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I. Literature sources

Taubenberger J　K, Morens D　M. 1918 influenza: the mother of all pandemics[J]. Emerging infectious diseases, 2006, 12(1):15-22.

The literature was published in the American CDC academic journal Emerging Infectious Diseases, January 2006, Volume 12, No.1, with the title "1918 Influenza: Mother of All Pandemic Diseases". （ www.cdc.gov/eid）

II. Introduction to the author

Dr. Taubenberger: Director of Molecular Pathology, United States Army Pathology Institute, Rockville, Maryland. The research direction is the molecular pathophysiology and evolution of influenza virus.

Dr Morens: epidemiologist, working for the American institute of allergy and infectious diseases. His research interests are emerging infectious diseases, virology, tropical medicine and medical history.

foreword

From 1918 to 1919, Spanish influenza caused about 50 million deaths in the world, and it is still an ominous haze of public health. There are still many unanswered questions about the origin, such as unusual epidemiological characteristics and main pathogenic factors. Although we are now trying to overcome the spread of pandemics such as H5N1 or other viruses, the impact of the 1918 influenza on public health is still uncertain. The information of the 1918 influenza is still being updated, such as sequencing the whole genome from the autopsy in the archives, but the virus genome alone cannot answer the key questions. To understand the 1918 flu and its impact on the future, we need detailed experiments and in-depth historical analysis. Tip: The number of words in the full text is 7279, and it takes an average of 15 minutes to finish reading.

background

During the 1918-1919 flu, about one third of the world’s population (about 500 million people) was infected and developed clinical symptoms. The pandemic is more serious than expected. Compared with the mortality rate of other pandemics (< 0.1%), the mortality rate of influenza in 1918 was > 2.5%. It is estimated that the total death toll is about 50 million, and the pessimistic view is as high as 100 million.

The influence of 1918 influenza was not limited to 1918-1919. Since then, almost all influenza A (except avian influenza virus, such as H5N1 and H7N7) in the world are descendants of 1918 influenza virus, including drifting H1N1, recombinant H2N2 and H3N2. The latter is the integration of the key genes of the 1918 influenza by the later avian influenza, thus expressing new proteins. It can be said that the 1918 flu is the mother of all pandemics.In 1918, it was unclear how human influenza was related to avian influenza and swine flu. Although the clinical and epidemiological characteristics are similar to those of influenza pandemics in 1889, 1847 or even earlier, the high mortality rate makes many people wonder whether it should be called influenza. This problem was not solved until 1930, when the influenza virus (now called H1N1) was isolated from pigs, and later it was also isolated from humans. Seroepidemiological studies soon linked the virus with the 1918 flu. Subsequent research shows that the offspring of 1918 virus has always existed in pigs, and may still appear in humans continuously, experiencing the continuous iteration of antigenic drift, and leading to an annual epidemic outbreak until the 1950s. In 1957, a new H _ H2N2 epidemic (namely "Asian influenza") began to appear, and the H1N1 virus, the offspring of the 1918 virus, completely disappeared from the human circulation, although the related pedigree was still attached to pigs. But in 1977, it suddenly "reappeared" from the laboratory freezer and began to be popular among humans.
In 2006, two natural lineages and two recombinant lineages of the offspring of 1918 virus became popular: human H1N1, swine H1N1 (swine flu), recombinant human H3N2 and recombinant swine H3N2, but none of the offspring was close to the pathogenicity of 1918 virus. Swine strains H1N1 and H3N2 rarely infect humans, while the morbidity/mortality of human strains H1N1 and H3N2 are lower than that of 1918 virus.In fact, the fatality rate of natural H1N1 is even lower than that of H3N2 (prevalent since 1968). The H1N1 and H3N2 viruses originated from the 1918 influenza have been prevalent all over the world for 29 years, and there are almost no signs of extinction.

First, try to understand what happened?

By the early 1990s, 75 years of research had failed to answer the most basic question of the 1918 flu: Why was it so deadly? People didn’t isolate any virus from the 1918 influenza epidemic, but their descendants continued to invade humans slightly. A follow-up survey of influenza epidemic in the 1920s showed that in the years after 1918, influenza epidemic became an annual epidemic with low mortality due to gene drift. Did one genetic event greatly reduce the pathogenicity of the 1918 virus, and then another genetic event turned the 1918 virus into a weaker H1N1 virus?

In 1995, a scientific team determined the autopsy materials of influenza in the autumn of 1918 from the archives, and began a long sequencing experiment on small RNA virus fragments, so as to deduce the whole genome of the 1918 virus. At present, the whole genome of one virus and partial gene sequences of four other viruses have been determined. The above experiments and a series of other articles related to 1918 virus have confirmed that 1918 virus is most likely the ancestor of human/pig H1N1, H3N2 and extinct H2N2. No mutation related to the genome of 1918 virus has been found in other highly pathogenic influenza viruses of human or animals, but the continuous study on virulence factors has produced some interesting results. Nevertheless, the 1918 gene sequence data can not answer the origin and epidemiological characteristics of the virus.

Second,When and where did the 1918 flu begin to spread?

Before and after 1918, most influenza pandemics originated in Asia and spread all over the world.During the 12-month period from 1918 to 1919, the 1918 flu spread more or less simultaneously from three regions: Europe, Asia and North America (the first wave is thought to have started in the United States in March 1918). Historical and epidemiological data are not enough to identify the geographical origin of the virus, and the recent 1918 gene system research can not analyze the geographical origin.

Although there was no national influenza disease reporting system in 1918, and the diagnostic criteria for influenza and pneumonia were not clear, since December 1915, there was an epidemic of respiratory diseases in the United States, and the mortality rate of influenza and pneumonia rose sharply in 1915 and 1916, and then decreased slightly in 1917. The first wave of influenza pandemic appeared in the spring of 1918, and the second wave and the third wave of influenza pandemic with higher mortality rate appeared in the autumn of 1918 and the winter of 1919 respectively, as shown in Figure 1.

Is it possible that the weak-adaptability H1N1 virus had spread in 1915, and although there were some serious diseases, it had not caused a pandemic?At that time, data consistent with this was also reported from European military camps, but the opposite conclusion was given: if the virus strain with new hemagglutinin (HA) affected the mortality rate of influenza and pneumonia in the United States, it should have caused a pandemic long ago, and someone should be immunized or at least partially immunized by 1918. It is difficult to determine that the "pioneer" events of the 1918 flu came from 1915, 1916 or even early 1918.

Figure 1 Three waves of epidemics: the weekly mortality rate of influenza and pneumonia in Britain from 1918 to 1919.

Another unique feature of the 1918 influenza pandemic was that people and pigs were infected almost at the same time.The 1918 virus probably expressed a new subtype of antigenicity, which led to the low immunity of most people and pigs. Recently published genetic studies show that hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminic acid (NA) expressed by the 1918 virus gene were probably derived from the avian influenza virus shortly before the start of the pandemic, and the precursor virus failed to spread widely in humans or pigs for decades. More recent reports of the virus gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the virus also support this conclusion. Regression analysis of human/swine flu sequences from 1930 to the present shows that the precursor of 1918 virus first spread in humans from 1915 to 1918. Therefore, the precursor of the 1918 virus may have spread widely among humans before 1918, and so far no research has directly indicated the transition from any bird. In a word, its origin is still confusing.

Are the three waves of epidemics from the same virus?

Historical records since the 16th century show that a new influenza pandemic may occur at any time of the year, which is not necessarily the regular pattern in winter every year, because the behavior pattern most likely from the new influenza has been found among infected people. After that, these pandemic viruses began to drift in the face of the selective pressure of population immunity, and eventually the pattern of annual epidemic recurrence was triggered by drifting virus mutants.

During the 1918-1919 pandemic, the first spring tide began in March 1918 and spread to the United States, Europe and even Asia in different degrees in the next six months. The prevalence rate was very high, but the mortality rate in most areas was not significantly higher than the normal value. The second wave of autumn tide began in September-November, 1918, and it spread rapidly around the world and was fatal. The third wave of epidemic began in early 1919. According to the clinical similarity, some contemporary observers have come to the conclusion at the beginning that the three epidemics should be caused by the same disease: the mild symptoms in the three epidemics are the same, and they have the typical flu characteristics of the 1889 pandemic and earlier pandemics. However, in retrospect, there are few cases in which the first wave of spring tide developed rapidly from simple influenza to fatal pneumonia, and fatal pneumonia is the symbol of the last two waves of epidemic tide; Comparatively speaking, the frequency of complex, serious and fatal cases in the last two waves will be higher.

It is unprecedented for three large-scale epidemics to occur in a year. To some extent, the antigenic drift of the virus is the reason why it keeps recurring every year, and an antigenic virus variant appears about every 2 ~ 3 years. If there is no drift characteristic, once the immunity of human/livestock reaches the critical threshold, the influenza virus may disappear, and under this critical threshold, the further spread of the virus is limited. For decades, people have been speculating about the time and space between influenza pandemics. In addition to human/livestock immune restrictions, the factors of virus transmission include low ambient temperature, nasal cavity temperature (which is beneficial to heat-labile viruses, such as influenza), suitable humidity, indoor congestion and poor ventilation.
However, none of the above factors can explain the three waves of epidemic in 1918-1919, which occurred in spring and summer, summer and autumn and winter respectively. The first two waves occur at the time of unfavorable influenza transmission every year; The second wave broke out in the northern hemisphere/southern hemisphere from September to November; In addition, the period between epidemic tides is so short that it is almost impossible to detect in some areas. It is difficult for epidemiology to explain the sharp decline of cases between the first wave and the second wave, and the sharp rise of cases between the second wave and the third wave. Even assuming that the acquired immunity after infection is short-lived, there are too few susceptible people to maintain the spread at one point. How can a new explosive pandemic be triggered in a few weeks? Will the virus mutate completely at the same time in almost a short time around the world?
However, according to scientific experience, it takes several years for influenza virus to spread globally, not just a few weeks. Moreover, even the mutant that has drifted will take several months to spread around the world. Other influenza pandemics have not been reported continuously within one year. For example, the 1889 flu began in the late spring of 1889, and it took several months to spread around the world, reaching its peak in northern Europe and the United States in late 1889 or early 1890; The second recurrence occurred in late spring of 1891 (one year late) and the third in early 1892. Like the 1918 flu, more people died when the second epidemic wave recurred, but the spread time of the three epidemics in 1889-1892 was more than three years, while the spread time of the successive epidemics in 1918-1919 was compressed to August-September.The ability of the 1918 influenza to rapidly develop a continuous pandemic is still unknown. Because the autopsy materials we identified only came from the second wave of 1918 influenza, it is inconclusive whether the first wave or the third wave also came from the same virus or mutant. The experimental data show that the second wave of infected people may have obtained immune protection during the third wave of epidemic, but the data is not enough to support whether the second/third wave of infected people obtained immune protection from the first wave of epidemic, nor can they answer the question whether the three waves of epidemic came from the same virus or mutant. Only by getting the RNA positive samples of infected people before 1918 and the three waves of epidemic in 1918 can we answer this question.

4. Did the 1918 virus host come from animals?

The data of 1918 virus gene sequence shows that the whole genome may be new to human beings in 1918 or not long ago. It was not produced by recombining one or more new genes from previous viruses (unlike the 1957 or 1968 epidemic). On the contrary, the 1918 virus seems to be derived from an unknown source of avian influenza virus (eight gene fragments are different from the current avian influenza genes). The gene sequence of influenza virus collected from wild bird specimens around 1918 is not much different from that of today’s avian influenza virus, which indicates that even for a long time, the antigenic changes of avian influenza virus may hardly occur in natural reservoir.

For example, the sequence of 1918 nucleoprotein (NP) gene is similar to the virus in wild birds in amino acid level, but it is very different in nucleotide level, which indicates that the source of 1918 nucleoprotein is far from the virus nucleoprotein in wild birds at present. One way to check the evolutionary distance of genes is to compare the ratio of synonymous nucleotides to non-synonymous nucleotides. Synonymous substitution means that the nucleotide change in the sequence will not lead to amino acid substitution; Non-synonymous substitution means that nucleotide changes will lead to amino acid substitution. Generally speaking, viruses under immune drift pressure or adapting to new hosts show a larger proportion of non-synonymous mutations, while viruses under minimal pressure mainly accumulate synonymous substitutions, which are considered to reflect the evolutionary distance.

Because the 1918 influenza virus gene fragments known from wild birds have more synonymous substitutions than expected, they are unlikely to come directly from viruses similar to avian influenza virus. One of them is particularly obvious. When people check the 4-fold degenerate codons (a subset of synonymous substitutions), they find that the third codon can replace any of the 4 nucleotides without changing the amino acids. At the same time, although the 1918 virus has been adapted to the intermediate host of human/pig for many years, the amino acid level of its sequence is still very small compared with that of wild birds. One possible explanation is that these abnormal gene fragments were obtained from an unidentified influenza virus database.All these findings lead to a question: Where did the 1918 virus come from?

Contrary to the 1918 virus, the gene fragments of the recombinant viruses of 1957 and 1968 influenza were from Eurasian avian influenza virus. Both human viruses are produced by the same mechanism: it is the recombination of Eurasian avian influenza virus and the previously popular human H1N1 virus. To prove the origin of the 1918 virus, samples more similar to the 1918 virus sequence are needed: samples before the 1918 virus epidemic and wild epidemic samples.

5. What is the biological basis of the pathogenicity of the 1918 virus?

Single gene sequence analysis can not provide the cause of pathogenicity of 1918 virus. Through a series of in vitro/animal model experiments, the researchers tried to model the virulence of the virus constructed by reverse gene.

Influenza virus infection requires HA protein to bind to sialic acid receptors on the surface of host cells.However, the configuration of HA receptor binding site of influenza virus suitable for avian infection is different from that of influenza virus suitable for human infection. Avian influenza virus preferentially binds sialic acid receptor with α(2-3) linked sugar; Human influenza virus is considered to preferentially use α(2-6) linked sugar. This avian receptor configuration can be transformed into infection only by changing one amino acid, while the HA protein of five sequenced 1918 viruses has this change, which is probably a key step to adapt to human hosts. There is also a second possibility that three of the five sequenced 1918 viruses have another change in their HA sequence that enhances the binding of human receptors.

This means that at least two H1N1 receptor-binding mutants spread in 1918: one shows high affinity with human receptor and the other shows mixed high affinity with avian/human receptor. But there is no geographical or chronological indication that one of the variants is the precursor of the other.Did these viruses have the same transmission ability in 1918, did they have the same replication pattern in the respiratory tree, and did they spread the same virus in the first and third epidemics? Are unknown.

In a series of in vivo experiments, recombinant genes containing gene fragments 1 and 5 of 1918 virus have been produced. These recombinants with 1918 HA/NA showed high pathogenicity in mice. In addition, the microarray analysis of gene expression in lung tissue of these mice showed that cell apoptosis, tissue damage and oxidation were all related to the expression of such genes. These findings are unexpected, because the virus with 1918 gene has not adapted to mice; The control group (mice infected with other modern human viruses) showed little pathogenicity and virus replication. Mice infected with 1918 HA/NA recombinant showed necrosis of bronchial and alveolar epithelium and obvious inflammatory infiltration in their lungs, which indicated that 1918 HA (and possibly NA) contained pathogenic factors for mice. It is not clear whether the pathogenicity of mice can effectively simulate the pathogenicity of humans, and the potential role of other 1918 single or combined proteins is not clear. The researchers plan to further draw the genetic basis of the toxicity of the 1918 virus on other animal models. These experiments may help to determine the pathogenic components of the 1918 virus, but it is impossible to determine whether it is the main factor in the death pattern of the 1918 influenza.

Why did the 1918 virus kill so many healthy young people?

From the historical experience, the flu death curve by age has been U-shaped for at least 150 years (Figure 2), which shows the peak of death in childhood and old age, and the death rate in the middle age group is lower. On the contrary, the 1918 flu showed a unique pattern, a "W-shaped" curve that had never been recorded, and there was another death peak among people aged about 20-40.During 1918-1919, the mortality rate of people aged 15-34 suffering from influenza and pneumonia was more than 20 times higher than in previous years. Nearly half of the 1918 flu deaths came from people aged 20-40, which was unique to the 1918 flu.

Another unique point is that the mortality rate of people under 65 years old is much higher than that of people over 65 years old, and it accounts for 99% of the flu deaths in 1918. In comparison, the mortality rate of people under 65 years old accounted for 36% of the 1957 H2N2 influenza and 48% of the 1968 H3N2 influenza.

Figure 2 Mortality rate of influenza and pneumonia per 100,000 population of all ages in the United States from 1911 to 1918.

Further dividing the influenza mortality curve by age, we can clearly see that the prevalence rate of people under 35 years old is very high (Figure 3-a), but there is still a W-shaped death peak among young people, which is obviously different from the U-shaped curve of influenza in 1928-1929 (Figure 3-c). The same 1918 flu, the prevalence rate of 5 ~ 14 years old is also high, but the mortality rate is much lower (Figure 3-a/b). In order to explain this model, we must jump out of the host and environmental factors and look further, which may include immunopathological factors (such as increased antibody-dependent infection associated with virus exposure) and other risk factors (such as concurrent infection, drugs used and environmental factors). See figure 3.

Fig. 3 Community survey results of American public health institutions in 8 states in 1918.
Note: Figures A, B and C show the prevalence rate, mortality rate and mortality rate of influenza and pneumonia in different age groups respectively.

There is a theory that can partially explain these findings. The 1918 virus is highly toxic, but for patients born before 1889, that is, people who are over 35 years old and have been exposed to the virus at that time, they have obtained partial immune protection against the 1918 virus. But there is a paradox in this theory: this nameless virus precursor must have appeared before 1889, and then reappeared 30 years later, but no trace has been found today.

Epidemiological data collected from 1900 to 1918 provided good evidence for the emergence of a new antigenic virus in 1918. It shows that from 1900 to 1917, the age group of 5 to 15 years old accounted for 11% of the total number of influenza cases, while the age group over 65 years old accounted for 6% of the total number of influenza cases. However, in 1918, the age group of 5-15 years jumped to 25% of the total number of influenza cases, while the age group over 65 years accounted for only 0.6% of the total number of influenza cases. This is consistent with the results of protective immunity obtained by previous exposure to the same or related viruses, and the mortality data is also consistent. In 1918, the number of deaths from influenza and pneumonia in the age group over 75 was less than that in 1911-1917 before the pandemic. At the other end of the age group (Figure 2), the infant mortality rate in 1918 was similar to other pandemic patterns.

Will the 1918 flu reappear? If so, what should I do?

As far as the course of disease and pathology are concerned, the 1918 influenza pandemic is different from the historical pandemic only in degree, not in species.Despite the large number of deaths worldwide, most infected people (> 95% from industrialized countries) are mild, which is not much different from today’s influenza. In addition, the experimental results of recombinant influenza virus containing 1918 virus gene show that 1918 virus and 1918-like virus are as sensitive to the anti-influenza drugs rimantadine and oseltamivir (approved by FDA) as other typical influenza viruses.

However, the 1918 flu has some characteristics of its own: in particular, the mortality rate is 5 ~ 20 times higher than expected. From the clinical and pathological point of view, these high mortality rates seem to be caused by many factors, including a higher proportion of severe respiratory infections (organ failure not caused by influenza); In addition, death cases are concentrated in an unusually young age group; Finally, in 1918, three influenza epidemics appeared one after another at an unusually rapid speed. Each feature may reflect the genetic characteristics of the 1918 virus, but to understand them, it is necessary to check the host and environment.

Until we can’t determine which factors lead to the influenza pandemic and high mortality rate, these can only be guesses. We can only come to the conclusion that since it has happened before, similar conditions may lead to the same serious pandemic.

Like the virus in 1918, H5N1 is an avian virus, although it is a distant relative. The reasons for the evolutionary path of the 1918 pandemic are completely unknown, but it seems to be different from the current H5N1 situation in many aspects. No matter the 1918 pandemic or any other infectious disease pandemic, there is no historical data showing the existence of a pandemic "precursor virus", which led to the outbreak of highly pathogenic infection in poultry; There is no historical data to prove that highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, including other virus subtypes such as H5N1, can cause human epidemics, let alone pandemics.

Effective human-to-human transmission is the main prerequisite for the emergence of pandemic.Although the adaptation of influenza viruses to human cells (such as receptor binding) has begun to be understood at the molecular level, how various influenza viruses adapt to humans is not completely clear at present. In 1918, the virus acquired the characteristics of adapting to human beings, but at present, we have no way to know whether the H5N1 virus will acquire the ability of human-to-human transmission in a parallel process. Although the data about the 1918 virus has increased geometrically in the past ten years, we don’t know much more about the 2006 influenza pandemic than about the risk of the 1976 H1N1 "swine flu" epidemic.

Even with modern antiviral drugs, vaccines, and knowledge of infectious disease prevention, if there is another virus like 1918, it may still kill more than 100 million people all over the world. An outbreak of a pandemic virus with high pathogenicity potential, such as the recent H5N1 virus, may cause more deaths.

No matter the virus, host or environmental factors, the virus of the first wave in 1918 had nothing to do with the abnormal pathogenicity of the second and third waves. And more, identify the virulence models of the first wave of influenza RNA positive cases from different gene sequences; Identification of human influenza RNA samples before 1918 is helpful to understand the time when the 1918 virus appeared; The observation and sequencing of a large number of animal influenza viruses will help us to understand the genetic basis of adapting to the host and the natural reservoir range of influenza. Generally speaking, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of the 1918 influenza from the aspects of history, epidemiology and biology in order to answer many unsolved mysteries.

Acknowledgement:This article was reviewed by Dr. Zhu Xun, a famous immunologist and an expert of the former National New Drug Advisory Committee. I sincerely thank Mr. Zhu for his careful guidance!

Translation: Shi Junxin　

Editor: Ginger

　　BEIJING, April 24 (Xinhua) On the morning of the 24th, the Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council held a regular press conference. Spokesperson Ma Guang Xiao answered reporters’ questions on the recent 2020 election in Taiwan Province, Tsai Ing-Wen’s "Taiwan independence" remarks, cross-strait exchanges, and the draft amendment to the Regulations on People’s Relations across the Taiwan Strait. Ma Xiaoguang said that the mainland has never intervened in the elections in Taiwan Province, and the Democratic Progressive Party authorities have constantly obstructed and restricted the exchanges and contacts between compatriots on both sides of the strait, suppressed the voice calling for cross-strait reunification, raised cross-strait opposition, and exposed its true features of seeking one-party interests and seeking "Taiwan independence".

　　Profile photo: Guo Taiming, chairman of Taiwan Province Hon Hai Group, decided to participate in the primary election of 2020. Zhongxin.com reporter Li Junshe

　　[Talking about the 2020 election: the statement of "mainland intervention" is sheer nonsense]

　　Tsai Ing-Wen said a few days ago that in the "general election" in 2020, Kuomintang candidates appeared in South Korea’s Yu and Guo Taiming successively. She did not believe that the mainland did not intervene. Ma Xiaoguang said that we have emphasized many times that we have never been involved in elections in Taiwan Province. Democratic Progressive Party authorities are used to spreading slanderous words and spreading rumors to discredit the mainland. The question of Taiwan Province is an internal affair of China, and no external interference is allowed. The so-called "mainland intervention" is sheer nonsense with ulterior motives.

　　[Criticism of Tsai Ing-Wen’s "Taiwan independence" remarks: undermining the peaceful development of the two sides of the strait]

　　In an interview a few days ago, Tsai Ing-Wen declared that he did not accept the "1992 Consensus" and insisted on the so-called "sovereign independence", saying that "maintaining the status quo" means maintaining the so-called "independence" status quo. Ma Xiaoguang pointed out that the remarks made by the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party authorities were unsolicited, exposing a political plot to overthrow the common political foundation of the "1992 Consensus" and undermine the peaceful development of cross-strait relations, and fully demonstrating that the Democratic Progressive Party authorities are the makers of cross-strait conflicts, the saboteurs of peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait and the injurers of the interests of the people in Taiwan Province.

　　In addition, Li Yi, a mainland American scholar who was invited to visit Taiwan, was expelled from the country by the Taiwan authorities a few days ago. Tsai Ing-Wen said, "If people from mainland China come to Taiwan to promote &lsquo; One country, two systems &rsquo; 、&lsquo; Unification by force &rsquo; Wait, control measures should be taken to refuse entry when necessary. " Ma Xiaoguang said that for some time, the Democratic Progressive Party authorities have constantly obstructed and restricted the exchanges and contacts between compatriots on both sides of the strait, suppressed the voice calling for reunification on both sides of the strait, raised cross-strait opposition, and exposed their true colors of seeking one-party interests and "Taiwan independence".

　　On April 14th, local time, South Korea Yu, Mayor of Kaohsiung, Taiwan Province, delivered a speech in Los Angeles, talking about his political career. China News Service reporter Zhang Yushe

　　[Comment on South Korea’s remarks on Yu’s visit to the United States: Cross-strait affairs should be discussed by family members]

　　South Korea Yu said during his visit to the United States a few days ago, "Taiwan Province &lsquo; National defense &rsquo; Relying on the United States, technology depends on Japan, and the market depends on the mainland. " In this regard, Ma Guang Xiao emphasized that compatriots on both sides of the strait are a family, and cross-strait affairs are the family affairs of compatriots on both sides of the strait, which should be handled by family members through consultation. I hope all Chinese people, including Taiwan Province compatriots, will conform to the historical trend, share the national justice, firmly hold the national destiny in their own hands, and create a bright future for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　[On the Draft Amendment to the Regulations on Cross-Strait People’s Relations: Ruining the Future of Taiwan Province]

　　The "Draft Amendment to the Regulations on People’s Relations between the Two Sides of the Taiwan Strait" recently passed by Taiwan’s administrative authorities, in which it is proposed to add that "the signing of political agreements through cross-strait negotiations should be subject to double deliberation and referendum by the legislature" and stipulate that "it shall not be an item of agreement". Ma Xiaoguang pointed out that the Democratic Progressive Party authorities violated the common aspiration of compatriots on both sides of the strait for peace and development for the sake of one party and one self-interest. The peaceful development of cross-strait relations is the common aspiration and common interest of compatriots on both sides of the strait. Everything that is beneficial to the interests of compatriots on both sides of the strait and the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation should be vigorously promoted.

　　On April 17th, Chief Executive Chui Sai On (right) of the Macao Special Administrative Region met with James Soong, Chairman of the People First Party, at the government headquarters. The two sides exchanged views on deepening exchanges and cooperation between the two places and promoting Taiwan Province compatriots to participate in the construction of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area in the future. China News Agency issued Zhong Xin photo

　　[The Taiwan authorities distorted James Soong’s delegation’s visit to Hong Kong and Macao: obstructing exchanges and cooperation]

　　A few days ago, James Soong, Chairman of the People First Party, led a delegation to visit Hong Kong and Macao to enter the Liaison Office of the two places and met with the directors of the Liaison Office of the two places respectively. The Mainland Affairs Council claimed that the mainland arranged this trip with the intention of "united front" and eliminating the so-called "sovereignty of Taiwan Province". Ma Xiaoguang pointed out that James Soong led a delegation to visit Hong Kong and Macao, and the heads of the Liaison Offices in Hong Kong and Macao met with him respectively, which was a normal exchange. Democratic Progressive Party authorities distorted and slandered, fully exposing their attempts to obstruct cross-strait exchanges and cooperation with Hong Kong and Macao and harm the interests and well-being of compatriots.

　　On September 13, 2018, Luo Tianhao, a Taiwan compatriot who worked in chengdu normal university for five years, took over the residence permit of Taiwan Province residents from the staff. China News Service reporter An Yuan photo

　　[Taiwan people’s residence permit in the mainland has not been declared or the practice of being punished by the Taiwan authorities is unpopular]

　　A few days ago, the Taiwan Province Affairs Council worked out to issue an administrative order in the second half of the year, stipulating that people who receive mainland residence permits must declare voluntarily, or they will be punished. Ma Xiaoguang said that the mainland issued residence permits to Taiwan Province compatriots in order to meet the needs of Taiwan Province compatriots, which was a good thing to benefit Taiwan and the people, and was also welcomed by the vast number of Taiwan Province compatriots. For the sake of one-party interests, the Democratic Progressive Party authorities are everywhere against the interests of our compatriots in Taiwan Province and sabotage the good deeds of our compatriots in Taiwan Province. This is unpopular and will not succeed.

　　[The mayor of Taixian County came to the mainland to communicate and meet the needs of the people]

　　Recently, many county mayors in Taiwan Province visited the mainland for exchanges. Ma Xiaoguang pointed out that the mayor of Taiwan county came to the mainland to meet the needs of the people. We are willing to continue exchanges and cooperation with Taiwanese counties and cities in various fields on the basis of adhering to the "1992 Consensus" to enhance the well-being of Taiwan Province compatriots.

　　[Encourage Taiwanese enterprises to invest in the mainland without discrimination]

　　Want Want Group, a Taiwan-funded enterprise, has issued a statement to refute the report that it has received high government subsidies in the mainland and tried to "smear and discredit" the enterprise. Ma Xiaoguang said, over the years, we have encouraged and supported Taiwan-funded enterprises to invest and start businesses in the mainland, and taken active measures to provide them with various conveniences and equal treatment, so as to share the opportunities for development in the mainland and help them achieve greater and better development in the mainland. Our policy is inclusive, in accordance with laws and regulations, and all Taiwan Province enterprises are treated equally.

　　The 2019 China Beijing World Horticultural Exposition will be held in Yanqing, Beijing from April 29th to October 7th. China News Service reporter Hou Yushe

　　[Introduction to two activities: the Straits Forum is well prepared, and the Taiwan Province Garden of the World Expo has its own characteristics]

　　When introducing the situation of the 2019 Straits Forum, Ma Xiaoguang said that the 11th Straits Forum will be held in Fujian Province on June 15th, and will continue to focus on and serve grassroots people and youth groups. At present, all preparations are progressing smoothly. Taiwan Province compatriots are welcome to actively participate in this forum, and media friends on both sides of the strait are also welcome to report.

　　Regarding the 2019 China Beijing World Horticultural Exposition to be held in Yanqing District, Beijing on April 29th, Ma Xiaoguang said that at the invitation of the Beijing World Horticultural Exposition Bureau, Taiwan Province Garden covers an area of 2,000 square meters, which is divided into six landscape nodes: Xiangshan, Orchid, Time Road, Sun Moon Lake, farmland and mountain top. The garden is very attractive with Taiwan Province characteristics.

CCTV News:What you are looking at now is the Yunnan Huangguo Abies forest located in Chayu County, Linzhi City, southeast Tibet. These firs are very tall, and the tallest one is 83.2 meters high, which is equivalent to the height of 28 floors. Chayu has a warm climate and lush vegetation, with a forest area of more than 1.696 million hectares. A large number of rare wild animals and plants inhabit and grow here, and biodiversity is effectively protected.

　　China Youth Daily, Beijing, February 19th (reporter Zhao Limei, trainee reporter of Zhongqing.com, reporter Zhang Junbin) After the Hong Kong stock market closed at 16: 30 today, Meituan announced that it would pay social security for full-time and stable part-time riders nationwide, which is expected to be implemented in the second quarter of 2025.

　　Following the launch of the anti-fatigue mechanism and the cancellation of overtime deduction, this is another measure taken by Meituan to improve the social security of new employment groups in recent years. Since July 2022, Meituan has taken the lead in paying new occupational injury insurance premiums for new employment groups. At present, Meituan has invested 1.4 billion yuan to pay occupational injury protection for riders in seven pilot provinces and cities. In the future, this measure will further cover all riders in all provinces and cities.

　　Industry sources said that with the steady development of take-away and other industries, at present, a relatively clear division of "professional" and "part-time" groups has been formed among new employees such as take-away riders. Many riders have become stable practitioners after accumulating relevant experience and skills. Providing all kinds of security for stable employment is not only in line with the real interests of workers, but also conducive to the long-term development of the industry and the formation of a relatively stable and professional distribution group.

　　It is worth noting that since the beginning of the year, Meituan has continuously introduced heavy measures to strengthen the protection of new employment groups, including canceling overtime deductions and online anti-fatigue mechanisms, and has built 16,000 rider communities in conjunction with all sectors of society to help riders smooth the distribution path. The relevant person in charge of the US Mission said: "We will continue to increase resources and capital investment, continue to improve the rider welfare treatment system, and strive to contribute more positive forces to building harmonious labor relations."

　　In December 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and the Pacific War broke out. Since then, the Japanese divided forces to attack all parts of Southeast Asia, and the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway and Hong Kong Passage, two major transportation lines connecting China and the outside world, were cut off one after another. Western aid materials to China could only be delivered to Yangon, Myanmar, and then to Kunming via the Yunnan-Myanmar Highway. "If the Japanese invaders invade Myanmar, the soldiers and civilians behind us will be trapped in the isolated city and sit still."

　　In December 1941, the vanguard troops of the 15th Army of the Japanese invaders invaded southern Myanmar, pushing Yangon. China, Britain and the United States held a joint military meeting in Chongqing that month, and decided that China would "send troops to Myanmar in a few days to fight a decisive battle with the Japanese aggressors".

　　One hundred thousand troops marched south.

　　For Chinese, which is in the arduous period of Anti-Japanese War, ensuring the security of Myanmar is directly related to the safety of the rear area of the Anti-Japanese War. But for Britain, Myanmar is at best a peripheral barrier of India. Although the British who colonized Myanmar have taken care of their own affairs, they have not forgotten to plan their own "career"-what if China’s army beat the Japanese away in Myanmar and persisted? In this way, the Chinese Expeditionary Force’s operation in Myanmar was delayed by the British, and it lost its excellent fighter plane to "strike it halfway" while the Japanese army was unstable in Myanmar. American President Roosevelt was determined to convince the British, because he knew that only China persisted in the war of resistance in Asia could Britain and the United States concentrate on dealing with Nazi Germany in Europe. At the end of 1941, the Allied Forces decided to merge the war zones of Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam and China into the China-Myanmar-India war zone. In order to coordinate the relationship between the British and Chinese armies, Roosevelt also sent General Stilwell as the chief of staff of the theater.

　　While Roosevelt was busy threading a needle between China and Britain, the Japanese were not idle. On December 23, 1941, the Japanese army began a full-scale invasion of Myanmar. In January of the following year, the British garrison collapsed and Yangon fell on March 8. However, the Japanese did not expect that at this time, the 100,000 troops of the 5 th, 6 th and 66 th armies of the Chinese Expeditionary Force were marching into Myanmar. China National Government took out 9 of all 15 mechanized divisions to fight in Myanmar, which shows that it attaches great importance to this campaign.

　　In March, 1942, Dai Anlan led the 200th Division to leap thousands of miles and arrived in Tonggu, an important town in southern Myanmar.

　　Tonggu is located 260 kilometers north of Yangon, which is at the crossroads of land and water. When the 200th Division arrived here, the first thing they saw was not the Japanese army, but a large number of British troops defeated from Yangon. These British troops were really frightened by the Japanese, and many of them, together with the ancient capital, fled to Mandalay in the north, leaving a large number of abandoned weapons on both sides of the road. It was here that the Chinese Expeditionary Force fought the first fierce battle with the Japanese aggressors since they entered Myanmar. From March 19th, the 200th Division, which was alone, and the 55th Division of the Japanese Army in the north were killed in utter darkness. On the 24th, more than 100 Japanese death squads touched the most cup position, and the platoon leader Ma Licheng was killed by six bullets. On the 26th, the Wudun position was lost twice, and the 3rd Battalion of the 597th Regiment repeatedly fought with the Japanese army, all of them died heroically … Although the Japanese army dispatched more than 100 sorties every day to bombard the ancient city, the Tonggu defense line was still not broken. However, 11 days later, the Japanese army tore open the defense line of the 200 th Division. The reason is not that Hironaka Takeuchi, the head of the 55th Division, has made any amazing move, but that their reinforcements, the 56th Division, suddenly appeared. On the evening of the 30th, under the cover of the new 22nd Division, the 200th Division fought its way out and successfully broke through. In the end, the Great War with Ancient China ended with the active withdrawal of China troops.

　　In April, 1942, the Chinese Expeditionary Force set out for a decisive battle with the Japanese main force in the Pingmanna area of central Myanmar. The war is just around the corner, but the British on the west side of the front line have lost their chains again. On 16th, the 33rd Division of the Japanese army quickly crossed the three lines of defense of the British army and surrounded nearly 10,000 British troops in yenangyaung. On the evening of 17th, at the moment when the British commander began to pray to God, a miracle really appeared-an China army suddenly appeared, and a United wing of the Japanese aggressors was destroyed, which opened a retreat channel for the trapped British army. This unit is the new 38 th Division of the 66 th Army of the Chinese Expeditionary Force. To thank China’s army for its rescue, the Queen of England awarded the "Commander of the Empire" to General Sun Liren, the commander of the new 38th Division. Although the victory of the battle of Ren ‘an Qiang can’t be called "brilliant", it was the first victory of the Chinese expeditionary force after it entered Myanmar, which dealt a severe blow to the arrogance of the Japanese aggressors.

　　Poor cooperation leads to a thousand miles of failure.

　　Due to the British army’s flight on the West Road and the defeat of the Chinese Expeditionary Force on the East Road, the plan of Pingmanna Battle fell through. At that time, however, the strength of the allied forces in Myanmar was still stronger than that of the Japanese army. Based on Mandalay, an important town in central Myanmar, they planned to concentrate the 5th, 6th and 66th armies of China and five British divisions, with a total of 250,000 troops to fight the Japanese aggressors. However, the British once again abandoned his China allies. On April 20th, 1942, the British and Burmese troops on the front line in Mandalay once again began to retreat without informing the friendly forces in China. The treacherous British completely shook the last confidence of China’s army, and the expeditionary force was forced to change the battle plan of Mandalay to "defense in depth" to keep the enemy out of the country and focus on defense in Lashio.

　　腊戍是滇缅公路的门户和远征军回国的通道。1942年4月28日，由日本本州造船工厂工人组成的第56师团奔袭1500公里绕到了盟军防御空虚的后方，对腊戍发起了猛攻，当天腊戍失守。此时中国远征军被三面包围，留给他们的出路只有撤退。然而，日军第56师团并没有停止进攻。4月30日，该师团分兵两路，一路扑向缅甸密支那，以切断中国远征军的退路，另一路沿滇缅公路向中国境内推进。一周后，密支那被攻占，中国远征军回国的最后一条通道被掐断了。

　　此刻，摆在远征军面前的只有两个选择——要么往北杀回祖国，要么往西退入印度。以师长孙立人为首的新38师果断撤往印度，实力得到较好保存。而远征军指挥官杜聿明则坚持把部队带回祖国，其心情亦可以理解——回想当初远征军是以消灭日军为目的开赴缅甸的，而今不仅没能歼灭日寇，还被追得狼狈不堪，要是连所剩部队都没带回国内，他还有什么脸面去见江东父老？于是，杜聿明带领主力大部队向北进发。1942年5月10日，当他们来到缅北境内的野人山附近时，侦察部队传来消息：日军正张网以待。杜聿明决定扔下重武器，率部队一头扎进野人山，而这个决定竟成为生还远征军军人心中永恒的噩梦！

　　After the main force of the expeditionary force fled into Savage Mountain, the 200th division, which served as a defender, was divided by the enemy. Dai Anlan was fearless in the face of crisis and decisively commanded the troops to break through. Unfortunately, he was seriously injured in the fierce battle and died heroically on May 26, 1942, at the age of 38. Like the 200th Division, other troops of the Chinese Expeditionary Force who withdrew from the north also paid a heavy price in the savage mountain. The unpredictable climate, poisonous snakes and beasts, plagues and hungry teams went hand in hand, and this black jungle swallowed tens of thousands of expeditionary officers and men. According to the figures released by the allied forces after the war, the number of Chinese expeditionary forces entering Myanmar for the first time was 100,000, with a total of more than 61,000 casualties, of which nearly 50,000 people died or disappeared during the retreat.

　　远征军在野人山苦苦挣扎的同时，日军攻入滇西。从1942年5月2日开始，日寇相继攻陷畹町、遮放、腾冲等地，所幸惠通桥守军及时炸毁了这座连接天险怒江两岸的唯一通道，日军前进的铁蹄才被迫停止。不久前热播的电视剧《我的团长我的团》中龙文章带领大伙在南天门抵挡日军，讲述的应该就是这段历史。之后，中国守军和日本侵略者在怒江两岸对峙了1年多。剧中炮灰团在祭旗坡上的那段“安逸”日子，也正源自于此。

　　重整旗鼓痛击日寇

　　1942年5月2日，史迪威在给美国总部的一份急电中，首次提到在印度建立基地训练中国军队和反攻缅甸的计划。随后，中国国民政府将退到印度的新22师、新38师残部整编为X部队,将撤退到云南的远征军与新增派的部队整编为Y部队。

　　1943年，为提高部队战斗力，中国的昆明、大理和印度的兰姆伽等地分别设立了干部训练团和训练学校，对官兵进行兵器、射击、战术等训练，并配备盟军提供的新式装备。

　　1943年10月20日，在中国远征军曾经的伤心地——野人山，孙立人率领的新38师对素有“丛林作战之王”之称的日军第18师团发起攻击。上午11时，新38师搜索连在行进途中与日军的一个大队遭遇，双方几乎同时向对方开火。从前，日军一个营的战斗力相当于或超过中国军队一个师。所以，此次战斗一开始，日军根本没把中国士兵放在眼里，立即发起冲锋。他们做梦也没想到，此时的中国军队已今非昔比：搜索连配有迫击炮12门，反坦克炮3门，轻重机枪25挺，300余名士兵人手一支美制“汤姆逊”冲锋枪。战斗一打响，手持“三八大盖”的日本人便被密集的子弹打得血肉横飞。

　　接下来，X部队势如破竹，连克欣贝延、达邦加、孟拱、密支那等战略要地。“孙立人”这个名字更是让日寇闻风丧胆。值得一提的是，曾有名军官请示孙立人如何处理一个被擒的日本兵，孙立人大喝：“你去审审，只要到过中国的一概枪毙，以后都照此办理。”

　　与X部队相呼应，1944年5月中旬，中国远征军Y部队近20万人也渡过怒江向日军据点发起雷霆般的攻势。《我的团长我的团》结尾描写的攻击南天门战斗，应该是取自Y部队发起的松山大反攻。和剧情相比，真实的战斗更加惨烈——

　　One morning in July, an expeditionary force commander rushed to the front to fight the enemy. Lao Cui, the cookhouse squad, took out the most exquisite craftsmanship and prepared to greet the brothers with a delicious meal. After the meal was ready, Lao Cui waited from noon to evening, and finally there was good news from the front. He shouted excitedly, "What are you waiting for? Go! " After that, he led the cooking soldiers to pick up the food and send it to the front line. The Songshan Mountain in the sunset is a river of blood. The cookhouse squad turned several hills and didn’t meet a brother. Suddenly, someone exclaimed, "Brothers are here!" Old Cui hurried over, but tears streamed down. I saw that the brothers were bloody one by one, and lying with them were double the dead bodies of the Japanese army. Counting carefully, all 141 officers and men of the company died … The kitchen soldiers cried into tears one by one. Lao Cui wiped a tear and cried, "We can’t let the brothers be starved to death. Even if we feed them, we have to feed them and send them on their way!"

　　In the process of the Expeditionary Force’s counterattack against western Yunnan and northern Myanmar, there are many tearful stories like this. It is this indomitable spirit that enabled the Chinese Expeditionary Force to conquer several cities and kill tens of thousands of enemies, and won the counter-offensive operations in western Yunnan and northern Myanmar. It is also this kind of loyalty that casts the unyielding soul of the Chinese nation! History will not forget, and we should not forget this group of magnificent China soldiers on the battlefield in Yunnan and Burma more than 60 years ago!

Editor: Li Yongchao

　　Cctv news On the morning of December 26th, China North Chemical Research Institute Group Co., Ltd., China Ordnance Industry Explosives Engineering and Safety Technology Research Institute and North Explosives Technology Co., Ltd. held a grand opening ceremony. Wen Gang, Chairman and Party Secretary of China Ordnance Industry Corporation, Wu Yanhua, Deputy Director of the Bureau of Science and Technology for National Defense, Li Bing, Director of the Capital Operation and Income Administration Bureau of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, and other senior leaders, academicians and leaders of relevant departments of the Central Military Commission. Zhang Shi ‘an, Chairman and Party Secretary of Beihua Research Institute Group, Cui Jingxue, General Manager, Qiu Jiang, Chairman of the Board of Supervisors and other leaders, as well as leaders of enterprises affiliated to Beihua Research Institute Group, attended the opening ceremony.

Speech by Zhang Shi ‘an, Chairman and Party Secretary of Beihua Research Institute Group

　　At the beginning of the ceremony, Zhang Shi ‘an delivered a speech at the conference. In his speech, he said that today, China North Chemical Research Institute Group Co., Ltd., China Ordnance Industry Explosives Engineering and Safety Technology Research Institute and North Explosives Technology Co., Ltd., which are highly concerned by the CPC Central Committee, national ministries and commissions, group companies and all walks of life, were officially unveiled. This is an important measure for Ordnance Industry Group Company to implement the important instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary and make overall plans for the healthy and sustainable development of the explosives industry.

　　On behalf of Beihua Research Institute Group, he pays high tribute to leaders and institutions at all levels who have long cared about and supported the development of the industry!

　　He introduced the development process of the enterprise in the past 30 years, and said that the current explosives industry has ushered in a new "spring" of development. The adjustment and change of Beihua Group into Beihua Research Institute Group, and the establishment of Institute of Explosives Engineering and Safety Technology and North Explosives Technology Co., Ltd. will surely become a milestone and watershed in the transformation of China’s explosives industry from traditional manufacturing to technology-leading, making Beihua Research Institute Group further become the "pillar" of the upgrading of national weapons and equipment, the main force to achieve the strategic goal of "strengthening the army" for a hundred years, and the "national team" representing the development level of the national explosives industry.

　　Standing at a new starting point, Beihua Research Institute Group will resolutely implement the thought of the Supreme Leader General Secretary to strengthen the army, resolutely fulfill the core mission of strengthening the army, resolutely inherit and carry forward the people’s military spirit, live up to the mission, live up to the times, and live up to the great trust. Focusing on the core point of realizing the independent and controllable technology of explosives and explosives, we will make every effort to forge ahead.

　　Fu Mengyin, president of Nanjing University of Science and Technology, expressed heartfelt congratulations on the establishment of Beihua Research Institute Group. He said: Considering the long-term development of explosives, adjusting and changing Beihua Research Institute Group, establishing Institute of Engineering and Safety Technology of Explosives, and North Explosives Technology Co., Ltd. have really identified the "breakthrough" in the development of explosives industry and seized the "bull’s nose" to solve the development problems of explosives, which will more favorably integrate and allocate resources and systematically promote the research, development, manufacture and development of explosives. South Institute of Technology and all the institutes, schools and institutes engaged in the research and development of explosives, together with the weapons and explosives industry, are of the same origin. We will train and bring up more explosives professionals, build a broader "stage" and provide a higher "platform" for the country. Finally, he hoped that under the strong leadership of Ordnance Group and the efforts of Beihua Research Institute Group, colleges, schools and institutes, the high-quality, systematic and modern development of explosives would be accelerated, and the overall progress of technology, research and development, manufacturing and application of explosives in China would be promoted.

Speech by Wen Gang, Chairman and Party Secretary of Ordnance Industry Group.

　　Wen Gang, Chairman and Party Secretary of Ordnance Industry Group, made a wonderful speech at the opening ceremony. First of all, on behalf of the ordnance industry group, he expressed his heartfelt thanks to the leaders and experts who have long cared about and supported the reform and development of the ordnance industry! He pointed out that the weapons, explosives and explosives industry, as a strategic and basic industry of national defense science and technology industry, is the core support of the whole army’s damage attack and an important guarantee for "being able to fight and win the battle." The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader is very concerned about the innovative development of weapons, explosives and explosives, which has pointed out the way forward and provided fundamental follow-up for us to accelerate the reconstruction of the capabilities of the explosives industry. The establishment of "two institutes and one company" is an action measure to thoroughly implement the spirit of the important instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary. It will concentrate the resources and strength of the whole group, accelerate the major special scientific research, accelerate the structural adjustment, accelerate the transformation and application of scientific research achievements, and vigorously promote the innovative development of explosives and damage technologies in China.

　　At the new historical starting point, the "two institutes and one company" should thoroughly implement the thought of strengthening the army by the supreme leader, closely focus on the strategic goal of "three steps" in the modernization of national defense and the army, Do not forget your initiative mind, keep in mind the mission, persist in independent innovation and strive for first-class; Adhere to the future-oriented and practical orientation; Adhere to integration of defense and civilian technologies and open sharing, and make new contributions to the construction of national defense equipment.

　　On the day of the inaugural meeting, Academician Wang Zeshan sent a congratulatory letter, in which he said: I have been engaged in the business of explosives all my life, and I love this job. I have grown up under the cultivation of leaders and colleagues in the field of explosives. In the future, we will be able to unite sincerely, strengthen cooperation, and break through the advanced manufacturing technology and key technologies of complete sets of equipment of explosives in accordance with the development idea of independent innovation, key leap-forward, segmented development and leading the future, so as to form a new situation of independent innovation in the development of explosives and build an internationally leading industrial system of R&D and manufacturing of explosives.

　　At the conference, Wen Gang and Wu Yanhua jointly unveiled China North Chemical Research Institute Group Co., Ltd., China Ordnance Industry Explosives Engineering and Safety Technology Research Institute and North Explosives Technology Co., Ltd.

　　The conference was presided over by Cui Jingxue, general manager of Beihua Research Institute Group.

On April 19th, Winter Olympics English volunteers came to Yaojiafang Primary School in Zhangjiakou.

Volunteers after 90s became attached to Winter Olympics.

Come to Zhangjiakou alone and pull up the volunteer team.

"Heads knees shoulders…… …" Accompanied by a simple and lively melody, pupils sang and danced under the guidance of volunteer teachers, with simple English words catchy and humorous and exaggerated movements full of movement. After singing a song, the children swarmed around Mr. Hou, scrambling to find him to sign his book and hand.

On the afternoon of April 19th, Hou Qunfeng, a post-90s volunteer, was treated like a star in the English class of Yaojiafang Primary School in Zhangjiakou.

Hou Qunfeng is the head of the Winter Olympics English Project of Zhangjiakou Charity Volunteer Association. He is 27 years old and is from Chenzhou, Hunan. Hou Qunfeng was born in a peasant family. He experienced the hardships of life from an early age and learned to give back to the society early. Since high school, he has been collecting waste products to support students with difficulties; In 2011, he was admitted to the English Department of Hunan University of Humanities and Science, and participated in voluntary service activities during his college years, serving as the head of a public welfare organization; Teach in a school for the deaf, and support more than 20 children by collecting waste.

In July 2014, Hou Qunfeng started his "one-dollar travel around the world" and joined the earthquake volunteer rescue twice during his journey.

In August 2014, Yunnan Ludian earthquake, he set up a rescue team and joined local militia to rescue three survivors. "I searched and rescued in the ruins once, but I didn’t have time to run, and I was buried alive once." He saved people and was saved by others.

In April 2015, Hou Qunfeng heard of a major earthquake in Nepal during his trip and decided to participate in the rescue. The rescue lasted for two months. He helped carry and distribute relief supplies, disinfected and prevented epidemic in disaster areas, and then began to raise funds to build schools, help school teachers take care of orphans together, and help organizations for the elderly, the sick and the disabled raise money …

In Nepal, Hou Qunfeng met Jia Qinghe, a volunteer from Zhangjiakou. In April 2017, Zhangjiakou Charity Volunteers Federation was established, with Jia Qinghe as the president. After receiving the invitation, Hou Qunfeng quit his job in Beijing and came to Zhangjiakou.

How to pull up the volunteer team when you are a stranger? In Hou Qunfeng’s own words, he was enthusiastic and "cheeky". A few days after he first came to Zhangjiakou, a foreigner in the street asked him for directions. "He is an international student of Hebei North College. I have been chatting and talking to him about the idea of forming a team of English volunteers for the Winter Olympics. He is also very interested and promised to try to mobilize his classmates. " As a result, Richy from Ghana became the first teammate. With their efforts, more than 400 students from Northern College joined the volunteer team. More and more volunteer groups in Zhangjiakou have also joined the Winter Olympics English Volunteer Service Team of the Charity Volunteer Association. In a year, the team has been expanding, with more than 2,000 registered volunteers, including foreign volunteers from more than ten countries, including Ghana, Bangladesh, Britain, Pakistan and Nepal.

The team is up, which groups are served? From the uncles and aunts in the community, to taxi drivers, hotel service personnel, to primary schools in urban and suburban areas, Hou Qunfeng began to "lobby". How can old people in their sixties and seventies persuade them? Hou Qunfeng figured out how to mark the pronunciation with Chinese characters, which made it easy for the elderly to remember. He took this booklet and walked around the streets, chatting with uncles and aunts to mobilize. How to arrange the time for primary school students to attend classes, and what content is suitable for teaching to lay the foundation for the next school textbook teaching? He contacted and communicated with the urban areas and surrounding schools one by one, and arranged students’ courses without affecting their daily courses.

Winter Olympics English class, the most passionate teacher

On the afternoon of 19th, three foreign students from North College attended Yaojiafang Primary School with Hou Qunfeng.

FJ has rich teaching experience. In class, FJ is persuasive, introducing English pronunciations of various parts of the body to children through cards and slides, and leading them to read aloud over and over again. Then divide the class into three groups, choose representatives to PK, listen to the words and point out the corresponding body parts, and the winner will get a "medal".

Hou Qunfeng, the founder of the volunteer service team, is with the children.

Vicky is a girl with a bright smile and affinity, and she is very popular among students. Every class, she will bring a lot of candy, and students who answer questions will get this sweet encouragement. Almost all students raise their hands to answer every question.

Among the three classes, the class led by John reads aloud the loudest. John’s reading is very vivid and his body language is varied. When he heard who had nonstandard pronunciation, he patiently corrected them one by one. Some students pronounced hair as head, and John grabbed his hair and reminded him over and over again until the pronunciation was correct, and high-fived them. "I can see you? John is actually a shy boy. " Hou Qunfeng said that John is a little shy on weekdays, and when he comes to class, he feels like a different person, and he is full of passion.

"Volunteer English class is the children’s favorite. It starts at 4 pm, and they are waiting in the classroom early." The teacher of Yaojiafang Primary School said. Gao Ruixue, a child from Class Two, Grade Two, told the reporter that he especially likes these volunteer teachers and is very fun and happy to learn English.

"We had classes on the fourth floor last year, and now we have changed to the first floor." Hou Qunfeng said with a smile that the classroom atmosphere was particularly High. He sang and danced with English songs and felt the floor shaking.

After the course, the students reluctantly bid farewell to the volunteer teacher. Some children quietly left a small gift for the teacher, a card made by themselves or a small doll on the podium.

"Although I am very tired, every time I see the children’s smiles, I feel that my work is valuable." Hou Qunfeng revealed that the current Winter Olympics English project covers more than 40 communities and nearly 40 classes in 10 primary schools in Zhangjiakou. His office is full of volunteer service schedules, and now there are more than 80 activities every week.

This team of English volunteers for the Winter Olympics is still expanding. "Our goal this year is to break through 3,000 people," Hou Qunfeng told reporters. In order to further popularize Winter Olympics English, they opened two English columns with Zhangjiakou TV and Zhangjiakou Daily. At the same time, we will jointly establish a volunteer team for consultation and translation with major hospitals in Zhangjiakou to provide translation volunteer services for foreign friends. Another preparatory team is a volunteer service lecturer group for sign language promotion jointly organized by Zhangjiakou Special School to prepare for the upcoming Paralympic Games.

Save the hero and form a team

We hope to have our rescue team in the Winter Olympics.

The Winter Olympics English Volunteer Service Team is one of the teams of Zhangjiakou Charity Volunteer Federation. At present, the Federation has a total of 95 volunteer teams with more than 8,000 registered members, and more than 30,000 volunteers are contributing to creating a civilized city for Zhangjiakou and welcoming the Winter Olympics.

As a winter Olympic city, it is an inevitable requirement to realize green travel. Zhangjiakou charity volunteer Green Zhangyuan Environmental Protection Team promotes environmental protection and advocates green travel, making green transportation a new business card for Zhangjiakou’s traffic development.

More and more Zhangjiakou people regard ice and snow sports as a new way of life, and major snow resorts have also attracted ice and snow sports enthusiasts from all over the country. The Winter Olympics is approaching, and a group of volunteers with professional rescue experience in Zhangjiakou are preparing for the ice and snow rescue team.

Shen Zhanjun, 50, is now the captain of the Emergency Rescue Corps of the Charity Volunteer Association. He was awarded the title of being a hero in Hebei Province and a model in Zhangjiakou. In 2017, the Qingshuihe Rescue Team was established.

Qingshui River is a tributary of Yanghe River in Yongding River system, which runs through Zhangjiakou city. "Every year in the summer, someone will fall into the river, sometimes more than 20 people a year. Last year, I discussed with a few like-minded friends and decided to set up a professional rescue team. " Shen Zhanjun introduced that there are currently 106 rescuers in the rescue team, with a total of more than 380 volunteers. More than 20 members come from Zhangjiakou Swimming Team and Zhangjiakou Winter Swimming Team, 4 of them hold national outdoor water rescue certificates and have rich experience in river rescue. In addition, there are more than 100 specialized drivers, medical care and logistics support personnel. According to the individual time, the team members will conduct uninterrupted inspections in three shifts from 5 am to 10 pm. "Last year we rescued 11 people and saved three people." Shen Zhanjun told reporters that in addition to water rescue, they also organized volunteers to set up an outdoor mountain rescue team and prepared to set up an ice and snow rescue team. At the end of last year, he proposed a plan to the Chongli District Government, and under the organization of the district government, he discussed with the heads of major ski resorts. "All major ski resorts have their own rescue teams, but after all, the scale is limited. If we gather together and set up an ice and snow rescue team through targeted training, it is much better than fighting alone and can improve rescue efficiency. " Shen Zhanjun is brewing this professional ice and snow rescue team that unites all forces. According to the plan, the selected players will receive a three-month professional training. "I hope that in the 2022 Winter Olympics, there will be an ice and snow rescue team set up by our Zhangjiakou volunteers themselves!" Shen Zhanjun said.

Source: Beijing Evening News reporter Zhao Xiao Road Intern reporter Li Huaren and photo

　　Si Xiang Ge Press: On the morning of May 23rd, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader visited Heilongjiang Province, and the first stop was Yichun City. When I came to the home of Liu Yangshun, an old worker of the forest farm, and sat around the small courtyard with my neighbors to chat about my family, the supreme leader said, I am very happy to see that you have found some ways out for production and life. The CPC Central Committee always cares about everyone, and the policies of the party and the government will be consistent. Everyone should be self-reliant and find new ways to rejuvenate the old forest areas in Yichun.

　　如习总书记所说，新常态下东北如何焕发青春活力，值得深入思考和探讨。人民论坛长期关注东北老工业基地的振兴，在此推荐人民论坛5月上的这篇最新文章。

　　2016年4月26日，中共中央、国务院发布《关于全面振兴东北地区等老工业基地的若干意见》（以下简称《意见》），从完善体制机制、推进结构调整、鼓励创新创业、保障和改善民生等方面，为新一轮东北振兴指明方向。《意见》出台，标志着新一轮东北振兴战略正式启动。

　　在新常态下推进东北老工业基地振兴，是事关我国“十三五”规划发展的关键一役，关系到我国全面建成小康社会目标的实现。人民论坛对东北问题长期关注，聚集100位著名专家为东北新兴支招，在2015年8月（下）与11月（上）先后推出特别策划《透析“新东北现象”》与《破解“新东北困局”》，深入分析东北经济困境的根源，并为东北振兴献计献策，受到社会各界广泛关注。在《意见》出台、新一轮东北振兴号角吹响之际，人民论坛再邀十余位专家为东北振兴贡献智慧。

　　[Expert opinion]

　　Revitalizing Northeast China as the Debt of Light Industry

　　Professor of Northeast Asia Research Center of Jilin University, Ph.D., Yi Baozhong.

　　The decline of the old industrial base in Northeast China is a complex problem formed by historical accumulation. At present, the main source of the economic downturn in Northeast China lies in the fact that heavy industry accounts for the largest proportion in the industrial structure in Northeast China. In the process of downward energy prices and overcapacity in the national industry, Northeast China has suffered the greatest impact. The transformation of the old industrial base in Northeast China should take targeted comprehensive measures, clean up the historical accumulated diseases step by step, and implement the gradual reform of combining palliative care with permanent cure.

　　Adjust the industrial structure and solve the imbalance of regional industrial structure left over from history. The tertiary industry in Northeast China is relatively backward, which has become the bottleneck of regional economic development and needs to be accelerated. In the secondary industry, heavy industry is developing abnormally, while light industry is relatively backward, which leads to the imbalance of industrial structure, so the Northeast should make up the debt of light industry. At the same time, we should give full play to the resource advantages of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and forest specialties in Northeast China, develop the processing industry of agricultural and sideline products, and make Northeast China become the production base of high-quality food industry and textile industry in China again.

　　Change the growth mode and take the connotative growth road driven by technological innovation. The problem of the old industrial base in Northeast China is the inevitable result of the traditional industrial development model with resource development as the direction, and it is an extensive and extensional growth mode. In the future, we must change this backward growth mode, implement the people-oriented Scientific Outlook on Development, pay more attention to the investment in people, especially in education and science and technology, and use technological innovation as the driving force to promote regional economic development. In raw materials, fuel, labor and other production factors, fully consider the cost factors of the market and logistics, and achieve connotative growth.

　　Transforming government functions and deepening the reform of state-owned enterprises. Solving the problems of system and mechanism is the core problem in the transformation of the old industrial base in Northeast China. The reason why northeast state-owned enterprises are in trouble is mainly caused by the separation of government from enterprises. Therefore, the key to the reform of state-owned enterprises is not inside the state-owned enterprises, but outside them, that is, only by transforming government functions can the reform of state-owned enterprises be fundamentally solved.

　　Implement the strategy of sustainable development and realize the coordinated development of regional economy, society and ecological environment. The transformation of the old industrial base in Northeast China is not limited to enterprise reform, industrial adjustment and technological transformation, but should build a comprehensive index system for the development of the old industrial base from the perspective of sustainable development as an evaluation standard for the transformation effect of the old industrial base. The investment focus of the old industrial base in Northeast China should be shifted to low-carbon, clean and resource-saving industries, so as to improve the utilization rate of resources and promote regional social progress and sustainable development.

　　"The Sixth Industry": A New Opportunity for Agricultural Nirvana in Northeast China

　　Luo Zhenli, a researcher at Tsinghua University Institute of Social Sciences.

　　The "sixth industry" refers to the extension of the agricultural industrial chain, that is, not only planting crops, but also engaging in the processing of agricultural products and the sales of agricultural products and their processed products, so as to gain more added value and realize the integration and interaction of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries, thus making agriculture a comprehensive industry that runs through the primary, secondary and tertiary industries. According to the classification of industries, "1+2+3" is equal to 6, and "1×2×3" is also equal to 6, which is the origin of "the sixth industry". In Japan, South Korea, France, the Netherlands and other agricultural developed countries, the "sixth industry" has become a strategic emerging industry to promote agricultural development and enhance the vitality of rural development.

　　At present, China is in a critical period of development transformation and structural adjustment, and has entered a "new normal" that is different from the past. Judging from the experience of agricultural development in developed countries, this stage is often a transition period from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture. Northeast China is the main grain producing area in China, with three dominant agricultural production areas: Sanjiang Plain, Songnen Plain and Liaohe Plain. The land is concentrated and contiguous, and its intensive scale operation has obvious advantages. However, with the development of market economy and the change of agricultural environment, many "intractable diseases" have accumulated in agriculture in Northeast China in recent years. Among them, the inward-closed agricultural economy is the most incompatible with modern agriculture, which not only weakens the market competition mechanism, but also increases the difficulty of optimizing and upgrading the traditional agricultural structure. At the same time, it also restricts the rapid growth of farmers’ income in Northeast China, leading to a large outflow of rural labor force, which in turn aggravates the aging situation of regional agricultural population.

　　In the new normal and "internet plus" era, it is obvious that it is important to analyze the new characteristics of agricultural development from the perspective of industrial diversification, fully understand the new highlights and new formats of agricultural development, and accelerate the innovation of the development ideas of the "sixth industry" in Northeast China: First, it can break through the industrial boundaries of traditional agriculture, help to build and improve the agricultural industrial chain with regional characteristics, enhance comparative advantages, and promote the development of agricultural industrialization and new industries and new formats in Northeast China; Second, it can transcend the restrictions of administrative barriers between regions, which is conducive to stimulating farmers’ creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship, and enhancing the momentum of rural economic development; Third, sharing the extended value of agricultural industrial chain is conducive to optimizing the scale benefit of agricultural industrialization and promoting the fundamental transformation of agricultural development from "production-oriented" to "consumption-oriented". The innovation of thinking from the traditional primary industry nirvana to the "sixth industry" will win new historical opportunities for accelerating the development of modern agriculture in Northeast China.

　　[Expert opinion]

　　◆ Innovation of development concept ◆

　　Cure the "heart disease" and dispel the fear of difficulties

　　Han Baojiang, deputy director of the Department of Economics of the Party School of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China: As an old industrial base, although the Northeast has "overdrawn" its physical strength for the economic development of China in the past planned economy period, its rich natural resources, solid manufacturing base, huge industrial workers and urbanization level higher than the national average are still enough to support its long-term stable and rapid development. Therefore, in order to realize the real revitalization of the old industrial base in Northeast China and get rid of the economic downturn in Northeast China completely, fundamentally speaking, we should first cure the "heart disease" of various development subjects in Northeast China, dispel the fear of difficulties, eradicate the psychology of inaction or unwillingness, let cadres and entrepreneurs in Northeast China go into battle lightly, and mobilize the development enthusiasm of various market subjects to the maximum extent.

　　In particular, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of "soft power" to revitalize the Northeast.

　　Jia Wenshan, a professor in the Department of Communication at Chapman University, USA: If you can’t emancipate your mind and innovate boldly, you will open the way for deepening reform and opening up; If the system can’t break through the power standard and planned thinking, effectively establish and actively rely on the market mechanism to create a fair market order and a good development environment; If we can’t explore and establish the value of modern civilization in culture, but stay and wander in the old and backward past; People anywhere will only choose another highland. To revitalize the Northeast is to strengthen the construction of "soft power", establish a cultural system with distinctive times and local characteristics and rich modern civilization value connotation, and create a public image with open vision and pioneering spirit.

　　"Creating new things out of nothing" and "creating something out of nothing" will promote a new round of revitalization in Northeast China.

　　Li Yinquan, director of the Development Research Center of Jilin Provincial Government: Promote the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure in accordance with the idea of "innovation in China". The natural resources, location conditions, technical equipment level and scientific and technological talents in Northeast China all have innate endowment advantages. It is necessary to fully tap the potential, cultivate advantageous industries, accelerate the upgrading of traditional industries, form an industrial system with sustainable competitiveness and support, and make the equipment manufacturing industry bigger and stronger. According to the idea of "making something out of nothing", we will vigorously develop emerging industries, new formats and new business models. We should actively play the leading and supporting role of strategic emerging industries in the adjustment and transformation of the old industrial bases in Northeast China, and seize the commanding heights of future regional competition and development. We will carry out research cooperation in the fields of new materials, new energy vehicles, bio-industry and advanced equipment manufacturing, build industrial innovation platforms and carriers, and accelerate the transformation and industrialization of scientific and technological achievements.

　　◆ Discussion on the development path ◆

　　Implementing the integrated and coordinated development strategy of the Great Northeast Economic Zone

　　Liu Lizhen, Dean of the School of Economics of Northeast Normal University: With reference to the coordinated development model of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, the coordinated development of the Greater Northeast Economic Zone is regarded as a national development strategy. The coordinated development of the economy in Northeast China can break the economic boundaries of administrative regions, form a unified big market, and then develop the most modern big equipment manufacturing industry, big agriculture, big forest industry and big animal husbandry in China by means of marketization. Northeast China is integrated in geographical environment and location, and has the regional advantage of economic integration. The integrated operation of northeast economy is conducive to the optimization of industrial structure, the formation of a unified regional market, the promotion of the circulation of production factors inside and outside the region, and the realization of complementary advantages and mutual benefit.

　　Develop products around clothing, food, shelter, transportation and play.

　　Li Zheng, deputy dean, professor and doctoral supervisor of the School of Economics of Jilin University: As for "clothing", that is, the clothing industry, the northeast region can develop winter clothing brands, sports and outdoor clothing brands, and it cannot be stopped because it belongs to light industry. For "food", that is, food industry, we should make a big fuss about green, organic and pollution-free, and actively develop food deep processing industry and modern agriculture. For "housing", it is necessary to build smart homes to meet the special needs of the elderly population. For "travel", it involves transportation services, transportation industries such as automobiles and high-speed rail, and infrastructure construction such as roads and bridges. For "play", it involves many emerging industries such as cultural creativity, tourism and consumer electronics, and each industry has great development potential.

　　Vigorously develop small and medium-sized enterprises

　　Chen Naixing, director of SME Research Center of China Academy of Social Sciences: The investment direction of SME development in Northeast China can be summarized in two sentences, namely, transforming old enterprises and building new ones. Improving science and technology and transforming traditional small and medium-sized enterprises are important measures to revitalize small and medium-sized enterprises in Northeast China. Some people think that development can no longer be driven by expanding investment, but by innovation and improving the level of science and technology. In fact, improving the level of science and technology also requires investment, and there is more investment than in the past. Therefore, the problem is not the investment itself, but the investment direction. At the same time, increasing the technological transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises is also a huge market, which can alleviate the downward pressure of national economic growth, and there will be no problem of overcapacity. Therefore, increasing investment in scientific and technological transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises can not only solve the immediate worries, but also eliminate the long-term concerns for the development of national economy.

　　Increase support for the transformation and development of resource-exhausted cities

　　Zhang Wenzhong, a researcher at the Institute of Geographical Sciences and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences: The overall revitalization of Northeast China is closely related to the successful transformation of local resource-exhausted cities. Under the influence of the current regional development situation, the transformation and development is even more difficult. On the basis of actively improving the working mechanism, we should increase support and introduce targeted support policies and guiding measures, including: continuing to increase the transfer payment from the central government; Further improve the support policies for continuing alternative industries; Accelerate the transformation and relocation project of independent industrial and mining areas in Northeast China; Actively promote the comprehensive management of land in subsidence areas; Establish a fund for the transformation of shanty towns in resource-exhausted cities; Give resource-exhausted cities the right to try first; Innovating the talent introduction mode in resource-exhausted cities; Innovative assessment mechanism.

　　Beware of the loss of state-owned assets in the reform of state-owned enterprises in Northeast China

　　Gao Minghua, Professor and Doctoral Supervisor of School of Economics and Business Administration of Beijing Normal University: The protection of the rights and interests of state-owned shareholders mainly involves the protection of state-owned assets in the reform of state-owned enterprises, especially in the reform of mixed ownership, or how to prevent the loss of state-owned assets? The reasonable direction is to lower the transferee’s conditions, recruit more high-level transferees and avoid directional transferee’s conditions under the premise of compliance. Through the bidding of several high-level transferees, the transferee price is finally determined. In addition, from the actual situation, the protection of the rights and interests of small and medium-sized investors by state-owned enterprises in Northeast China is not satisfactory, which means that the attractiveness of state-owned enterprises in Northeast China to private capital is seriously insufficient. If we don’t work hard to improve the protection level of the rights and interests of small and medium-sized investors, the reform of state-owned enterprises in Northeast China will probably continue to be in a state of "dragging its feet".

　　◆ On the expansion of the open strategy ◆

　　Put the revitalization of Northeast China in the framework of coordinated development of Northeast Asia

　　Peng Gang, Professor and Doctoral Supervisor, School of Economics, Renmin University of China: The key to revitalizing Northeast China lies in basing on reality, tapping comparative advantages and cultivating competitive industrial clusters. Putting the revitalization of Northeast China in the framework of the coordinated development of Northeast Asia is conducive to its access to an open external environment, thus enabling the Northeast economy to enter a virtuous circle of the Pearl River Delta. Although the regional economic cooperation in Northeast Asia has been frustrated repeatedly because of the existence of Japan and North Korea, coordinated development is still the mainstream. At present, China, Mongolia, Russia and South Korea have basically completed the strategic docking at the national level. China, Mongolia and Russia have reached a consensus on the construction of economic corridors, and the China-South Korea Free Trade Agreement has been signed. The Northeast region has undoubtedly become a number of strategic overlapping points.

　　China-South Korea FTA brings greater opportunities to Northeast China.

　　Li Junjiang, deputy dean, professor and doctoral supervisor of School of Economics of Jilin University: Northeast China has long regarded South Korea as a key area to promote foreign trade and economic development and implement the strategy of opening to the outside world. The two sides have strong industrial complementarities, outstanding cultural similarities and remarkable advantages in geographical cooperation. At the same time, South Korea is playing an increasingly important role in China’s foreign trade and economic cooperation. The construction of China-South Korea Free Trade Zone will enable Northeast China to make better use of South Korea’s capital, technology and channels. We should actively explore new modes of cooperation between Northeast China and South Korea under the national "Belt and Road" strategy, effectively use South Korea’s technology and capital, accelerate the promotion of the core competitiveness of advantageous industries in Northeast China, and further deepen comprehensive economic cooperation with South Korea.

　　Turn Northeast China into a world-class manufacturing gathering center

　　Sun Jiuwen, Professor and Doctoral Supervisor of School of Economics, Renmin University of China: As the old industrial bases in China, the three northeastern provinces have relatively developed manufacturing industries. The current problem is that the manufacturing industry is big but not strong, and it is in danger of being abandoned together with the raw material industry in the face of economic downturn. Therefore, the key to solve the "new northeast phenomenon" lies in how to solve the manufacturing problem in Northeast China. While gradually abandoning the raw material industry in Northeast China, strengthening and upgrading the modern manufacturing industry is the only way out. The goal in the future is to build Northeast China into a world-class modern manufacturing gathering center.

　　　　　　 CCTV News:The Central Meteorological Observatory predicts that from tomorrow night, another strong cold air will start from northern Xinjiang and affect most parts of China from west to east. In addition, the 26th typhoon "Seagull" has been generated this year, and most of the Yellow Sea, East China Sea and Taiwan Province Strait will be disturbed by strong winds of 6-8.

　　　　　　 Affected by cold air, the temperature dropped by 4 ~ 10℃ in most parts of central and eastern China yesterday, reaching 12 ~ 18℃ in eastern and southern Northeast China and parts of eastern North China. Snowfall (rain) or sleet in eastern Heilongjiang, eastern Jilin and eastern Liaoning. It is expected that there will be small to medium snow and local heavy snow in central and eastern Jilin and northern Liaoning today, and the temperature in most parts of central and eastern China will rise briefly. From the night of 15th, a new strong cold air will start from the north of Xinjiang and affect most parts of China from west to east. Affected by this, there will be northerly winds of 4 ~ 6 in most parts of China, with the temperature generally dropping by 6 ~ 10℃, and the temperature drop in some areas can reach above 12℃. The wind power in Shankou, Xinjiang can reach 9 ~ 10, and the central and eastern regions are accompanied by a wide range of rain and snow.

　　　　　　 This year’s No.26 typhoon "Seagull" was generated yesterday morning, and it is expected to move to the northwest at a speed of 20-25 kilometers per hour. Due to the joint influence of cold air and typhoon "Seagull", most of the Yellow Sea, most of the East China Sea, Taiwan Province Strait, east of Taiwan Province, bashi channel, most of the South China Sea, Beibu Gulf and Qiongzhou Strait will have a gust of 6-8 from the day of 14th to the night of 16th.