insurance and other commercial insurance services.

2. Guarantee the remuneration and benefits of employees.

Standardize the signing of labor contracts, pay "five insurances and one gold" on time, and solidly promote the work residence permit and the settlement of points. Steady operation of the salary distribution mechanism to provide positive incentives for employees. Formulate regulations on extending maternity leave and parental leave, and effectively protect employees’ rights and interests such as vacation.

3. Standardize the management of journalists’ cards

In strict accordance with the work requirements of the State Press and Publication Administration, we will conscientiously do a good job in the application, verification and daily management of press cards for news editors. In 2022, the annual verification of 6,629 journalists’ cards was completed, 89 new cards were applied, and 108 journalists’ cards were cancelled.

4. Innovative talent training mode

Adhere to the integrated planning, deployment and promotion of political quality training and professional ability improvement, and build a training system based on offline training, online classroom and online live training. More than 220 training sessions were held throughout the year, with a total of 112,000 person-times, with a total duration of over 430,000 class hours.

　

X. Legal Management Responsibility

Conscientiously implement the requirements of "advertising should also be oriented", abide by national laws and regulations, and standardize various business behaviors. Adhere to the social benefits in the first place, strictly separate editing and management, and issue the Interim Provisions on Advertising Management of the Central Radio and Television General Station, and do not publish and broadcast illegal advertisements.

　

Xi. Postscript

In view of the shortcomings in 2021, the Central Radio and Television General Station insisted on being upright and innovative, and launched a large number of excellent programs, forming a vivid situation in which fine products gushed and colorful; In the field of international public opinion, we strive for the first place, dare to show our swords and strive for exclusivity. Our voice is getting louder and louder, our status is getting heavier and heavier, and there are more and more friends. Our international communication power continues to soar. Accelerate the transformation from traditional radio and television media to all-media organizations that produce and publish world-class original audio and video, from traditional program production and broadcasting mode to deepening the structural reform of content production and supply side, and from traditional technology layout to the strategic pattern of "5G+4K/8K+AI".

There are still some shortcomings in the work in 2022, mainly in terms of international communication capacity building, innovation drive and creative development.

In the future, the Central Radio and Television General Station will always insist on guiding all work with Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the new era, deeply understand the decisive significance of "two establishment" and push "two maintenance" to a new level. Further deepen and upgrade the "headline project", adhere to pragmatism, accuracy, high quality and efficiency, deepen the spiritual propaganda of the Party’s 20th Congress, and provide strong public support for a good start in building a socialist modern country in an all-round way; Further strengthen the construction of international communication capacity, vividly tell the story of China, tell the story of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and tell the story of the new era, and consolidate and deepen the good communication situation; Further highlight innovation, vigorously promote the whole chain, all-round and all-field innovation, create a new media platform full of innovation, creativity and hope, and consolidate and enhance the leading position in the field of ultra-HD and new media. Strive to build a world-class new mainstream media with strong leading power, communication power and influence.

    There are 365 engraved Chinese characters on the 12cm square nightlight, seven figures carved on the nucleus of George W. Momo, and an 80-year-old grandmother threading a needle to make sachets … At the 8th China Intangible Cultural Heritage Expo held in Jinan, Shandong Province, many audiences were amazed by their exquisite traditional skills. At this non-legacy feast, the audience can not only feel the charm of non-legacy at close range, but also see the wonderful collision between traditional culture and modern life.

    This year marks the 20th anniversary of China’s ratification of UNESCO’s Convention for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage. The theme of this Expo is "Protecting Heritage, Keeping Upright and Innovating", which comprehensively shows the practical achievements of China’s intangible cultural heritage protection in the past 20 years.

    By December, 2023, there were 730 projects in the world, including 43 in China, ranking first in the world. In recent years, with the active practice of cultural "two creations" in various places, the protection and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage has become a key factor to create a new benchmark for the integration of cultural tourism and stimulate new vitality in rural areas, and traditional intangible cultural heritage is quietly entering modern life.

    The on-site exhibition is popular, and the traditional heritage is popular.

    In the middle school textbook "The Story of the Nuclear Boat", Wang Shuyuan, a nuclear carving artist in the Ming Dynasty, made a nuclear boat "Night Tour in Chibi" with peach stones, and the characters were lifelike, which made the Chinese people know the traditional skill of nuclear carving.

    At the Expo, Liu Bin, the inheritor of nuclear carving skills, once again demonstrated his exquisite skills, carving seven vivid figures in a narrow space with a length of 3.8cm, a width of 1.6cm and a height of 2.2cm, which amazed the audience present.

    The Expo site gathered non-legacy projects from all over the country. In the exhibition area of Hakka Culture (West Fujian) Ecological Protection Experimental Zone, a nightlight has attracted many people’s attention. According to Ma Li, the inheritor of engraving printing technology in Sibao, nightlight is 12 cm× 12 cm square with 365 engraving characters on it, which symbolizes the good meaning of a blessing every day. It is a derivative of engraving printing in Sibao, and the engraving of this product only takes three months to complete.

    The theme of this Expo is "protecting inheritance, keeping integrity and innovation", highlighting the concepts of "people’s intangible cultural treasures" and "integrating into modern life to create a better future". The theme exhibition is based on the idea of "intangible beauty is more vivid in ecology", "ingenuity in more innovative", "good times in the countryside", "communication and mutual learning" and "creativity and sharing".

    As the host city, the Shandong exhibition area set up by the Expo covers a total area of 1,845 square meters. The exhibition includes the "Harmony between Rivers", "Four Seas Uprising" and Jinan Special Zone, which shows the achievements of Shandong Province in promoting the integration of intangible cultural heritage into modern life. At the scene, Jinan clay sculpture rabbit king, dough sculpture, Weifang kite, Zibo ceramics and other "signboards" from all over Shandong were unveiled. One of the traditional martial arts routines, Shuihu Boxing, Peking Opera "Wu Song Beats Shop", Shandong Express Book, Taishan Shadow Play, Jiaozhou Yangko and other special performances also attracted many people to take pictures.

    In the small non-legacy stage set up in the venue and other areas, the audience can also enjoy the performances of traditional music, dance, opera, folk art and other non-legacy projects. Gao Xue, a student who participated in the "Little Handicraft" research activity at the scene, said that he saw many intangible cultural relics that he had never heard of before, and he deeply felt the profoundness of China’s traditional culture, which also increased his interest and motivation for learning historical and cultural knowledge in the future.

    Constantly bring forth the old and bring forth the new, and the old craftsmanship is passed down in development.

    A piece of bamboo paper is lightly covered on the music disc, and a brush with ink is brushed evenly, and a novel picture of the blessing character emerges from the paper … In the exhibition hall of "Beauty lies in communication and mutual learning" of the Expo, the inheritor made exquisite works with the ancient movable type printing technology and gave them to the public.

    Wu Songgen, the inheritor of Ninghua wood movable type printing, said that in the process of inheriting this skill, he also tried to combine this old craft with the needs of modern society. By setting up the "Ninghua Wood Movable Type Workshop" on the Internet, he launched the sales of printing tools, finished wood movable type products, personalized customization of wood movable type and seals, and sales of manual thread-bound books, and actively promoted wood movable type printing, making this intangible project enter thousands of households.

    Constantly bringing forth the old and bringing forth the new, not only retaining the tradition, but also inheriting it in development, is a new path for many non-legacy projects to choose at present. In Hexingyong Painting Shop in Hanting District, Weifang City, Yang Naidong, the inheritor of Yangjiabu Woodblock New Year Pictures, a national intangible project, is busy carving all kinds of miniature New Year Pictures every day. Yang Naidong said that many young people have come to buy this miniature version of traditional New Year pictures recently. The products have many themes, such as Hongfu Mantang, Danfeng Chaoyang, and "Fish" every year. After printing, they can be mounted in photo frames as decorations and are very popular. Compared with the conventional New Year pictures, this old version of the new engraved miniature New Year pictures is more difficult in engraving and overprinting. "While guarding the traditional skills, we should adapt to the changes of the times and the actual needs, and constantly give new vitality to the New Year pictures." Yang Naidong said.

    In the process of inheritance, some non-legacy products have gained new brilliance and initially formed a large-scale industry. Walking in the streets of Daji Town, Cao County, Shandong Province, Hanfu factories and shops can be seen everywhere.

    Huang Xiaoyan, the person in charge of Cao County’s crossing of Datang Hanfu Yuncang, said that in recent years, local practitioners have combined tradition with fashion, constantly brought forth new ideas and innovated communication channels, so that the Hanfu industry in Cao County can continue to "go out of the circle". At present, there are more than 2,200 Hanfu upstream and downstream enterprises and more than 13,900 online stores in Cao County, forming a complete industrial chain integrating design and printing, research and development of fashion, printing and embroidery, auxiliary materials and accessories, and marketing.

    Zhang Shishan, dean of the Institute of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Shandong University, said that being rooted in people’s daily life is an important source of lasting vitality for intangible heritage. At present, on the basis of good protection, many intangible cultural heritage in various places have achieved innovative development and new application fields, which fully stimulated the internal motivation of intangible cultural heritage to serve economic and social development.

    Deep integration with technology, better integration into modern life

    At this Expo, Jinan Shadow Play, which participated in the exhibition, was loved by more young people by combining with new technologies. Li Juan, the fifth generation inheritor of Jinan Shadow Play, said that she cooperated with Shandong Academy of Art to launch a series of digital collections of "AI Digital Shadow Play". With the help of AI (artificial intelligence) technology, this series of collections simulates the unique rendering and coloring techniques of Jinan Shadow Play, and completes the color matching of the heads of seven main characters in the The Journey to the West play of Shadow Play. Through the application of "Shadow Play+Theater" and "Shadow Play+B&B", Jinan Shadow Play has not only entered communities, scenic spots and exhibition halls all over China, but also traveled to more than 20 countries around the world to tell the story of China’s legacy.

    What flowers will "bloom" with the deep integration of non-legacy and industry? In Shandong, a bold exploration gradually got the answer. In September this year, a new clothing release event about Lu Jin and Lu Embroidery made many people understand the intangible modern charm for the first time in the form of a runway show.

    Lu brocade is a unique brocade in Shandong, and its weaving skills are a national intangible cultural heritage. Lu embroidery is a representative embroidery in Shandong, and it is also a national intangible cultural heritage. Since last year, Shandong Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology and other departments have initiated the revitalization of Lujin embroidery industry, promoted universities, enterprises and other units to jointly establish the high-quality development alliance of Lujin industry, and established Lujin industrial center and R&D design center relying on the strength of industry associations and universities to improve the level of creative design. At the same time, actively guide high-quality enterprises in the garment and textile industry to join the R&D and manufacturing of Lu Jin and Lu Embroidery products across borders. "In 2021, there were less than 10 Lujin production enterprises in the province. Now, the number of enterprises involved in Lujin production and research and development has grown to more than 40." Wang Xiao, deputy director of the Shandong Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology, said that many enterprises have developed and produced new Lujin, which has won rich orders.

    Non-genetic seeding is also showing an increasingly "tidal" trend. In short video platforms such as Tik Tok, the content about intangible cultural heritage is getting richer and richer. According to the data, there are 1,428 certified non-genetic inheritors in Tik Tok, among which 199 are under the age of 30. More and more young inheritors have joined Tik Tok to promote non-genetic inheritance.

    "While the old non-legacy craftsmanship continues to be passed down, it has also explored new development paths, and some of them have countless’ circles’. This shows that intangible resources have gradually integrated into our modern life after flying into the homes of ordinary people and being close to the mass production and life. In the future, more and more traditional cultures will show great vitality and vitality. " Wang Yuanxing, a professor at the School of History and Culture of Shandong University, said. (Reporter Shao Luwen)

　　 Yunnan Net News (Reporter Xiong Qiang Zhao Lihao) On March 31 last year, Dali City, Yunnan Province issued the "Notice on Special Renovation of Catering Inn Service Industry in the Core Area of Erhai River Basin Water Ecological Protection Zone", announcing the demarcation of the core area. It is required that before April 10, including the core area and the Erhai natural village around the lake where the red line in the core area passes, all relevant catering and inn operators will suspend business by themselves and accept business licenses, environmental protection and other inspections.

　　As a result, nearly 2,000 inns and restaurants in Erhai Lake were shut down, which was called the strictest rectification in history, and the poems and distant places of netizens all the way to the west were temporarily put on hold. Nowadays, a year has passed in a hurry. For inns and restaurants, it is a process of waiting for rebirth in pain.

　　Shuanglang Town, located on the northeast bank of Erhai Lake, has been visited by tourists from all over the country every year because of the beautiful scenery of the fishing village, and it is hard to find a room on holidays. However, since April last year, in order to protect the water ecological environment of Erhai Lake Basin, Dali has carried out special rectification of the catering inn service industry in the core area, and Shuanglang Town has shut down and reformed the inns and catering industry within its jurisdiction. The bustling scene in the past no longer exists, and it has been replaced by construction pollution control.

　　On the evening of May 9, it was reported that some inns in Shuanglang Town had been rebuilt and started to resume operation after hanging the "green card" issued by the government. On the morning of May 10th, Shi Guodong, deputy director of Shuanglang Ancient Town Scenic Area Management Committee, confirmed the news to the reporter.

　　According to Shi Guodong, there are 628 registered inns and restaurants in Shuanglang Town, of which 80 have reached the standard of resuming business, including 53 inns and 27 restaurants. As of May 9th, 7 inns and 2 restaurants have officially opened. "In addition to the land certificate, planning certificate, business administration certificate, environmental guarantee, food hygiene and safety certificate, public security fire protection certificate and industry license, the opened inn catering industry also needs to install electronic tax control equipment and public security gold and silicon system." He said that for business households that meet the requirements, they still need to meet six indicators to pass the acceptance and publicity of Shuanglang Town, and these six indicators mainly involve sewage treatment, landscape improvement, fee collection, tax system, gold and silicon system and smart tourism.

　　Shi Guodong further explained that for business operators who intend to resume business, it is necessary to ensure the normal operation of environmental protection facilities and do a good job in sewage collection, treatment and entering the municipal pipe network; Transform the buildings it manages into more beautiful and tidy; Pay the sewage treatment and garbage removal fees in full according to the standard; Install electronic tax control equipment in time; Open the gold-silicon system and cooperate with the public security to manage foreign personnel; All business households must also combine "global tourism" and "a mobile phone tour Yunnan smart tourism" to set aside ports to ensure docking when the APP is opened.

　　Shuanglang "Xieyu Luozhou Inn" obtained the permission to resume business on May 8, and the green sign of "Resume Business" has been hung on the gate of the inn. Ms. Li, the person in charge of the inn, told the reporter that since the inn was closed for rectification, sewage and water purification facilities have been installed, and at the same time, the landscape of the inn has been upgraded, including the newly added green garden on the top floor, which cost more than 200,000 yuan. For these expenses, Ms. Li thinks it is worth it, because she wants to make the inn fine and fine, and at the same time create a good reputation. With a huge cost, will the hotel accommodation price increase? Ms. Li said that she still charges at the original price and will not raise the price.

　　"It has reached the discharge standard and it is acceptable to start business." Mr. Zhao, a native of Dali, said after learning that the restaurant in Shuanglang was about to resume operation, he hoped that Shuanglang would be strictly planned and no new inn restaurants would be built. He believes that there is no water source injected into Erhai Lake in Haidong, and the pressure of sewage discharge will increase if there are too many people, which is easy to cause pollution and the tourism experience is poor, so it is necessary to limit the flow appropriately.

　　Li Meng (not his real name), who lives in Shuanglang, said that during the renovation period, all the restaurants and restaurants in the inn were closed, and there was no place to eat, drink and have fun with friends when he got home on holiday. It is obvious to all that the environment of the Double Corridor is getting better now. The stone road on the main street, the greening along the roadside and the buildings at the entrance of the village are completely different from the past. The green algae in Erhai Lake were gone before. She hopes that this rectification can be thorough and avoid repeated tossing.

　　Talking about the scenery of the Double Corridor, the "big head" of tourists from other provinces is still full of interest. A few years ago, he and his friends traveled by car and experienced the experience of "parking for one night in 50 yuan" in this small town. He hoped that the renovated Double Corridor would not only change the environment, but also need to be improved in terms of infrastructure facilities and service capabilities, so as to keep the hearts of tourists.

CCTV News:Today (July 13th) morning, the State Council Information Office held a press conference. Li Kuiwen, director of the Statistics and Analysis Department of the General Administration of Customs, introduced that the total value of China’s foreign trade import and export maintained a positive growth year-on-year for 13 consecutive months. The scale of import and export reached the best level in the same period in history and continued to maintain a stable and positive trend.

In the first half of the year, China’s total foreign trade import and export value increased by 27.1% year-on-year.

According to customs statistics, in the first half of this year, the total import and export value of China’s foreign trade was 18.07 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 27.1%. Among them, exports were 9.85 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 28.1%; Imports reached 8.22 trillion yuan, up 25.9% year-on-year.

Private enterprises have become an important force for China’s foreign trade growth

Customs statistics show that in the first half of this year, the import and export of private enterprises in China was 8.64 trillion yuan, up 35.1% year-on-year, which became an important force for the growth of China’s foreign trade. At the same time, China is actively exploring new markets and optimizing the global market layout.

ASEAN has become China’s largest trading partner.

In the first half of the year, China’s imports and exports to ASEAN, the European Union, the United States and Japan were 2.66 trillion yuan, 2.52 trillion yuan, 2.21 trillion yuan and 1.18 trillion yuan, up 27.8%, 26.7%, 34.6% and 14.5% respectively. ASEAN is China’s largest trading partner, accounting for 14.7% of China’s total foreign trade.

In the same period, China’s imports and exports with countries along the Belt and Road totaled 5.35 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 27.5%.

In the first half of the year, China’s general trade import and export increased by 30.7% year-on-year

According to customs statistics, in the first half of the year, China’s general trade import and export was 11.19 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 30.7%; The export of mechanical and electrical products was 5.83 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 29.5%. The structure of China’s export products has been continuously optimized to promote the steady and qualitative increase of foreign trade volume.

　　As early as many years ago, in order to make up for the shortcomings of Toyota’s high-end brand Lexus in compact models, CT200h was introduced to enhance its overall competitiveness. However, according to the sales data, from the launch of the CT200h to the first quarter of this year, the global cumulative sales volume is only about 267,000 vehicles. In this big market of China, the sales volume of the CT200h accounts for less than 10% of the total sales volume of Lexus. It can be seen that this entry-level car, which has been launched for nearly six years, has not brought surprises to Lexus.

　　▲ The sales volume is not satisfactory, and the production of CT200h is discontinued.

　　Perhaps the sales volume is not satisfactory. According to reliable sources, the CT200h will face production suspension, and Alain Uyrrenhoven, president of Lexus Europe, revealed that "the CT200h will be replaced by a hybrid small SUV". Of course, if we study why the CT200h stopped production according to the meaning of Lexus, we may only think that the SUV market is overheated and the cars are not popular, but is this really the case?

　　As we all know, compared with British finidi and Acura, Lexus, as a member of Japanese luxury Three Musketeers, has performed strongly in the market with its excellent quality and good service. Therefore, when the compact car CT200h, which started at more than 200,000 yuan, was launched, many people began to worry that it would more or less destroy the long-standing good image of Lexus.

　　▲ Hidden quality hazards affect the brand image, or become the main reason for the shutdown of CT200h.

　　Because it is a hybrid of oil and electricity, CT200h is excellent in fuel economy, and its bold design also shows the charm of Lexus. However, in details, CT200h really proves the truth of "a penny gets a share". First of all, in terms of materials, CT200h’s materials are very general, the suspension is hard and the comfort is average.

　　A criticism that is particularly worth mentioning is the sound insulation effect of CT200h h. It has been reported by the media that when the speed reaches above 80km/h, the noise inside the CT200h is as high as 79dB(70-90 dB is noisy and nerve cells are destroyed), which has seriously interfered with the driver’s driving and the safety hazard is very obvious.

　　In addition, a friend of Xiaobian’s car owner said that the CT200h he was driving had many problems, especially the abnormal brake noise. When Xiaobian searched online for the abnormal brake noise of CT200h, there was almost a buzz on the Internet. What’s more, some car owners couldn’t wait to show the abnormal brake noise in less than three or four days, which was really a headache.

　　Therefore, Xiao Bian guessed that the CT200h had the idea of stopping production because of its poor sound insulation effect and abnormal sound, which was not conducive to the establishment of a good brand image.

　　▲ frequent and numerous recalls, but ineffective and negative?

　　Originally, I wanted to fill the gap in the compact car market. Clinker CT200h, an entry-level model, did not give force, did not bring surprises to Lexus, and more or less brought some panic. So, is it the best choice to stop production of CT200h to reverse Gankun and re-establish the brand image?

　　In fact, in view of the defects of vehicles, car companies will start a recall plan to improve the problems of vehicles. Although Lexus has not implemented a recall for abnormal noise, Lexus has started a recall plan before because of the hidden dangers of fuel leakage and airbags, involving 37,423 vehicles, including CT200h.

　　The number of recalls is amazing, but this is not the problem of this recall. Xiaobian asked the owner’s friend. When he told him that his CT200h was going to be recalled for inspection and maintenance, he said he didn’t know. When he called the local 4S shop, the staff of the 4S shop admitted that his vehicle needed to be recalled. In other words, even if Lexus started the recall plan, it did not take the initiative to contact the owner for inspection and maintenance, but the owner reflected that the 4S shop admitted it. Does such a poor and negative service attitude really come from Lexus?

　　Coincidentally, another incident deserves our attention. A car owner once made a complaint on the car complaint network. He said that his newly bought 2014 lexus ES300 had just driven for 200 kilometers when the ABS fault light called the police, and the brake pedal didn’t respond at all. He was asked to replace the ABS controller assembly after going to the 4S shop for inspection.

　　The description of this problem coincides with the reason stated in Lexus’ recall regulations in April this year. The recall was as follows: due to the manufacturing reasons of a specific supplier, the oil pressure required for braking anti-lock braking system (ABS) and body stability control system (VSC) may not be provided normally, which may affect the driving stability of the vehicle and have potential safety hazards, and a total of 15,322 lexus ES200, ES250 and RX200t vehicles were recalled.

　　Putting the owner’s complaint together with the Lexus recall, we found that the owner’s ES300 also had the problems mentioned in the recall, but the ES300 was not within the scope of the recall!

　　Summary:Now, due to various quality problems, the CT200h is already in water under the bridge, and it has to stop production on the pretext of "good SUV market prospects". Apart from the tragic product CT200h, the frequent recalls of Lexus this year and the large number of them are really unsightly, but the negative and ineffective behaviors such as not notifying the owners in time and incomplete recalls are the facts that it is difficult to cover up when CT200h stops production.

There are new regulations to promote the development of individual industrial and commercial households.

Li Keqiang, Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China recently signed the the State Council Order, promulgating the Regulations on Promoting the Development of Individual Industrial and Commercial Households, which will take effect on November 1, 2022. The "Regulations" clarify that the government and its relevant departments provide support for individual industrial and commercial households in terms of market subject registration, annual report service, supply of business premises, capital, taxation, finance, social security, entrepreneurial employment, community convenience services, digital development, intellectual property protection, and bail-out assistance. When formulating relevant policies and measures, the government and its relevant departments shall fully listen to the opinions of individual industrial and commercial households and relevant industry organizations, and shall not, in violation of regulations, formulate or implement discriminatory policies and measures against individual industrial and commercial households in terms of qualification licensing, project declaration, government procurement and bidding. No unit or individual may charge individual industrial and commercial households in violation of laws, regulations and relevant provisions of the state or charge them in disguised form, expand the charging scope or raise the charging standard without authorization, raise funds or apportion funds from individual industrial and commercial households, or force individual industrial and commercial households to provide sponsorship or accept paid services.

> > Read in detail: Li Keqiang signed the the State Council Order to promulgate the Regulations on Promoting the Development of Individual Industrial and Commercial Households.

The operation of tank cars with major safety risks is completely prohibited.

The Ministry of Transport, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security and the General Administration of Market Supervision jointly issued the Work Plan for the Management of Tankers of Atmospheric Liquid Dangerous Goods, which standardized the production, registration, use and inspection of tankers of atmospheric liquid dangerous goods, concentrated on rectifying the outstanding problems existing in the operation of tankers, and comprehensively improved the safe operation level of tankers. The "Proposal" clarifies that from November 1, 2022, China will completely ban the operation of tankers with major safety risks.

From November 1st, consumption tax will be levied on e-cigarettes.

The Ministry of Finance, the General Administration of Customs and State Taxation Administration of The People’s Republic of China jointly issued the Announcement on the Collection of Consumption Tax on Electronic Cigarettes, which will take effect on November 1, 2022. The "Announcement" clarifies that e-cigarettes will be included in the scope of consumption tax collection, and e-cigarettes will be added under the heading of tobacco tax. Units and individuals that produce (import) and wholesale electronic cigarettes in People’s Republic of China (PRC) are consumption tax payers. E-cigarettes shall be taxed at an ad valorem rate. The tax rate for the production (import) link is 36%, and the tax rate for the wholesale link is 11%. Taxpayers exporting electronic cigarettes are subject to the export tax refund (exemption) policy. E-cigarettes will be added to the list of imported goods that are not exempt from duty and taxed according to regulations.

@ Driving school coach, you should pay attention to these in future training.

The Ministry of Transport announced the newly revised Regulations on the Management of Motor Vehicle Driver Training, which will take effect on November 1, 2022. The new version of the "Regulations" clarifies that coaches implement a vocational skill grading system. Driving and training institutions are required to sign training contracts with trainees to protect their legitimate rights and interests. It is stipulated that driving and training institutions must carry out relevant training in the recorded teaching venues to reduce problems such as disorderly operation and evasion of supervision. Add requirements for evaluating students’ satisfaction, improve the quality credit evaluation system of driving and training institutions, and improve the quality of business services.

> > Read in detail: Interpretation and full text of the Ministry of Transport’s revision of the Management Regulations on Motor Vehicle Driver Training.

Implementation of Measures of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Customs for Supervision of Transit Goods.

The Measures for the Supervision of Transit Goods of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Customs shall come into force on November 1, 2022. The "Measures" stipulate that ten types of goods are prohibited from crossing the border. It is clear that transit goods shall be subject to customs supervision from entry to exit. Without the approval of the customs, no unit or individual may open, pick up, deliver, ship, exchange, modify, mortgage, pledge, retain, transfer, change the label, use it for other purposes or otherwise dispose of transit goods. Animals and plants, animal and plant products and other quarantine objects shall not be unloaded from the means of transport without customs approval during transit.

> > Read in detail: Measures of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Customs on the Supervision of Transit Goods (Order No.260 of the General Administration of Customs)

List management is fully implemented for tax administrative licensing matters.

Announcement of State Taxation Administration of The People’s Republic of China on the Full Implementation of List Management of Tax Administrative Licensing Matters shall come into force on November 1, 2022. The Announcement makes it clear that the State Administration of Taxation, according to the list of administrative licensing items examined and approved by the State Council, issues a list of tax administrative licensing items that are uniformly implemented nationwide and incorporated into the management of the national administrative licensing management system. The tax authorities at or below the provincial level are not allowed to implement the tax administrative license outside the list. At the same time, the implementation provisions of the "examination and approval of the maximum billing limit of the VAT anti-counterfeiting tax control system" were clarified.

> > Read in detail: Announcement on the full implementation of the list management of tax administrative licensing items.

Implementation of new regulations on food production license examination

The General Administration of Market Supervision revised and promulgated the General Rules for the Examination of Food Production License (2022 Edition), which will take effect on November 1, 2022. The General Principles (2022 Edition) clarifies that the examination of food production license includes the examination of application materials and on-site verification. The verification team shall complete the on-site verification within 5 working days from the date of accepting the on-site verification task. If the on-site verification conclusion is judged as passed, the applicant shall complete the rectification of the problems found in the on-site verification within 1 month from the date of making the on-site verification conclusion, and report the rectification results to its daily supervision department in writing.

> > read in detail: heavy! New rules for food production license review released

It is related to digital textbooks for primary and secondary schools! Three national standards were implemented in November.

The General Administration of Market Supervision (Standards Committee) issued three national standards: Basic Process of Digital Textbooks Publishing in Primary and Secondary Schools, Metadata of Digital Textbooks in Primary and Secondary Schools, Quality Requirements and Testing Methods of Digital Textbooks in Primary and Secondary Schools, which stipulated the basic process of publishing digital textbooks in primary and secondary schools, put forward the quality requirements for digital textbooks in primary and secondary schools, gave the testing process and testing methods, and put forward an overall plan compatible with education and publishing fields, which was formally implemented on November 1, 2022.

Is there a problem or hidden danger with the drug? Recall according to the new management method

National Medical Products Administration organized the revision of the Measures for the Administration of Drug Recall, which came into force on November 1, 2022. The "Measures" clarify that drug marketing license holders, drug manufacturers, drug trading enterprises and drug users should establish and implement a drug traceability system according to regulations, keep complete purchase and sale records, and ensure the traceability of listed drugs. In the process of implementing the recall, the holder of the drug marketing license shall report the progress of the drug recall to the pharmaceutical supervisory and administrative department of the people’s government of the province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government every three days, and every seven days. The holder of the drug marketing license shall keep detailed records on the handling of the recalled drugs, and the records shall be kept for 5 years and shall not be less than 1 year after the drug is valid.

> > Read in detail: Announcement of National Medical Products Administration on Issuing the Measures for the Administration of Drug Recall

Guangdong Provincial People’s Government on Printing and Distributing the Implementation of Guangdong Province

The State Council has solidly stabilized the economic package of policies and measures.

Notice of implementation plan

Yue Fu [2022] No.51

People’s governments at the local and municipal levels, departments and institutions directly under the provincial government:

　　The "Implementation Plan for Guangdong Province to Implement the State Council’s" Package of Policies and Measures to Firmly Stabilize the Economy "is hereby printed and distributed to you, please implement it carefully. Problems encountered in the implementation, please report to the Provincial Development and Reform Commission.

people’s government of guangdong province

May 31, 2022

　　(This article has been deleted)

Guangdong Province implements the State Council’s "Solidly Stabilizing the Economy"

Implementation plan of a package of policy measures

　　In order to thoroughly implement the important instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary on "the epidemic situation should be prevented, the economy should be stabilized, and the development should be safe", and promote the implementation of the State Council’s "A Package of Policies and Measures to Stabilize the Economy" in our province, the following implementation plan is formulated in combination with deepening the implementation of a series of policies and measures to stabilize the growth since the beginning of this year, and accelerating the greater policy effect.

　　I. Fiscal policy

　　(1) Further intensify the implementation of the VAT credit and tax refund policy.

　　1. Strictly implement the tax refund policies for six industries, such as manufacturing, scientific research and technical services, electricity, heat, gas and water production and supply, software and information technology services, ecological protection and environmental management, civil aviation transportation, warehousing and postal services, to ensure that the stock tax allowance is fully refunded and the incremental tax allowance is fully refunded monthly. Take effective measures to speed up the process, and on the basis of taxpayers’ voluntary application, centralized refund of the remaining tax credits of micro-enterprises and small enterprises before June 30. Qualified medium-sized enterprises and large enterprises in manufacturing and other industries may apply to the competent tax authorities for a one-time refund of the stock tax allowance from the tax declaration period in May and June this year.

　　2. Closely connect with enterprises in seven newly-added industries, such as wholesale and retail, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, accommodation and catering, residents’ service, repair and other services, education, health and social work, culture, sports and entertainment, and implement the policy of full monthly incremental refund and one-time full refund of the remaining tax credits, and make good preparations in advance to ensure that they are put in place at the first time. Strengthen tax refund risk prevention and severely punish tax evasion and tax fraud according to law.

　　(2) Accelerate the progress of fiscal expenditure.

　　3. All localities and departments should speed up the progress of budget implementation, speed up the allocation of funds in charge, and speed up the payment of physical workload, which involves capital construction and government procurement, and should perform relevant procedures and do a good job in ensuring the relevant elements to ensure that funds can be spent once issued.

　　4. Increase the vitality of clearing the carry-over balance funds. Except for emergency relief, factual settlement and other funds, the undistributed budget funds of the current year and the unused carry-over funds of the previous year before the end of September will be recovered for overall financial use. The balance of funds and carry-over funds that have not been used for two consecutive years will be cleared up and recovered in time. Can not be used according to the original purpose of the year to arrange funds, unified by the financial sector for recovery or adjustment for economic and social development in urgent need of support. Strengthen the management of the actual fund account of the unit, and clean up the stock funds and turn them over to the finance in strict accordance with the regulations.

　　5. Strengthen the monitoring of treasury funds, do a good job in fund scheduling and strengthen the guarantee of treasury funds in combination with the needs of tax refund and project construction, and include the special funds to support tax refund in the direct scope to ensure that the tax refund funds are in place in time and in full.

　　(3) Accelerate the issuance and use of local government special bonds and expand the scope of support.

　　6. Accelerate the issuance of special bonds issued by the central government this year, and basically complete the issuance before the end of June. According to the requirement that this year’s special bonds are basically used up before the end of August, we will speed up the progress of special bond expenditures, and strive to start all the issued special bond projects before the end of June.

　　7. Strengthen the penetrating monitoring of special bonds, distinguish the use of project tracking funds, report the use of special bond expenditures every month, schedule the progress of special bond projects every half month, and coordinate and solve problems encountered in project construction in a timely manner.

　　8. For projects where it is difficult to continue the construction and implementation in the short term and other reasons, the idle funds will be adjusted according to procedures for other mature projects that meet the requirements.

　　9. For cities with slow progress in the use of special debt expenditure, the actual expenditure amount will be recovered according to a certain proportion, and transferred to cities with good management and effective demand for remaining project funds across regions.

　　10. Under the premise of compliance with laws and controllable risks, guide commercial banks to provide supporting financing support for qualified special bond project construction entities, and effectively link credit funds with special bond funds.

　　11. Closely follow the national policy of appropriately expanding the field of special bond support, accelerate the planning and reserve of a number of special bond projects around new infrastructure, new energy projects, public services, renovation of old public facilities, consumption infrastructure and other fields, do the preliminary work of the project in advance, and do a good job in the declaration of project reserves in our province in time.

　　(4) Make good use of government financing guarantees and other policies.

　　12. Reduce the burden of financing guarantee fees for small and micro enterprises, and subsidize the financing guarantee business of small and micro enterprises with a single-family guarantee amount of less than 10 million yuan and an average annualized guarantee rate of less than or equal to 1% for the government financing guarantee institutions in Jiangmen, Huizhou, Zhaoqing and eastern Guangdong, western Guangdong and northern Guangdong.

　　13. Optimize the compensation mechanism and fee reduction subsidy mechanism for financing re-guarantee. For the financing guarantee business of small and micro enterprises that the provincial financing re-guarantee institutions are included in the credit scope of the national financing guarantee fund this year, the actual compensation loss will be fully compensated, and the re-guarantee fee will be fully subsidized.

　　14. Reward and supplement the government financing guarantee institutions that cooperate with the national financing guarantee fund on a large scale, and support more cooperative financing guarantee institutions to focus on supporting small-scale agriculture.

　　15. Improve the agricultural credit guarantee system, increase the capital of the provincial agricultural financing guarantee institutions by 200 million yuan, further amplify the effect of supporting agriculture, and increase the annualized guaranteed loan balance by 1 billion yuan. Strengthen the risk sharing and compensation mechanism of agricultural credit to ensure that the guarantee rate actually borne by the loan subject does not exceed 0.8%.

　　16. Expand the coverage of export credit insurance, support more than 12,000 foreign trade enterprises throughout the year, expand industrial chain underwriting, deepen tripartite cooperation between banks and insurance companies, innovate policy financing products, and realize short-term insurance policy financing to increase credit coverage by more than 60 billion yuan.

　　(V) Increase government procurement to support SMEs.

　　17. Implement the government procurement policy to promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, reasonably divide the procurement packages for government procurement projects according to the project characteristics, professional types and professional fields, actively expand consortium bidding and subcontracting of large enterprises, and lower the participation threshold of small and medium-sized enterprises.

　　18. Strengthen the evaluation of government procurement projects of budget units at all levels, and reserve the procurement share for small and medium-sized enterprises: small procurement projects (goods and services procurement projects below 2 million yuan, engineering procurement projects below 4 million yuan) are all reserved for small and medium-sized enterprises in principle; For procurement projects exceeding the aforementioned amount, more than 40% of the procurement projects are reserved for small and medium-sized enterprises, and the proportion reserved for small and micro enterprises is not less than 70%.

　　19. Implement national requirements and increase the price deduction ratio for small and micro enterprises from 6%-10% to 10%-20%. When reviewing procurement projects or procurement packages that have not clearly reserved shares, encourage small and micro enterprises to deduct the price or increase the price score according to the upper limit.

　　(six) the implementation of social security fees deferred payment policy.

　　20. To implement the requirements of national policies, under the premise of ensuring that all social insurance benefits are paid in full and on time, all small and medium-sized enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households that have temporary difficulties in production and operation affected by the epidemic in eligible areas will be deferred in stages, and the deferral period will be implemented in stages until the end of this year.

　　21. On the basis of the implementation of three policies of phased holdover of social insurance premiums for five poverty-stricken industries, such as catering, retail, tourism, civil aviation and highway, waterway and railway transportation, in accordance with the provisions of national policies, other poverty-stricken industries that have been severely affected by the epidemic, experienced difficulties in production and operation in a large area of the industry and are in line with the guidance of national industrial policies will be expanded to implement holdover policies, and the period of holdover of old-age insurance will be extended by stages to the end of this year.

　　22. Implement social security payment subsidies for small and micro enterprises in manufacturing industry. This year, small and low-profit manufacturing enterprises registered and continuously operated in the province will be subsidized according to a certain proportion of the unit payment of basic old-age insurance premiums for enterprise employees. Subsidy funds that meet the requirements of the tax law are managed as non-taxable income, and are used by enterprises for social security contributions, employee benefits and other expenses.

　　23. Simplify the handling process of social security fee holdover, clarify the identification standards for small and medium-sized enterprises and areas affected by the epidemic, implement the notification commitment system for applicable conditions such as production and operation difficulties, and promote the realization of holdover.

　　(7) Increase the support for stabilizing posts.

　　24. Optimize the implementation of the unemployment insurance return policy, and further increase the return ratio. Large enterprises will return 50% of the unemployment insurance premiums actually paid by enterprises and their employees last year, and small and medium-sized enterprises will return 90% of the unemployment insurance premiums actually paid by enterprises and their employees last year. Social organizations, foundations, social service agencies, law firms, accounting firms, and individual industrial and commercial households insured in the form of units shall refer to the implementation, and the policy implementation period is up to the end of this year. Large enterprises that have been returned by 30% before will make up the difference in time.

　　25. Broaden the benefit range of unemployment insurance subsidies for staying in work, and expand the benefit range of one-time training subsidies for staying in work from small and medium-sized enterprises in areas with medium and high-risk epidemics to large enterprises, as well as enterprises in catering, retail, tourism, civil aviation and highway, waterway and railway transportation in areas without medium and high-risk epidemics. The implementation period is up to the end of this year.

　　26. If an enterprise recruits college graduates in the graduation year, signs labor contracts and participates in unemployment insurance, it will issue a one-time job expansion subsidy according to the standard of 1,500 yuan per person, which will not be enjoyed repeatedly with the one-time employment subsidy. The funds will be charged from the unemployment insurance fund, and the implementation period will be up to the end of this year.

　　Second, monetary and financial policies

　　(eight) to encourage small and medium-sized enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households, truck drivers loans and personal housing and consumer loans affected by the epidemic to implement deferred debt service.

　　27. Guide commercial banks and other financial institutions to continue to negotiate independently with small and medium-sized enterprises (including small and medium-sized enterprise owners), individual industrial and commercial households, truck drivers, etc. according to the principle of marketization, and postpone the repayment of principal and interest for their loans, so as to make efforts to delay the repayment. In principle, the date of this round of repayment of principal and interest shall not exceed the end of this year.

　　28. Docking and promoting the financial subsidiaries of central automobile enterprises and municipal automobile enterprises to play a leading and exemplary role, and giving a six-month extension of debt service support to commercial truck consumer loans issued before June 30 this year.

　　29. For people who are hospitalized or isolated due to infection in COVID-19, who are isolated and observed by the epidemic or who have lost their sources of income, guide financial institutions to flexibly adjust the repayment plan by reasonably delaying the repayment time, extending the loan term and delaying the repayment of the principal.

　　30. Insist on substantive risk judgment of deferred loans, and do not downgrade the loan risk classification solely due to epidemic factors, which will not affect the credit record and exempt the penalty interest.

　　31. Optimize the financial services of local financial organizations to key industries, small and micro enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households affected by the epidemic. Encourage small loan companies to lower the loan interest rate, reduce the formalities fee, appropriately postpone or extend the loan, exempt the penalty interest and improve the loan renewal arrangement for enterprises and individuals that are greatly affected by the epidemic. Pawnshops are encouraged not to blindly deal with the overdue pawnbrokers who are greatly affected by the epidemic and cannot be redeemed or renewed in time, and to reduce the overdue penalty interest. For those pawnbrokers who have the demand for renewal, they can accept the renewal first, appropriately extend the period for pawnbrokers to pay the interest in the previous period and the comprehensive fee for renewal in the current period, and appropriately reduce the pawn fee rate. For leased enterprises that are greatly affected by the epidemic, financial leasing companies are encouraged to adjust their repayment plans and reduce rental interest and penalty interest. Commercial factoring companies are encouraged to appropriately reduce the financing interest rate, extend the factoring financing period and reduce the penalty interest for small and medium-sized enterprises that are greatly affected by the epidemic.

　　(nine) increase the support of small and micro loans.

　　32. Actively strive for the country to increase the amount of re-loans for supporting agriculture and supporting small businesses. We will implement the policy requirements of the state to double the amount and support ratio of universal micro-credit support tools this year, and better guide and support local corporate banks to issue universal micro-credit loans.

　　33. The implementation of "first-time borrowers" loan discount subsidies, small and micro enterprises that applied for loans for the first time in local corporate financial institutions from April 1 to June 30 this year will be given a discount subsidy of not more than 1%, and the time limit for subsidies will be appropriately extended depending on the discount effect.

　　34. Guide financial institutions and state-owned enterprises to support financing such as accounts receivable pledge of small and medium-sized enterprises. From January 1 this year to June 30, 2023, the core enterprises in the supply chain that meet the requirements to help small and medium-sized enterprises realize accounts receivable financing will be confirmed online through the accounts receivable financing service platform, and will be rewarded according to the amount that the annualized amount of accounts receivable financing does not exceed 1%. Establish a credit and bond financing docking mechanism to guide financial institutions to quickly respond to the financing needs of the core of the industrial chain and supporting enterprises. Promote core enterprises to issue supply chain bills to pay the accounts of upstream enterprises, and encourage financial institutions to provide supply chain accounts receivable financing services in accordance with laws and regulations. Encourage qualified cities to provide financing subsidies or incentives for core enterprises and financial institutions to carry out supply chain finance.

　　35. Standardize and deepen the innovation of supply chain finance, actively play the role of provincial "small and medium-sized financing" and other supply chain platforms, strengthen data cooperation with "core" enterprises in the industrial chain, empower the credit of upstream and downstream SMEs based on real business data, facilitate the financing of SMEs, effectively shorten the account period of accounts receivable and prevent high-interest arbitrage.

　　36. Encourage the development of credit insurance for accounts receivable of small and medium-sized enterprises, increase policy support, encourage qualified areas to give enterprise premium subsidies appropriately, and establish a risk sharing mechanism. Guide qualified insurance institutions to increase product innovation and help reduce the overdue pressure of accounts receivable of small and medium-sized enterprises. Guide the industry to intensify efforts to explore the cooperation between banks and insurance companies.

　　37. Implement the financial innovation promotion plan for intellectual property rights, promote the mixed pledge of intellectual property rights and pledge financing in new areas such as layout design of integrated circuits and intellectual property rights of data, and raise more than 50 billion yuan during the year.

　　38. Shorten the acceptance period of commercial bills in accordance with regulations and increase the support for rediscounting.

　　39. We will continue to guide the financial system to reduce fees and make profits to the real economy. For local corporate financial institutions that issue small and micro loans, the central financial management department will give incentive funds at 2% of the incremental balance of small and micro loans.

　　40. Urge financial institutions and local financial organizations to make interest rates and fees open and transparent, intensify law enforcement inspection, and resolutely investigate and deal with illegal charges by financial institutions and local financial organizations according to law. Continue to monitor the investment of funds released by financial institutions since 2021, and guide financial institutions to actively use the funds for RRR reduction to increase support for small and micro enterprises and private enterprises.

　　(10) Continue to push the real loan interest rate down steadily.

　　41. Give full play to the role of the market interest rate pricing self-discipline mechanism, and continuously release the reform efficiency of the loan market quotation rate (LPR) formation mechanism. Give play to the role of market-oriented adjustment mechanism of deposit interest rate, and guide financial institutions to transmit the effect of deposit interest rate decline to the loan side.

　　(eleven) improve the efficiency of capital market financing.

　　42. Relying on the information system of Guangdong capital market cultivation, increase the reserves of enterprises to be listed, formulate financing plans for domestic and overseas listing of enterprises in the province and industrial corporate bonds, and implement one-stop service for enterprises to issue bonds on the market.

　　43. Encourage qualified platform enterprises to publicly offer shares and go public overseas according to laws and regulations. Encourage high-quality brokers in the province with subsidiaries in Hong Kong, such as GF Securities, to increase their services for listing in Hong Kong, and strengthen the professional guidance and in-depth cultivation of IPO enterprises in Hong Kong stocks.

　　44. Continue to support and encourage financial institutions to issue financial bonds, and make good use of the green channels of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers", small and micro enterprises, green and dual-innovation financial bonds to provide financing support for enterprises in key areas. Support key enterprises greatly affected by the epidemic to use the "green channel" provided by China Association of Interbank Market Dealers and Inter-bank Market Clearing House Co., Ltd. to issue bonds. Support small and medium-sized enterprises on cross-border e-commerce platforms to raise funds from the bond market through standardized bills.

　　45. Support Shenzhen Stock Exchange to build a trading platform for intellectual property rights and scientific and technological achievements, support Guangdong regional equity market to speed up the construction of "special board for scientific and technological innovation", "special board for specialization and special innovation" and "rural revitalization board", and build a centralized custody platform for unlisted securities and a comprehensive cultivation platform for enterprises to be listed.

　　46. Accelerate the pilot of private equity fund share transfer.

　　(twelve) increase financial institutions’ support for infrastructure construction and major projects.

　　47. Support banking institutions to accurately connect 1570 key projects and 103 key projects in Guangdong Province and industrial gradient transfer projects in the Pearl River Delta, increase credit supply and flexibly innovate financial work without adding hidden debts.

　　48. Under the premise of compliance with laws and regulations, support insurance funds to invest in major infrastructure construction and people’s livelihood projects such as transportation, energy, water conservancy and environmental protection through debt plans, equity plans and public offerings of REITs.

　　Third, the policy of stabilizing investment and promoting consumption

　　(thirteen) to accelerate the construction of provincial key projects.

　　49. Set up a special class for parallel examination and approval of major provincial projects, sort out the list of key security projects according to the principle of starting work in the near future and forming physical workload as soon as possible, optimize the link and timing of project examination and approval, strengthen communication and coordination with national ministries and commissions, do a good job in coordination with the special headquarters of major provincial projects, strongly supervise the linkage between provinces and cities, and speed up and increase efficiency to carry out project examination and approval.

　　50. Give full play to the overall coordination role of the special headquarters of major projects in six provinces, dynamically compile and adjust the list of key projects in the province every quarter, and implement "wall chart operations". Urge cities to refer to the practice of the province, establish and improve the headquarters of major construction projects in this city, and determine their respective key projects. Provincial key projects in accordance with the "projects under construction completed more than 120% of the investment plan throughout the year, and all planned new projects started before the end of the year" goal, to speed up the construction.

　　51. Before the state approves the achievements of ecological protection red line in our province, if the construction project involves the occupation of ecological protection red line (land) and the unavoidable demonstration has been organized at the time of land pre-examination, the type of ecological protection red line occupied at the time of land approval remains unchanged and the area does not exceed 10% of the pre-examination occupied area, in principle, the unavoidable demonstration of ecological protection red line can no longer be carried out. The indicators of land use and forest use required for the construction of key projects in the province are coordinated and solved at the provincial level.

　　52. Implement measures such as exempting construction projects from EIA procedures, informing commitment system for examination and approval, and simplifying the contents of EIA preparation according to laws and regulations; For construction projects that have the conditions to start construction and have the conditions to start construction as soon as possible, the EIA will be accepted first, and technical review will be organized, and the requirements will be approved after completion.

　　(fourteen) to promote a number of proven water conservancy projects.

　　53. This year, another batch of major water resources allocation, backbone flood control and disaster reduction, reinforcement of dangerous reservoirs, supporting the continuous construction of irrigation areas and water-saving renovation projects that have been included in the planning and are ripe will be started, so as to effectively improve water resources security and disaster prevention and reduction capabilities. Focus on promoting the construction of Guangdong water resources allocation project around Beibu Gulf and Guangdong water resources optimal allocation project as soon as possible, and strive to start construction of Mingxi Reservoir in Shenzhen before the end of this year. We will introduce the incentive and compensation policy for centralized water supply in rural areas, and promote the upgrading and transformation project of "three similarities and five transformations" in rural water supply.

　　54. Accelerate the preliminary work of major water conservancy projects, such as the water supply integration project of the Pearl River, the Greater Bay Area dike consolidation and upgrading project, the upward movement of the Dongjiang water intake, the Xijiang Dawan water control project, the ecological control and guidance project of Sixianjiao and Tianhe Nanhua, the Pearl River Delta and estuary regulation project, the Leizhou Peninsula irrigation project and the Lighthouse Basin irrigation project, and speed up the project approval, so as to lay the foundation for the early start of construction.

　　(fifteen) to accelerate the investment in transportation infrastructure.

　　55. Improve the fast-track from Greater Bay Area to neighboring provinces and regions via Guangdong, West Guangdong and North Guangdong, speed up the construction of Guangzhou-Zhanjiang high-speed railway, Guangzhou-Shantou high-speed railway and shenyang-haikou expressway reconstruction and expansion project, and start the construction of Hezhan Railway and Ruimei Railway. Accelerate the construction of cross-river and sea-crossing projects such as the Shenzhen-China Passage, the Shiziyang Passage and the Huang Mao Sea Passage, speed up the preliminary work of the Lianhuashan Passage, and carry out the preliminary study of the Qiongzhou Strait Cross-sea Passage.

　　56. Accelerate the construction of major airport projects such as the third phase expansion of Guangzhou Baiyun Airport, the third runway expansion of Shenzhen Airport, the reconstruction and expansion of Zhuhai Airport, and the reconstruction and expansion of Huizhou Airport, and step up the preparatory work for the Pearl River Delta hub (Guangzhou New Airport). We will promote the construction of specialized docks, deep-water berths and deep-water waterways in important port areas of coastal and inland ports, and promote the introduction of port-dredging railways in qualified ports.

　　57. Accelerate the start of the whole line of Shenjiang high-speed railway and the construction of Zhuzhao high-speed railway, Guangfo ring road and other projects, promote the preliminary work of Guangzhou railway hub energy level upgrading project, Shenzhen hub Xili station, Guangzhou-Zhuhai (Macao) high-speed railway, Shenhui intercity and Guangfo-Jiangzhu intercity, support Guangzhou and Shenzhen to start a new round of urban rail transit construction planning and approval, and accelerate the construction of "Greater Bay Area on track". Construction of the inter-city railway in eastern Guangdong started in an all-round way. We will continue to speed up the upgrading of rural roads, rebuild 6,900 kilometers of rural roads and 420 dilapidated bridges annually, and implement 2,330 kilometers of rural road safety and life protection projects.

　　(sixteen) according to local conditions to continue to promote the construction of urban underground utility tunnel.

　　58. Work together to promote the construction of pipe corridors in the renovation of old urban pipe networks, actively develop trunk and branch pipe corridors in new urban areas according to functional requirements, rationally arrange pipe corridor systems, and coordinate the laying of various pipelines.

　　59. Implement the entrance fee policy, take various measures to solve the problem of investment and financing obstruction, and promote the implementation of a number of qualified underground utility tunnel projects.

　　(seventeen) to stabilize and expand private investment.

　　60. Closely follow the preparation of national major infrastructure development plans, plan and reserve a number of major infrastructure projects in a targeted manner, and do in-depth and practical preparatory work. Solidly promote the pilot of high-quality development of infrastructure. Linking up and promoting the construction and implementation of 102 major Guangdong-related projects in the "14th Five-Year Plan", optimizing the examination and approval procedures for warehousing projects, increasing financial support, giving priority to the allocation of factor indicators, and encouraging and attracting more social capital to participate in major projects.

　　61. Support tackling key basic products and technologies, give preference to consortia of large, medium and small enterprises in bidding projects of supply chain industry chain, and encourage private enterprises to give full play to their own advantages to participate in tackling key problems. Promote qualified enterprises in the province to actively declare "little giant" enterprises specializing in special innovation.

　　62. Further intensify technological transformation, accelerate the technological transformation of 8,500 industrial enterprises, and add 1,500 industrial enterprises to digital transformation in the second quarter. Accelerate the construction of digital government, develop Xinchuang industry, and enhance the breadth and depth of the application of Xinchuang products and services in the daily office, business system and important infrastructure of party and government organs. Give further play to the role of Guangdong Innovation Industry Alliance, build a standard and unified innovation guarantee service system, build a whole chain innovation ecological release and supply-demand docking channel, and form a cluster scale effect.

　　63. Encourage private investment to focus on urban infrastructure and participate in project construction in key areas through a comprehensive development model. Use investment subsidies, capital injection and other means to enhance the attractiveness of infrastructure projects to private investment. Regularly promote projects that are attractive to private capital. Support private investment projects to participate in the real estate investment trust funds (REITs) pilot projects in the infrastructure sector, and standardize and orderly promote government and social capital cooperation (PPP). Sort out and release a number of application scenarios and investment opportunities, and guide social capital to invest more in areas that are beneficial to the national economy and people’s livelihood.

　　(eighteen) to promote the healthy development of platform economy.

　　64. Formulate Compliance Guidelines for Operators of Platform Enterprises to promote enterprises to operate in compliance with laws and regulations, maintain market competition order, protect the legitimate rights and interests of small and medium-sized enterprises and consumers, and promote the healthy development of platform economy through fair competition.

　　65. Give full play to the role of the platform economy in stabilizing employment, stabilize the development expectations of platform enterprises and their symbiotic small and medium-sized enterprises, and use the development of platform enterprises to drive small and medium-sized enterprises to bail out. Subsidize the e-commerce platform for small and medium-sized enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households to reduce online store deposits, publicity and promotion services. Encourage e-commerce platforms to provide traffic support for SMEs and subsidize the cost of participating in online promotion activities.

　　66. Guide platform enterprises to do a good job in the online and offline linkage of the "last mile" of epidemic prevention materials and important livelihood commodities in epidemic prevention and control, and include relevant platform enterprises in the white list of guarantee and supply enterprises. Encourage platform enterprises to accelerate technological breakthroughs in artificial intelligence, cloud computing, blockchain, operating systems, processors and other fields.

　　(nineteen) steadily increase consumption in various fields such as automobiles and home appliances.

　　67. Carry out the special action of automobile trade-in, and give a subsidy of 3,000-10,000 yuan/vehicle to those who scrap or transfer old cars with Guangdong license plates under their personal names, and at the same time buy new cars with trade-in promotion models in the province and put them on the license in the province. Encourage the purchase of new energy vehicles, and give 8,000 yuan/vehicle subsidy to individual consumers who purchase new energy vehicles within the scope of trade-in promotion models in the province before June 30 this year.

　　68. Further optimize the management of car use, increase the car purchase indicators in Guangzhou and Shenzhen on the original basis, and no new measures to restrict car purchase shall be introduced in various places. We will fully implement the policy of removing the restrictions on the movement of used cars, and remove the restrictions on the movement of small non-operating used cars that meet the national five emission standards. The policy of "light vehicles that use the national five emission standards in the Pearl River Delta region can be moved to each other" will continue to be implemented after its expiration on June 30, 2023, and the regulations on the registration, filing and vehicle transaction registration of used car market entities will be improved. Support Guangzhou and Shenzhen to increase the turnover index of used cars and simplify the procedures and requirements for using the turnover index of used cars. Support Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Dongguan to carry out parallel import business of complete vehicles, and implement the national requirements on improving the environmental protection information disclosure system for parallel imported vehicles. Fully implement the support policy of reducing vehicle purchase tax for passenger cars below a certain displacement. Implement refined management of pickup trucks entering the city and study further relaxing the restrictions on pickup trucks entering the city.

　　69. Full implementation of the national "one license for all" measures for small and micro non-operating passenger cars, the implementation of car licensing in the province directly by resident ID cards (except for cities that implement the incremental index control of passenger cars), and relaxation of the conditions for the floating population to buy cars in our province.

　　70. Optimize the investment and construction operation mode of charging piles (stations) for new energy vehicles, improve the construction standards of charging infrastructure and parking facilities, and introduce local standards for the construction of urban parking facilities. If charging facilities are installed in existing parking spaces, planning, land use and construction permit procedures are exempted, and property service enterprises are urged to cooperate with the construction of charging facilities to gradually realize full coverage of charging facilities in all communities and operating parking lots. Accelerate the construction of charging piles (stations) in areas such as expressway service areas and passenger transport hubs. More than 20,000 public charging piles will be built this year, basically achieving 100% full coverage of charging facilities in expressway service areas in the province.

　　71. Municipalities are encouraged to organize production and sales enterprises such as household appliances to launch activities to benefit the people and promote consumption, focusing on encouraging the promotion of green smart household appliances, smart phones and wearable devices, and promoting the upgrading of household appliances in our province. All localities have adopted the incentive policy that enterprises make more profits and the government supports them, formulated specific assessment methods and evaluation mechanisms, and increased support for related production and sales enterprises. The city that has achieved remarkable results in promoting consumption will be rewarded according to its sales performance.

　　72. Encourage producers, traders and consumers to jointly promote consumption. Encourage home appliance manufacturers to carry out recycling target responsibility system actions, and guide financial institutions to improve their financial service capabilities to better meet the needs of consumption upgrading.

　　73. Encourage all localities to issue consumer vouchers, Huimin vouchers, etc. for consumption in retail, catering, cultural tourism, accommodation and sports, and activate the consumer market. The province implements a reward and compensation policy for local consumption promotion actions. The province has set up a "prize invoice" fund of 30 million yuan to carry out "prize invoice" activities in the whole province according to the invoice amount around the fields of retail, catering, cultural tourism, accommodation and sports, so as to enhance the vitality of market consumption. The activity period is until the end of the year.

　　Fourth, the policy of ensuring food and energy security

　　(twenty) improve and perfect policies such as grain income security.

　　74. Accelerate the payment of subsidies for the protection of cultivated land fertility, and timely issue the second batch of agricultural subsidies to make up for the decline in grain income caused by rising costs. We will introduce a policy of rewarding and subsidizing the rehabilitation of abandoned farmland to ensure stable grain production and increase production. Further strengthen the record management of grain purchase, do a good job in grain market purchase, and continue to deepen the cooperation between grain production and marketing. According to the market situation, start the implementation plan of the minimum purchase price in time, and implement the relevant policy requirements of the national minimum purchase price of rice.

　　75. Do a good job in ensuring the supply of agricultural materials, strive for the country to increase the reserve and delivery of chemical fertilizers in our province, and actively cooperate with the import of potash fertilizer.

　　(twenty-one) to promote the implementation of a number of energy projects.

　　76. Support coal, gas and pumped storage power stations with a total of 8.88 million kilowatts of backbone power supply projects and 26 power grid projects will be completed and put into operation this year. This year, the installed power supply is 13 million kilowatts.

　　77. Strive for state support to add a number of supportive and regulatory clean coal-fired power projects into the national power planning.

　　78. Do a good job in the site acceptance and project owner allocation of newly-added provincial-administered sea areas, and promote the approval of offshore wind power projects as soon as possible. This year, the newly-added grid-connected installed capacity of offshore wind power exceeds 1 million kilowatts. Adhere to both centralized and distributed development and accelerate the construction of a number of photovoltaic power generation projects. Accelerate the power generation projects such as China Resources Xijiang, Zhanjiang Jingxin and Dongguan Hong Mei. Promote the second phase of Meizhou pumped storage project to start as soon as possible; Accelerate the preliminary work of four pumped storage projects in Zhaoqing, Shanwei, Yunfu and Huizhou, and promote nuclear power construction in a safe and orderly manner.

　　(twenty-two) to improve the capacity and level of coal reserves.

　　79. Pay close attention to signing and implementing coal supply contracts to ensure the supply of coal through multiple channels. Implement local reserve responsibilities, establish a mechanism for the use of coal reserves, and strengthen the transportation capacity guarantee that is compatible with coal reserves.

　　(twenty-three) to strengthen the reserve capacity of crude oil and other energy resources.

　　80. Improve the gas storage service market, and establish and improve the natural gas storage system with the organic combination and complementary linkage of government reserves and enterprise reserves. Accelerate the construction of natural gas peak-shaving gas storage, and study and reserve a number of LNG gas storage projects in key consumption areas.

　　81. Actively implement national and provincial oil reserves and promote corporate social responsibility reserves. Support the construction of commercial reserve bases.

　　V. Policies for ensuring the stability of supply chain in industrial chain

　　(twenty-four) to reduce the cost of water and electricity network for market players.

　　82. Fully implement the policy of "non-stop supply of water, electricity and gas in arrears" for small and micro enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households affected by the epidemic, set up a six-month fee deferral period, and encourage cities to further extend it according to local conditions, and waive the overdue fine during the deferral period. Encourage qualified cities to implement the policy of subsidizing water, electricity and other expenses of small and medium-sized enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households.

　　83. Clean up and standardize the charges of industries such as urban water supply, power supply and gas supply, cancel unreasonable charges, standardize government pricing and operators’ price charges, and implement list management of retained charges.

　　84. In line with national requirements, the average tariff of broadband and private lines for small and medium-sized enterprises will be reduced by another 10% this year.

　　85. Fully implement letter of guarantee (insurance) instead of cash to pay the deposit for bidding, performance and project quality in the bidding field, and encourage tenderers to exempt bidders from bid guarantee for small and medium-sized enterprises.

　　(twenty-five) to promote the phased reduction of housing rents in the main market.

　　86. Implement the national housing rent reduction and exemption policy for small and micro enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households in the service industry. This year, small and micro enterprises in the service industry, small and micro enterprises in the manufacturing industry and individual industrial and commercial households in the county-level administrative areas (Dongguan City and Zhongshan City are located in the administrative areas of their towns and streets) that are listed as high-risk areas in the epidemic situation will be exempted from rent for six months, while other areas will be exempted from rent for three months.

　　87. If the lessor waives the rent, it can waive the property tax and urban land use tax in the current year according to the regulations. If rent reduction affects the performance of state-owned enterprises and institutions, it shall be recognized according to the actual situation in the assessment. Encourage financial institutions to give preferential interest rate pledge loans and other support to lessors who reduce or exempt rents as needed.

　　88. Non-state-owned houses can enjoy the same preferential policies as mentioned in the preceding paragraph. All localities can co-ordinate all kinds of funds and give appropriate assistance to small and micro enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households in the service industry that rent non-state-owned houses. Encourage non-state-owned housing rental entities to share the losses caused by the epidemic reasonably on the basis of equal consultation.

　　89. Municipalities are encouraged to focus on the construction of standard factory buildings in industrial parks and industrial clusters, and to speed up the procedures of construction application and confirmation. Industrial property rights are registered and transferred by building and floor as the basic units according to regulations, and they are allowed to make mortgage loans by building and floor. Small and medium-sized enterprises that rent standard factories in industrial parks and industrial clusters will be given rent holdover or reduction support, and municipalities will give subsidies to the lessors of standard factories to reduce their rental income. Encourage state-owned technology enterprise incubation carriers and university science parks to implement preferential measures such as moderate rent reduction and exemption for small and micro start-ups and excellent teams. Encourage cities to combine their own reality and take more pragmatic measures to promote the reduction and exemption of housing rents in market entities.

　　(twenty-six) to increase the relief support for civil aviation and other industries that are greatly affected by the epidemic.

　　90. While making good use of special refinancing loans supported by the state for clean and efficient utilization of coal, transportation and logistics, scientific and technological innovation, and universal pension, we will increase the amount of emergency loans for civil aviation, and appropriately expand the scope of support according to national requirements to support aviation enterprises in difficulty to tide over the difficulties.

　　91. Promote banking financial institutions to strengthen information sharing with local government departments, and strengthen comprehensive financial services such as credit and settlement for hub airports under the premise of controllable risks. Encourage banking financial institutions to increase credit support for airports and airlines in the province. Encourage qualified airports and airlines in the province to issue corporate credit bonds and broaden diversified financing channels. Provide convenient services for airports and airlines in the province seriously affected by the epidemic to register and issue debt financing tools.

　　92. Conditional cities shall, according to actual needs, co-ordinate transfer payments from higher authorities and local financial resources to support the development of airlines and airports with heavy epidemic prevention and control tasks, operational difficulties and large funding gaps.

　　93. Increase support for the construction of civil aviation infrastructure projects in the province (preliminary work), and encourage qualified cities to give discount subsidies to loan funds for civil aviation infrastructure projects.

　　94. Actively strive for central financial funds such as the Civil Aviation Development Fund, and focus on supporting civil aviation infrastructure construction, safety capacity building, operation of small and medium-sized airports, and route network expansion in the province.

　　95. Strengthen the capacity building of epidemic prevention support for inbound flights, fully support airlines to resume international flights, and create conditions for facilitating personnel exchanges and foreign economic and trade exchanges and cooperation. Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai and other cities will introduce new passenger and freight route subsidy policies as soon as possible, and the cities that have promised to give route subsidies should allocate the subsidy funds in full and on time.

　　96. Encourage port enterprises to reduce or exempt cargo storage fees in a specific period, encourage shipping companies to reduce or exempt container demurrage fees in a specific period, and advocate port-related enterprises to reduce or exempt logistics operation fees related to foreign trade import and export.

　　97. Guide financial institutions to actively use the RRR cut funds to support industries affected by the epidemic, such as cultural tourism, catering and accommodation. Local authorities in charge of accommodation, catering, wholesale and retail, cultural tourism, civil aviation, highway, waterway and railway transportation put forward a list of bail-out enterprises, and reported it to local financial supervision departments for summary. Docking banks increased credit support and reasonably eased the financial pressure of enterprises through measures such as renewing loans and adjusting repayment arrangements.

　　98. Guide financial institutions to strengthen information sharing with relevant management departments of the catering industry, and use data such as transaction flow, business premises lease and credit information held by relevant departments of small and medium-sized enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households to enhance risk pricing ability and issue more credit loans. Encourage qualified catering enterprises to issue corporate credit bonds and broaden diversified financing channels for catering enterprises.

　　99. As a relief fund for cultural tourism enterprises, the provincial financial funds are mainly used to support cultural tourism enterprises such as key travel agencies, A-level tourist attractions, cultural and artistic troupes and performance venues in the province, as well as cultural tourism to promote consumption activities.

　　(twenty-seven) optimize the policy of returning to work and reaching production.

　　100. Strictly implement the epidemic prevention and control measures defined by the joint prevention and control mechanism of the State Council and the joint prevention and control mechanism of the province. Cities, counties, towns and villages should be consistent in the implementation standards and enforcement efforts, and shall not be enlarged and overweight at different levels without authorization. Low-risk places can’t restrict the flow of people at will, and places with epidemic situations can’t arbitrarily expand the scope to ban eating in restaurants and shut down production and business premises outside the "three areas".

　　101. In high-risk areas of epidemic situation, it is necessary to establish and improve the "white list" system for key enterprises such as operation guarantee enterprises, epidemic prevention materials production enterprises, continuous production and operation enterprises, key enterprises in industrial chain and supply chain, key foreign trade enterprises and "specialized and innovative" small and medium-sized enterprises in accordance with national requirements, sum up and promote experiences and practices such as green channels in time, and refine the "white list" enterprise measures for practical services. Actively implement the linkage between provinces and departments and regional mutual recognition, and jointly promote the enterprises in the industrial chain supply chain to return to work and reach production.

　　102. Actively guide all localities to implement territorial responsibilities, encourage qualified enterprises to carry out closed-loop production in the event of an epidemic, and ensure their stable production. In principle, it is not required to stop production. The government where the enterprise is located should give guidance on epidemic prevention and control, strengthen the services of returning employees, logistics support, upstream and downstream connection, and minimize the impact of the epidemic on the normal production and operation of the enterprise.

　　103. Support industrial enterprises to increase production scheduling and improve capacity utilization efficiency on the premise of keeping the bottom line of epidemic prevention and control and safe production. Encourage large enterprises to bring small and medium-sized enterprises into the industrial chain and supply chain system through industrial ties, gathering and incubation, upstream and downstream support, division of labor and cooperation, and open application scenarios, and release product and service procurement plans to drive small and medium-sized enterprises to optimize production and operation and improve product quality.

　　(twenty-eight) improve the traffic logistics policy.

　　104. Completely cancel the epidemic prevention traffic restrictions on freight vehicles from areas with low epidemic risk, make efforts to break through the logistics bottleneck of manufacturing industry and speed up the turnover of finished goods inventory; It is not allowed to block or close highways, ordinary highways and waterway locks without authorization. It is strictly forbidden to isolate county and rural roads, and it is not allowed to shut down expressway service areas, ports and docks, railway stations and civil transport airports without authorization. It is strictly forbidden to restrict the normal flow of people in areas with low risk of epidemic situation.

　　105. The vehicle passes for transportation of key materials in the epidemic-affected areas of industrial enterprises should be "applied for and issued" and "issued" to ensure the smooth logistics of key materials. For freight vehicles coming from or entering or leaving the city where the high-risk areas in the epidemic are located, the system of "taking, leaving and chasing" shall be implemented.

　　106. Passenger and freight drivers, couriers and crew members go to free testing points in different places to carry out nucleic acid testing and antigen testing. The local government is regarded as a local resident and enjoys the same policy, and the required expenses are guaranteed by local finance.

　　(twenty-nine) to increase overall support for logistics hubs and logistics enterprises.

　　107. Actively strive for state support to build storage and transportation bases for bulk commodities such as coal, oil and gas, iron ore and grain in our province. Support Shenzhen to establish an offshore spot trading platform for agricultural products.

　　108. Accelerate the construction of a national logistics hub and a backbone cold chain logistics base in our province. Promote the construction of emergency material reserve base. Guide and accelerate the development of multimodal transport integration and reduce the comprehensive freight cost.

　　109. Further accelerate the construction of the supply chain system of agricultural products, improve the backbone network of agricultural products circulation, and accelerate the construction of the backbone network of cold chain logistics infrastructure for public agricultural products supply and marketing in Guangdong and the direct supply and distribution network for agricultural products with confidence.

　　110. According to the national deployment, we will accelerate the construction of county-level commerce, and promote "one upward trend (agricultural products upward trend)" and "three downward trends (supply chain sinking, logistics distribution sinking, goods and services sinking)". Support the promotion of county circulation service network construction, build county collection and distribution centers, and lay out and build agricultural products Tiantou comprehensive service center. Encourage qualified cities to subsidize retail enterprises to expand the county market and sink quality goods and services.

　　111. Actively fight for the special refinancing of national transportation and logistics, and promote the relevant enterprises in our province to be included in the white list and enjoy relevant funds and policy support. Support the financing of enterprises such as transportation and logistics, and increase the support of structural monetary policy tools to stabilize the supply chain.

　　112. Support the construction of a number of small-scale refrigeration and fresh-keeping facilities in the main agricultural production areas and advantageous areas of characteristic agricultural products, and promote the construction of a number of cold chain distribution centers for production and marketing.

　　(30) Accelerate major foreign investment projects and actively attract foreign investment.

　　113. Accelerate the major foreign investment projects such as ExxonMobil Huizhou Ethylene Project, BASF (Guangdong) Integrated Base Project and China Shipping Shell Phase III, continuously carry out the "chain-length" investment promotion of 20 strategic industrial clusters, and institutionalize major investment promotion activities such as Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Global Investment Promotion Conference, Pearl River Delta and Guangdong, East and West Economic Cooperation and Exchange Conference. Plan to introduce a number of major foreign-funded projects, strive to be included in the special class of major national foreign-funded projects, and continue to follow up and provide good services.

　　114. Fully implement the Catalogue of Industries Encouraged by Foreign Investment, and guide foreign investment to invest more in advanced manufacturing, scientific and technological innovation and other fields. Foreign-funded enterprises can go directly to the customs for relevant tax exemption and refund procedures based on the confirmation results of information on encouraged projects obtained from development, reform, commerce and other departments. Support foreign investors to set up high-tech R&D centers. For recognized foreign R&D centers, imported scientific and technological development supplies are exempted from import duties, import value-added tax and consumption tax.

　　115. For foreign-funded R&D institutions identified as provincial-level new R&D institutions and postdoctoral workstations, as well as provincial-level enterprise technology center innovation platform construction projects that have passed the evaluation of foreign-funded R&D institutions, the provincial finance will give special funds in accordance with regulations. For the world’s top 500 enterprises and leading enterprises in the global industry, newly established foreign-funded R&D institutions with independent legal personality in Guangdong can be given key support in the form of "one project, one discussion".

　　116. Further broaden the cross-border financing channels for enterprises, and support qualified high-tech and "specialized and innovative" enterprises to carry out pilot projects of foreign debt facilitation quotas.

　　117. Give full play to the role of the through train mechanism of multinational corporations, and establish and improve the normal exchange mechanism with foreign business associations and foreign-funded enterprises in Guangdong. Actively connect with European, American, Japanese and Korean business associations and investment promotion institutions in China to organize a series of online and offline investment promotion activities.

　　118. Study and improve the guidelines for epidemic prevention and control of key overseas personnel to facilitate foreign businessmen to come to Guangdong. Provide convenience for foreign employees and their families of foreign-funded enterprises stationed in Guangdong, global executives and professional technicians who carry out important business activities, and important overseas customers of foreign trade enterprises to come to China.

　　VI. Policies to ensure basic livelihood

　　(thirty-one) the implementation of housing provident fund phased support policy.

　　119. Enterprises affected by the epidemic can apply for holdover of housing provident fund in accordance with regulations, and pay back after the expiration. During this period, the paid employees can normally withdraw and apply for housing provident fund loans, which is not affected by holdover.

　　120 affected by the epidemic, the depositor can not repay the housing provident fund loan normally, not overdue, not as overdue records submitted to the credit department.

　　121. According to the local rent level and reasonable rental area, all localities can increase the withdrawal amount of housing provident fund rental and support depositors to withdraw according to their needs.

　　(thirty-two) improve the agricultural transfer population and rural labor employment and entrepreneurship support policies.

　　122. Improve the incentive mechanism for the citizenization of the provincial financial and agricultural transfer population, and increase support for areas where the migrant agricultural transfer population across provinces and provinces has settled down. We will improve the mechanism that basic public services are linked to the permanent population and supplied by the permanent residence, so as to promote the non-permanent population to enjoy the same basic public services as the local registered population.

　　123. New citizens who meet the requirements will be included in the scope of business guarantee loans. If new citizens are key groups that start their own businesses or start their own businesses within three years, they can apply for personal business guarantee loans with a maximum amount of 500,000 yuan. If the small and micro enterprises founded by new citizens meet the relevant conditions, they can apply for a guarantee loan of up to 5 million yuan for small and micro enterprises.

　　124. According to the national spatial planning and the number of people who settled in cities in the previous year, the scale of new construction land in various cities and towns will be reasonably arranged. Improve the linkage mechanism between housing and land, effectively increase the supply of affordable rental housing, and accelerate the improvement of the urban housing security system.

　　125. Broaden the local employment channels for rural laborers, hold the second Guangdong Rural Entrepreneurship Innovation Competition, build rural revitalization workshops according to local conditions, make good use of village-level public welfare posts, vigorously develop rural service industries, and encourage rural laborers to find employment locally and nearby. According to the national deployment, we will allocate 5% of the unemployment insurance fund balance to support vocational skills training, and further promote the three projects of "Cantonese cuisine master", "Guangdong mechanic" and "South Guangdong housekeeping" to improve the employment skills of workers and alleviate the structural labor shortage in enterprises.

　　126. In the field of agricultural and rural infrastructure construction, we will promote the work-for-poverty program, and support high-standard farmland, rural human settlements improvement, ecological forestry, rural water supply and other projects to attract low-income groups to participate in the construction.

　　(thirty-three) improve the social and people’s livelihood security measures.

　　127. We will implement the linkage mechanism linking social assistance and security standards with rising prices, start eligible cities in time, and pay subsidies in full to ensure that low-income groups will not be affected by rising prices.

　　128. Make good use of the relief subsidy funds allocated by the central and provincial governments, and distribute them in full and on time to the people who need help and assistance through the direct mechanism of financial funds. Reasonably raise the standard and expand the scope, improve the living assistance level of people in need, and include marginal families with minimum living guarantee and families with expenditure difficulties into the scope of social assistance. Carry out special actions to investigate and rescue special groups in difficult families, and improve the rescue management system and care service system.

　　129. Co-ordinate relief resources, give precise subsidies according to the characteristics and needs of the recipients, cancel the restrictions on household registration and residence, and give temporary relief to people who have difficulties in their basic lives due to the epidemic from the place where the emergency occurred.

　　130. Strengthen control in areas where local cluster epidemics occur, simultaneously promote epidemic prevention and control, and ensure the basic livelihood of the people, and do a good job in ensuring the supply and price stability of rice, flour, oil, vegetables, meat, eggs and milk. Strengthen the price monitoring of important materials for people’s livelihood. Encourage catering enterprises with good integrity to participate in catering services for the elderly. According to the principle of "guaranteed profit", all localities give appropriate support to the catering service for the elderly.

　　131. Make overall plans for development and safety, carry out in-depth three-year operations of safety inspection and special rectification, solidly carry out the "two centralized management" of hazardous chemicals and gas safety and the special rectification of self-built houses, do a good job in the "100-day clearing operation" of the special rectification of safety production in industry and trade, systematically prevent and resolve safety risks in key industries such as road traffic, construction, hazardous chemicals, industry and trade, non-coal mines and gas, and continue to do a good job in three prevention work. We will implement a strong early warning, strong linkage and strong response mechanism, accelerate the construction of emergency rescue centers in the southeast region of the country, promote the construction of provincial aviation emergency rescue bases and provincial regional emergency rescue centers in an integrated manner, and continuously improve emergency rescue capabilities.

　　VII. Job Requirements

　　(1) Implementing territorial responsibility.Municipal governments should hold their ground and do their duty to implement it, combine local conditions, make greater efforts to implement the deployment requirements of the state and the province in the spirit of nailing nails, make efforts forward and moderately increase efforts to promote the implementation plan to be effective as soon as possible, and have greater policy effects on stabilizing the economy and helping enterprises bail out as soon as possible. It is necessary to increase publicity, raise awareness of policies to help enterprises bail out, promote the "precise push" and "free application and enjoyment" of policies to benefit enterprises and benefit the people, and help enterprises make full use of policies.

　　(2) Strengthen guidance and coordination.The lead units in the province take overall responsibility for the implementation of the tasks led by them, and all the cooperating units cooperate closely in accordance with the division of responsibilities; In the near future, the lead units should pay close attention to the redeployment and implementation of the work in this field, strengthen the guidance on the implementation of the work in cities and counties, and coordinate and solve the problems encountered in a timely manner. Need to introduce supporting implementation rules, in principle, should be completed before the beginning of June this year.

　　(3) Strengthen supervision and supervision.The provincial government supervision room should strengthen dynamic monitoring, comprehensively adopt the methods of "four noes and two straights" and unannounced visits to track and supervise the implementation of the work of various localities and departments, and promote the implementation of various policies and measures to the letter. Recently, it is necessary to carry out special inspections on the steady growth of relevant cities with reference to national practices and relevant provincial units, timely discover and reflect the problems encountered in the implementation of grassroots frontline, urge relevant departments to coordinate and support in a timely manner, and regularly report the implementation progress of the implementation plan to the provincial government.

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I. Literature sources

Taubenberger J　K, Morens D　M. 1918 influenza: the mother of all pandemics[J]. Emerging infectious diseases, 2006, 12(1):15-22.

The literature was published in the American CDC academic journal Emerging Infectious Diseases, January 2006, Volume 12, No.1, with the title "1918 Influenza: Mother of All Pandemic Diseases". （ www.cdc.gov/eid）

II. Introduction to the author

Dr. Taubenberger: Director of Molecular Pathology, United States Army Pathology Institute, Rockville, Maryland. The research direction is the molecular pathophysiology and evolution of influenza virus.

Dr Morens: epidemiologist, working for the American institute of allergy and infectious diseases. His research interests are emerging infectious diseases, virology, tropical medicine and medical history.

foreword

From 1918 to 1919, Spanish influenza caused about 50 million deaths in the world, and it is still an ominous haze of public health. There are still many unanswered questions about the origin, such as unusual epidemiological characteristics and main pathogenic factors. Although we are now trying to overcome the spread of pandemics such as H5N1 or other viruses, the impact of the 1918 influenza on public health is still uncertain. The information of the 1918 influenza is still being updated, such as sequencing the whole genome from the autopsy in the archives, but the virus genome alone cannot answer the key questions. To understand the 1918 flu and its impact on the future, we need detailed experiments and in-depth historical analysis. Tip: The number of words in the full text is 7279, and it takes an average of 15 minutes to finish reading.

background

During the 1918-1919 flu, about one third of the world’s population (about 500 million people) was infected and developed clinical symptoms. The pandemic is more serious than expected. Compared with the mortality rate of other pandemics (< 0.1%), the mortality rate of influenza in 1918 was > 2.5%. It is estimated that the total death toll is about 50 million, and the pessimistic view is as high as 100 million.

The influence of 1918 influenza was not limited to 1918-1919. Since then, almost all influenza A (except avian influenza virus, such as H5N1 and H7N7) in the world are descendants of 1918 influenza virus, including drifting H1N1, recombinant H2N2 and H3N2. The latter is the integration of the key genes of the 1918 influenza by the later avian influenza, thus expressing new proteins. It can be said that the 1918 flu is the mother of all pandemics.In 1918, it was unclear how human influenza was related to avian influenza and swine flu. Although the clinical and epidemiological characteristics are similar to those of influenza pandemics in 1889, 1847 or even earlier, the high mortality rate makes many people wonder whether it should be called influenza. This problem was not solved until 1930, when the influenza virus (now called H1N1) was isolated from pigs, and later it was also isolated from humans. Seroepidemiological studies soon linked the virus with the 1918 flu. Subsequent research shows that the offspring of 1918 virus has always existed in pigs, and may still appear in humans continuously, experiencing the continuous iteration of antigenic drift, and leading to an annual epidemic outbreak until the 1950s. In 1957, a new H _ H2N2 epidemic (namely "Asian influenza") began to appear, and the H1N1 virus, the offspring of the 1918 virus, completely disappeared from the human circulation, although the related pedigree was still attached to pigs. But in 1977, it suddenly "reappeared" from the laboratory freezer and began to be popular among humans.
In 2006, two natural lineages and two recombinant lineages of the offspring of 1918 virus became popular: human H1N1, swine H1N1 (swine flu), recombinant human H3N2 and recombinant swine H3N2, but none of the offspring was close to the pathogenicity of 1918 virus. Swine strains H1N1 and H3N2 rarely infect humans, while the morbidity/mortality of human strains H1N1 and H3N2 are lower than that of 1918 virus.In fact, the fatality rate of natural H1N1 is even lower than that of H3N2 (prevalent since 1968). The H1N1 and H3N2 viruses originated from the 1918 influenza have been prevalent all over the world for 29 years, and there are almost no signs of extinction.

First, try to understand what happened?

By the early 1990s, 75 years of research had failed to answer the most basic question of the 1918 flu: Why was it so deadly? People didn’t isolate any virus from the 1918 influenza epidemic, but their descendants continued to invade humans slightly. A follow-up survey of influenza epidemic in the 1920s showed that in the years after 1918, influenza epidemic became an annual epidemic with low mortality due to gene drift. Did one genetic event greatly reduce the pathogenicity of the 1918 virus, and then another genetic event turned the 1918 virus into a weaker H1N1 virus?

In 1995, a scientific team determined the autopsy materials of influenza in the autumn of 1918 from the archives, and began a long sequencing experiment on small RNA virus fragments, so as to deduce the whole genome of the 1918 virus. At present, the whole genome of one virus and partial gene sequences of four other viruses have been determined. The above experiments and a series of other articles related to 1918 virus have confirmed that 1918 virus is most likely the ancestor of human/pig H1N1, H3N2 and extinct H2N2. No mutation related to the genome of 1918 virus has been found in other highly pathogenic influenza viruses of human or animals, but the continuous study on virulence factors has produced some interesting results. Nevertheless, the 1918 gene sequence data can not answer the origin and epidemiological characteristics of the virus.

Second,When and where did the 1918 flu begin to spread?

Before and after 1918, most influenza pandemics originated in Asia and spread all over the world.During the 12-month period from 1918 to 1919, the 1918 flu spread more or less simultaneously from three regions: Europe, Asia and North America (the first wave is thought to have started in the United States in March 1918). Historical and epidemiological data are not enough to identify the geographical origin of the virus, and the recent 1918 gene system research can not analyze the geographical origin.

Although there was no national influenza disease reporting system in 1918, and the diagnostic criteria for influenza and pneumonia were not clear, since December 1915, there was an epidemic of respiratory diseases in the United States, and the mortality rate of influenza and pneumonia rose sharply in 1915 and 1916, and then decreased slightly in 1917. The first wave of influenza pandemic appeared in the spring of 1918, and the second wave and the third wave of influenza pandemic with higher mortality rate appeared in the autumn of 1918 and the winter of 1919 respectively, as shown in Figure 1.

Is it possible that the weak-adaptability H1N1 virus had spread in 1915, and although there were some serious diseases, it had not caused a pandemic?At that time, data consistent with this was also reported from European military camps, but the opposite conclusion was given: if the virus strain with new hemagglutinin (HA) affected the mortality rate of influenza and pneumonia in the United States, it should have caused a pandemic long ago, and someone should be immunized or at least partially immunized by 1918. It is difficult to determine that the "pioneer" events of the 1918 flu came from 1915, 1916 or even early 1918.

Figure 1 Three waves of epidemics: the weekly mortality rate of influenza and pneumonia in Britain from 1918 to 1919.

Another unique feature of the 1918 influenza pandemic was that people and pigs were infected almost at the same time.The 1918 virus probably expressed a new subtype of antigenicity, which led to the low immunity of most people and pigs. Recently published genetic studies show that hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminic acid (NA) expressed by the 1918 virus gene were probably derived from the avian influenza virus shortly before the start of the pandemic, and the precursor virus failed to spread widely in humans or pigs for decades. More recent reports of the virus gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the virus also support this conclusion. Regression analysis of human/swine flu sequences from 1930 to the present shows that the precursor of 1918 virus first spread in humans from 1915 to 1918. Therefore, the precursor of the 1918 virus may have spread widely among humans before 1918, and so far no research has directly indicated the transition from any bird. In a word, its origin is still confusing.

Are the three waves of epidemics from the same virus?

Historical records since the 16th century show that a new influenza pandemic may occur at any time of the year, which is not necessarily the regular pattern in winter every year, because the behavior pattern most likely from the new influenza has been found among infected people. After that, these pandemic viruses began to drift in the face of the selective pressure of population immunity, and eventually the pattern of annual epidemic recurrence was triggered by drifting virus mutants.

During the 1918-1919 pandemic, the first spring tide began in March 1918 and spread to the United States, Europe and even Asia in different degrees in the next six months. The prevalence rate was very high, but the mortality rate in most areas was not significantly higher than the normal value. The second wave of autumn tide began in September-November, 1918, and it spread rapidly around the world and was fatal. The third wave of epidemic began in early 1919. According to the clinical similarity, some contemporary observers have come to the conclusion at the beginning that the three epidemics should be caused by the same disease: the mild symptoms in the three epidemics are the same, and they have the typical flu characteristics of the 1889 pandemic and earlier pandemics. However, in retrospect, there are few cases in which the first wave of spring tide developed rapidly from simple influenza to fatal pneumonia, and fatal pneumonia is the symbol of the last two waves of epidemic tide; Comparatively speaking, the frequency of complex, serious and fatal cases in the last two waves will be higher.

It is unprecedented for three large-scale epidemics to occur in a year. To some extent, the antigenic drift of the virus is the reason why it keeps recurring every year, and an antigenic virus variant appears about every 2 ~ 3 years. If there is no drift characteristic, once the immunity of human/livestock reaches the critical threshold, the influenza virus may disappear, and under this critical threshold, the further spread of the virus is limited. For decades, people have been speculating about the time and space between influenza pandemics. In addition to human/livestock immune restrictions, the factors of virus transmission include low ambient temperature, nasal cavity temperature (which is beneficial to heat-labile viruses, such as influenza), suitable humidity, indoor congestion and poor ventilation.
However, none of the above factors can explain the three waves of epidemic in 1918-1919, which occurred in spring and summer, summer and autumn and winter respectively. The first two waves occur at the time of unfavorable influenza transmission every year; The second wave broke out in the northern hemisphere/southern hemisphere from September to November; In addition, the period between epidemic tides is so short that it is almost impossible to detect in some areas. It is difficult for epidemiology to explain the sharp decline of cases between the first wave and the second wave, and the sharp rise of cases between the second wave and the third wave. Even assuming that the acquired immunity after infection is short-lived, there are too few susceptible people to maintain the spread at one point. How can a new explosive pandemic be triggered in a few weeks? Will the virus mutate completely at the same time in almost a short time around the world?
However, according to scientific experience, it takes several years for influenza virus to spread globally, not just a few weeks. Moreover, even the mutant that has drifted will take several months to spread around the world. Other influenza pandemics have not been reported continuously within one year. For example, the 1889 flu began in the late spring of 1889, and it took several months to spread around the world, reaching its peak in northern Europe and the United States in late 1889 or early 1890; The second recurrence occurred in late spring of 1891 (one year late) and the third in early 1892. Like the 1918 flu, more people died when the second epidemic wave recurred, but the spread time of the three epidemics in 1889-1892 was more than three years, while the spread time of the successive epidemics in 1918-1919 was compressed to August-September.The ability of the 1918 influenza to rapidly develop a continuous pandemic is still unknown. Because the autopsy materials we identified only came from the second wave of 1918 influenza, it is inconclusive whether the first wave or the third wave also came from the same virus or mutant. The experimental data show that the second wave of infected people may have obtained immune protection during the third wave of epidemic, but the data is not enough to support whether the second/third wave of infected people obtained immune protection from the first wave of epidemic, nor can they answer the question whether the three waves of epidemic came from the same virus or mutant. Only by getting the RNA positive samples of infected people before 1918 and the three waves of epidemic in 1918 can we answer this question.

4. Did the 1918 virus host come from animals?

The data of 1918 virus gene sequence shows that the whole genome may be new to human beings in 1918 or not long ago. It was not produced by recombining one or more new genes from previous viruses (unlike the 1957 or 1968 epidemic). On the contrary, the 1918 virus seems to be derived from an unknown source of avian influenza virus (eight gene fragments are different from the current avian influenza genes). The gene sequence of influenza virus collected from wild bird specimens around 1918 is not much different from that of today’s avian influenza virus, which indicates that even for a long time, the antigenic changes of avian influenza virus may hardly occur in natural reservoir.

For example, the sequence of 1918 nucleoprotein (NP) gene is similar to the virus in wild birds in amino acid level, but it is very different in nucleotide level, which indicates that the source of 1918 nucleoprotein is far from the virus nucleoprotein in wild birds at present. One way to check the evolutionary distance of genes is to compare the ratio of synonymous nucleotides to non-synonymous nucleotides. Synonymous substitution means that the nucleotide change in the sequence will not lead to amino acid substitution; Non-synonymous substitution means that nucleotide changes will lead to amino acid substitution. Generally speaking, viruses under immune drift pressure or adapting to new hosts show a larger proportion of non-synonymous mutations, while viruses under minimal pressure mainly accumulate synonymous substitutions, which are considered to reflect the evolutionary distance.

Because the 1918 influenza virus gene fragments known from wild birds have more synonymous substitutions than expected, they are unlikely to come directly from viruses similar to avian influenza virus. One of them is particularly obvious. When people check the 4-fold degenerate codons (a subset of synonymous substitutions), they find that the third codon can replace any of the 4 nucleotides without changing the amino acids. At the same time, although the 1918 virus has been adapted to the intermediate host of human/pig for many years, the amino acid level of its sequence is still very small compared with that of wild birds. One possible explanation is that these abnormal gene fragments were obtained from an unidentified influenza virus database.All these findings lead to a question: Where did the 1918 virus come from?

Contrary to the 1918 virus, the gene fragments of the recombinant viruses of 1957 and 1968 influenza were from Eurasian avian influenza virus. Both human viruses are produced by the same mechanism: it is the recombination of Eurasian avian influenza virus and the previously popular human H1N1 virus. To prove the origin of the 1918 virus, samples more similar to the 1918 virus sequence are needed: samples before the 1918 virus epidemic and wild epidemic samples.

5. What is the biological basis of the pathogenicity of the 1918 virus?

Single gene sequence analysis can not provide the cause of pathogenicity of 1918 virus. Through a series of in vitro/animal model experiments, the researchers tried to model the virulence of the virus constructed by reverse gene.

Influenza virus infection requires HA protein to bind to sialic acid receptors on the surface of host cells.However, the configuration of HA receptor binding site of influenza virus suitable for avian infection is different from that of influenza virus suitable for human infection. Avian influenza virus preferentially binds sialic acid receptor with α(2-3) linked sugar; Human influenza virus is considered to preferentially use α(2-6) linked sugar. This avian receptor configuration can be transformed into infection only by changing one amino acid, while the HA protein of five sequenced 1918 viruses has this change, which is probably a key step to adapt to human hosts. There is also a second possibility that three of the five sequenced 1918 viruses have another change in their HA sequence that enhances the binding of human receptors.

This means that at least two H1N1 receptor-binding mutants spread in 1918: one shows high affinity with human receptor and the other shows mixed high affinity with avian/human receptor. But there is no geographical or chronological indication that one of the variants is the precursor of the other.Did these viruses have the same transmission ability in 1918, did they have the same replication pattern in the respiratory tree, and did they spread the same virus in the first and third epidemics? Are unknown.

In a series of in vivo experiments, recombinant genes containing gene fragments 1 and 5 of 1918 virus have been produced. These recombinants with 1918 HA/NA showed high pathogenicity in mice. In addition, the microarray analysis of gene expression in lung tissue of these mice showed that cell apoptosis, tissue damage and oxidation were all related to the expression of such genes. These findings are unexpected, because the virus with 1918 gene has not adapted to mice; The control group (mice infected with other modern human viruses) showed little pathogenicity and virus replication. Mice infected with 1918 HA/NA recombinant showed necrosis of bronchial and alveolar epithelium and obvious inflammatory infiltration in their lungs, which indicated that 1918 HA (and possibly NA) contained pathogenic factors for mice. It is not clear whether the pathogenicity of mice can effectively simulate the pathogenicity of humans, and the potential role of other 1918 single or combined proteins is not clear. The researchers plan to further draw the genetic basis of the toxicity of the 1918 virus on other animal models. These experiments may help to determine the pathogenic components of the 1918 virus, but it is impossible to determine whether it is the main factor in the death pattern of the 1918 influenza.

Why did the 1918 virus kill so many healthy young people?

From the historical experience, the flu death curve by age has been U-shaped for at least 150 years (Figure 2), which shows the peak of death in childhood and old age, and the death rate in the middle age group is lower. On the contrary, the 1918 flu showed a unique pattern, a "W-shaped" curve that had never been recorded, and there was another death peak among people aged about 20-40.During 1918-1919, the mortality rate of people aged 15-34 suffering from influenza and pneumonia was more than 20 times higher than in previous years. Nearly half of the 1918 flu deaths came from people aged 20-40, which was unique to the 1918 flu.

Another unique point is that the mortality rate of people under 65 years old is much higher than that of people over 65 years old, and it accounts for 99% of the flu deaths in 1918. In comparison, the mortality rate of people under 65 years old accounted for 36% of the 1957 H2N2 influenza and 48% of the 1968 H3N2 influenza.

　

Figure 2 Mortality rate of influenza and pneumonia per 100,000 population of all ages in the United States from 1911 to 1918.

Further dividing the influenza mortality curve by age, we can clearly see that the prevalence rate of people under 35 years old is very high (Figure 3-a), but there is still a W-shaped death peak among young people, which is obviously different from the U-shaped curve of influenza in 1928-1929 (Figure 3-c). The same 1918 flu, the prevalence rate of 5 ~ 14 years old is also high, but the mortality rate is much lower (Figure 3-a/b). In order to explain this model, we must jump out of the host and environmental factors and look further, which may include immunopathological factors (such as increased antibody-dependent infection associated with virus exposure) and other risk factors (such as concurrent infection, drugs used and environmental factors). See figure 3.

Fig. 3 Community survey results of American public health institutions in 8 states in 1918.
Note: Figures A, B and C show the prevalence rate, mortality rate and mortality rate of influenza and pneumonia in different age groups respectively.

There is a theory that can partially explain these findings. The 1918 virus is highly toxic, but for patients born before 1889, that is, people who are over 35 years old and have been exposed to the virus at that time, they have obtained partial immune protection against the 1918 virus. But there is a paradox in this theory: this nameless virus precursor must have appeared before 1889, and then reappeared 30 years later, but no trace has been found today.

Epidemiological data collected from 1900 to 1918 provided good evidence for the emergence of a new antigenic virus in 1918. It shows that from 1900 to 1917, the age group of 5 to 15 years old accounted for 11% of the total number of influenza cases, while the age group over 65 years old accounted for 6% of the total number of influenza cases. However, in 1918, the age group of 5-15 years jumped to 25% of the total number of influenza cases, while the age group over 65 years accounted for only 0.6% of the total number of influenza cases. This is consistent with the results of protective immunity obtained by previous exposure to the same or related viruses, and the mortality data is also consistent. In 1918, the number of deaths from influenza and pneumonia in the age group over 75 was less than that in 1911-1917 before the pandemic. At the other end of the age group (Figure 2), the infant mortality rate in 1918 was similar to other pandemic patterns.

Will the 1918 flu reappear? If so, what should I do?

As far as the course of disease and pathology are concerned, the 1918 influenza pandemic is different from the historical pandemic only in degree, not in species.Despite the large number of deaths worldwide, most infected people (> 95% from industrialized countries) are mild, which is not much different from today’s influenza. In addition, the experimental results of recombinant influenza virus containing 1918 virus gene show that 1918 virus and 1918-like virus are as sensitive to the anti-influenza drugs rimantadine and oseltamivir (approved by FDA) as other typical influenza viruses.

However, the 1918 flu has some characteristics of its own: in particular, the mortality rate is 5 ~ 20 times higher than expected. From the clinical and pathological point of view, these high mortality rates seem to be caused by many factors, including a higher proportion of severe respiratory infections (organ failure not caused by influenza); In addition, death cases are concentrated in an unusually young age group; Finally, in 1918, three influenza epidemics appeared one after another at an unusually rapid speed. Each feature may reflect the genetic characteristics of the 1918 virus, but to understand them, it is necessary to check the host and environment.

Until we can’t determine which factors lead to the influenza pandemic and high mortality rate, these can only be guesses. We can only come to the conclusion that since it has happened before, similar conditions may lead to the same serious pandemic.

Like the virus in 1918, H5N1 is an avian virus, although it is a distant relative. The reasons for the evolutionary path of the 1918 pandemic are completely unknown, but it seems to be different from the current H5N1 situation in many aspects. No matter the 1918 pandemic or any other infectious disease pandemic, there is no historical data showing the existence of a pandemic "precursor virus", which led to the outbreak of highly pathogenic infection in poultry; There is no historical data to prove that highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, including other virus subtypes such as H5N1, can cause human epidemics, let alone pandemics.

Effective human-to-human transmission is the main prerequisite for the emergence of pandemic.Although the adaptation of influenza viruses to human cells (such as receptor binding) has begun to be understood at the molecular level, how various influenza viruses adapt to humans is not completely clear at present. In 1918, the virus acquired the characteristics of adapting to human beings, but at present, we have no way to know whether the H5N1 virus will acquire the ability of human-to-human transmission in a parallel process. Although the data about the 1918 virus has increased geometrically in the past ten years, we don’t know much more about the 2006 influenza pandemic than about the risk of the 1976 H1N1 "swine flu" epidemic.

Even with modern antiviral drugs, vaccines, and knowledge of infectious disease prevention, if there is another virus like 1918, it may still kill more than 100 million people all over the world. An outbreak of a pandemic virus with high pathogenicity potential, such as the recent H5N1 virus, may cause more deaths.

No matter the virus, host or environmental factors, the virus of the first wave in 1918 had nothing to do with the abnormal pathogenicity of the second and third waves. And more, identify the virulence models of the first wave of influenza RNA positive cases from different gene sequences; Identification of human influenza RNA samples before 1918 is helpful to understand the time when the 1918 virus appeared; The observation and sequencing of a large number of animal influenza viruses will help us to understand the genetic basis of adapting to the host and the natural reservoir range of influenza. Generally speaking, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of the 1918 influenza from the aspects of history, epidemiology and biology in order to answer many unsolved mysteries.

Acknowledgement:This article was reviewed by Dr. Zhu Xun, a famous immunologist and an expert of the former National New Drug Advisory Committee. I sincerely thank Mr. Zhu for his careful guidance!

Translation: Shi Junxin　

Editor: Ginger

　　BEIJING, April 24 (Xinhua) On the morning of the 24th, the Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council held a regular press conference. Spokesperson Ma Guang Xiao answered reporters’ questions on the recent 2020 election in Taiwan Province, Tsai Ing-Wen’s "Taiwan independence" remarks, cross-strait exchanges, and the draft amendment to the Regulations on People’s Relations across the Taiwan Strait. Ma Xiaoguang said that the mainland has never intervened in the elections in Taiwan Province, and the Democratic Progressive Party authorities have constantly obstructed and restricted the exchanges and contacts between compatriots on both sides of the strait, suppressed the voice calling for cross-strait reunification, raised cross-strait opposition, and exposed its true features of seeking one-party interests and seeking "Taiwan independence".

　　Profile photo: Guo Taiming, chairman of Taiwan Province Hon Hai Group, decided to participate in the primary election of 2020. Zhongxin.com reporter Li Junshe

　　[Talking about the 2020 election: the statement of "mainland intervention" is sheer nonsense]

　　Tsai Ing-Wen said a few days ago that in the "general election" in 2020, Kuomintang candidates appeared in South Korea’s Yu and Guo Taiming successively. She did not believe that the mainland did not intervene. Ma Xiaoguang said that we have emphasized many times that we have never been involved in elections in Taiwan Province. Democratic Progressive Party authorities are used to spreading slanderous words and spreading rumors to discredit the mainland. The question of Taiwan Province is an internal affair of China, and no external interference is allowed. The so-called "mainland intervention" is sheer nonsense with ulterior motives.

　　[Criticism of Tsai Ing-Wen’s "Taiwan independence" remarks: undermining the peaceful development of the two sides of the strait]

　　In an interview a few days ago, Tsai Ing-Wen declared that he did not accept the "1992 Consensus" and insisted on the so-called "sovereign independence", saying that "maintaining the status quo" means maintaining the so-called "independence" status quo. Ma Xiaoguang pointed out that the remarks made by the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party authorities were unsolicited, exposing a political plot to overthrow the common political foundation of the "1992 Consensus" and undermine the peaceful development of cross-strait relations, and fully demonstrating that the Democratic Progressive Party authorities are the makers of cross-strait conflicts, the saboteurs of peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait and the injurers of the interests of the people in Taiwan Province.

　　In addition, Li Yi, a mainland American scholar who was invited to visit Taiwan, was expelled from the country by the Taiwan authorities a few days ago. Tsai Ing-Wen said, "If people from mainland China come to Taiwan to promote &lsquo; One country, two systems &rsquo; 、&lsquo; Unification by force &rsquo; Wait, control measures should be taken to refuse entry when necessary. " Ma Xiaoguang said that for some time, the Democratic Progressive Party authorities have constantly obstructed and restricted the exchanges and contacts between compatriots on both sides of the strait, suppressed the voice calling for reunification on both sides of the strait, raised cross-strait opposition, and exposed their true colors of seeking one-party interests and "Taiwan independence".

　　On April 14th, local time, South Korea Yu, Mayor of Kaohsiung, Taiwan Province, delivered a speech in Los Angeles, talking about his political career. China News Service reporter Zhang Yushe

　　[Comment on South Korea’s remarks on Yu’s visit to the United States: Cross-strait affairs should be discussed by family members]

　　South Korea Yu said during his visit to the United States a few days ago, "Taiwan Province &lsquo; National defense &rsquo; Relying on the United States, technology depends on Japan, and the market depends on the mainland. " In this regard, Ma Guang Xiao emphasized that compatriots on both sides of the strait are a family, and cross-strait affairs are the family affairs of compatriots on both sides of the strait, which should be handled by family members through consultation. I hope all Chinese people, including Taiwan Province compatriots, will conform to the historical trend, share the national justice, firmly hold the national destiny in their own hands, and create a bright future for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　[On the Draft Amendment to the Regulations on Cross-Strait People’s Relations: Ruining the Future of Taiwan Province]

　　The "Draft Amendment to the Regulations on People’s Relations between the Two Sides of the Taiwan Strait" recently passed by Taiwan’s administrative authorities, in which it is proposed to add that "the signing of political agreements through cross-strait negotiations should be subject to double deliberation and referendum by the legislature" and stipulate that "it shall not be an item of agreement". Ma Xiaoguang pointed out that the Democratic Progressive Party authorities violated the common aspiration of compatriots on both sides of the strait for peace and development for the sake of one party and one self-interest. The peaceful development of cross-strait relations is the common aspiration and common interest of compatriots on both sides of the strait. Everything that is beneficial to the interests of compatriots on both sides of the strait and the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation should be vigorously promoted.

　　On April 17th, Chief Executive Chui Sai On (right) of the Macao Special Administrative Region met with James Soong, Chairman of the People First Party, at the government headquarters. The two sides exchanged views on deepening exchanges and cooperation between the two places and promoting Taiwan Province compatriots to participate in the construction of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area in the future. China News Agency issued Zhong Xin photo

　　[The Taiwan authorities distorted James Soong’s delegation’s visit to Hong Kong and Macao: obstructing exchanges and cooperation]

　　A few days ago, James Soong, Chairman of the People First Party, led a delegation to visit Hong Kong and Macao to enter the Liaison Office of the two places and met with the directors of the Liaison Office of the two places respectively. The Mainland Affairs Council claimed that the mainland arranged this trip with the intention of "united front" and eliminating the so-called "sovereignty of Taiwan Province". Ma Xiaoguang pointed out that James Soong led a delegation to visit Hong Kong and Macao, and the heads of the Liaison Offices in Hong Kong and Macao met with him respectively, which was a normal exchange. Democratic Progressive Party authorities distorted and slandered, fully exposing their attempts to obstruct cross-strait exchanges and cooperation with Hong Kong and Macao and harm the interests and well-being of compatriots.

　　On September 13, 2018, Luo Tianhao, a Taiwan compatriot who worked in chengdu normal university for five years, took over the residence permit of Taiwan Province residents from the staff. China News Service reporter An Yuan photo

　　[Taiwan people’s residence permit in the mainland has not been declared or the practice of being punished by the Taiwan authorities is unpopular]

　　A few days ago, the Taiwan Province Affairs Council worked out to issue an administrative order in the second half of the year, stipulating that people who receive mainland residence permits must declare voluntarily, or they will be punished. Ma Xiaoguang said that the mainland issued residence permits to Taiwan Province compatriots in order to meet the needs of Taiwan Province compatriots, which was a good thing to benefit Taiwan and the people, and was also welcomed by the vast number of Taiwan Province compatriots. For the sake of one-party interests, the Democratic Progressive Party authorities are everywhere against the interests of our compatriots in Taiwan Province and sabotage the good deeds of our compatriots in Taiwan Province. This is unpopular and will not succeed.

　　[The mayor of Taixian County came to the mainland to communicate and meet the needs of the people]

　　Recently, many county mayors in Taiwan Province visited the mainland for exchanges. Ma Xiaoguang pointed out that the mayor of Taiwan county came to the mainland to meet the needs of the people. We are willing to continue exchanges and cooperation with Taiwanese counties and cities in various fields on the basis of adhering to the "1992 Consensus" to enhance the well-being of Taiwan Province compatriots.

　　[Encourage Taiwanese enterprises to invest in the mainland without discrimination]

　　Want Want Group, a Taiwan-funded enterprise, has issued a statement to refute the report that it has received high government subsidies in the mainland and tried to "smear and discredit" the enterprise. Ma Xiaoguang said, over the years, we have encouraged and supported Taiwan-funded enterprises to invest and start businesses in the mainland, and taken active measures to provide them with various conveniences and equal treatment, so as to share the opportunities for development in the mainland and help them achieve greater and better development in the mainland. Our policy is inclusive, in accordance with laws and regulations, and all Taiwan Province enterprises are treated equally.

　　The 2019 China Beijing World Horticultural Exposition will be held in Yanqing, Beijing from April 29th to October 7th. China News Service reporter Hou Yushe

　　[Introduction to two activities: the Straits Forum is well prepared, and the Taiwan Province Garden of the World Expo has its own characteristics]

　　When introducing the situation of the 2019 Straits Forum, Ma Xiaoguang said that the 11th Straits Forum will be held in Fujian Province on June 15th, and will continue to focus on and serve grassroots people and youth groups. At present, all preparations are progressing smoothly. Taiwan Province compatriots are welcome to actively participate in this forum, and media friends on both sides of the strait are also welcome to report.

　　Regarding the 2019 China Beijing World Horticultural Exposition to be held in Yanqing District, Beijing on April 29th, Ma Xiaoguang said that at the invitation of the Beijing World Horticultural Exposition Bureau, Taiwan Province Garden covers an area of 2,000 square meters, which is divided into six landscape nodes: Xiangshan, Orchid, Time Road, Sun Moon Lake, farmland and mountain top. The garden is very attractive with Taiwan Province characteristics.