According to the website of the General Administration of Market Supervision on the 29th, the General Administration of Market Supervision, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, the Ministry of Commerce, the General Administration of Customs and the State Administration of Taxation issued the announcement of the Guidelines for Enterprise Cancellation (Revised in 2021). The full text is as follows:

　　Guidelines for Enterprise Cancellation (revised in 2021)

　　First, the basic procedures for enterprises to withdraw from the market

　　Usually, when an enterprise terminates its business activities and withdraws from the market, it needs to go through three main processes: resolution dissolution, liquidation distribution and cancellation of registration. Take a company as an example. According to the Company Law, before the company withdraws from the market and formally terminates, it must declare its dissolution, set up a liquidation team to carry out liquidation, clean up the company’s property, pay taxes, pay employees’ wages and social insurance fees, etc. After the liquidation, it should make a liquidation report, cancel the company registration and announce the company’s termination.

　　Second, dissolution

　　The dissolution of an enterprise is a legal act in which an enterprise stops its business activities and begins to enter liquidation procedures until it terminates its legal personality when there are legal reasons for dissolution.

　　(1) voluntary dissolution.Refers to the dissolution of the company based on the will of the enterprise or shareholders. Take the company as an example, including: the business term stipulated in the articles of association expires or other reasons for dissolution stipulated in the articles of association appear; The shareholders’ meeting or the shareholders’ meeting decides to dissolve; Dissolution due to merger or division of the company, etc. Among them, the resolution of the shareholders’ meeting of a limited liability company on the dissolution of the company must be passed by shareholders representing more than 2/3 of the voting rights; A resolution on the dissolution of the company at the shareholders’ meeting of a joint-stock company must be passed by more than 2/3 of the voting rights held by the shareholders present at the meeting. The dissolution of a wholly state-owned company must be decided by the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution; Among them, the dissolution of an important wholly state-owned company shall be audited by the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution and reported to the people’s government at the same level for approval.

　　(2) Compulsory dissolution.It refers to the dissolution based on the decision and order of the relevant government organs or the court’s ruling, which is not based on the company or shareholders’ own wishes. It is usually divided into administrative decision dissolution and judicial decision dissolution. Administrative decision to dissolve, the company is ordered to be dissolved by the administrative authority ex officio because its behavior violates laws and regulations and harms social public interests or public order, including its business license revoked, ordered to close down or revoked according to law. If the judicial decision is dissolved due to serious difficulties in the company’s operation and management, and the continued existence will cause great losses to shareholders’ interests, which cannot be solved by other means, the shareholders holding more than 10% of all shareholders’ voting rights of the company shall file a lawsuit to the people’s court to dissolve the company and request the people’s court to dissolve it.

　　Iii. liquidation

　　After the company makes a resolution of dissolution, it shall be liquidated. The important content of company liquidation is to clean up the company’s assets, settle all debts and end all existing legal relationships. The purpose of liquidation is to protect the interests of creditors, shareholders and public interests. Except for dissolution due to merger or division, the company shall be liquidated at the time of dissolution.

　　(1) Establish a liquidation group.The Company shall set up a liquidation group within 15 days from the date of dissolution, which shall be responsible for cleaning up the company’s property, creditor’s rights and debts. The liquidation group of a limited liability company is composed of shareholders of the company (if the shareholders of the company are legal persons, relevant personnel may be appointed to participate in the liquidation), and the liquidation group of a joint stock limited company is composed of directors or personnel determined by the shareholders’ meeting. If a liquidation group is not established for liquidation within the time limit, the creditor may apply to the people’s court to appoint relevant personnel to form a liquidation group for liquidation.

　　(2) Publish the information of the liquidation group and the creditors’ announcement.Within 10 days from the date of establishment of the liquidation group, the applicant shall announce the information of the liquidation group through the national enterprise credit information publicity system. At the same time, the liquidation group shall notify creditors within 10 days from the date of its establishment, and publish creditors’ announcements through newspapers within 60 days according to law, or publish creditors’ announcements to the society free of charge through the national enterprise credit information publicity system for 45 days.

　　(3) Carrying out liquidation activities.The liquidation group is responsible for clearing the company’s property and preparing the balance sheet and property list respectively; Handle the unfinished business of the company related to liquidation; Pay fines and penalties of administrative organs and judicial organs; Pay the taxes owed to the customs and tax authorities and the taxes generated in the liquidation process, and go through relevant procedures, including late payment fees, fines, payment of taxes that need to be paid in advance for the cancellation of customs supervision of goods with tax reduction or exemption, submission of relevant licenses that need to be reissued, cancellation and liquidation of enterprise income tax, settlement of land value-added tax, settlement of export tax refund (exemption), cancellation of invoices and tax control equipment, etc. Taxpayers who have tax-related violations shall accept punishment and pay fines; Clearing creditor’s rights and debts; Dispose of the company’s remaining property after paying off debts.

　　(4) distributing the company’s property;After clearing up the company’s property, preparing the balance sheet and property list, the liquidation group shall formulate the liquidation plan and report it to the shareholders’ meeting, shareholders’ meeting or the people’s court for confirmation. After paying the liquidation expenses, employees’ wages, social insurance fees and statutory compensation, paying the taxes owed and paying off the company’s debts, the remaining property of the company shall be distributed according to the proportion of shareholders’ capital contribution in a limited liability company and the proportion of shares held by shareholders in a joint stock limited company. During the liquidation period, the company shall survive, but shall not carry out business activities unrelated to liquidation. The company’s property shall not be distributed to shareholders before it is paid off in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

　　(5) Making a liquidation report.After the liquidation, the liquidation group shall prepare a liquidation report, submit it to the shareholders’ meeting, the shareholders’ meeting or the people’s court for confirmation, and submit it to the company registration authority to apply for cancellation of company registration and announce the termination of the company.

　　Iv. cancellation of registration

　　(1) Ordinary cancellation process

　　The general cancellation process is applicable to all kinds of enterprises. After the liquidation, enterprises need to cancel tax registration, enterprise registration and social insurance registration respectively. Companies involved in customs declaration and other related businesses also need to handle matters such as filing and cancellation of customs declaration units.

　　1. Apply for cancellation of tax registration.

　　When a taxpayer applies to the tax department for cancellation, the tax department conducts a pre-inspection of tax cancellation to check whether the taxpayer has outstanding matters.

　　(1) If taxpayers who have not handled tax-related matters take the initiative to go to the tax authorities for tax clearance, the tax authorities can immediately issue tax clearance documents according to the business license provided by the taxpayers.

　　(2) Taxpayers who meet the conditions for immediate handling of vacancies, when handling tax cancellation, have complete information, and the tax authorities immediately issue tax clearance documents; If the information is not complete, the tax department can immediately issue a tax clearance document after making a promise. Taxpayers should complete the information and settle related matters according to the promised time limit. The specific tolerance conditions are:

　　(1) taxpayers who have handled tax-related matters but have not received invoices (including invoices issued on behalf of them), have no tax arrears (late fees) and fines, and take the initiative to go to the tax authorities for tax clearance;

　　② Taxpayers who are not in the state of tax inspection, do not owe taxes (late fees) and fines, have paid off special VAT invoices and tax control equipment, and meet one of the following circumstances:

　　● Taxpayers with tax credit rating of A and B;

　　● M-level taxpayers whose tax credit rating of the holding parent company is Grade A;

　　● Enterprises founded by the provincial people’s government to introduce talents or industry leaders recognized by industry associations at or above the provincial level;

　　● Regular fixed individual industrial and commercial households that are not included in the tax credit rating evaluation;

　　● Taxpayers who have not reached the VAT tax threshold.

　　(3) If the conditions for the immediate handling of the commitment system are not met (or if the conditions for the immediate handling of the commitment system are met, but the taxpayer is unwilling to commit), the tax department will issue a Notice of Tax Matters to the taxpayer (informing the taxpayer of the outstanding matters), and the taxpayer can apply for tax cancellation only after handling all the outstanding matters first.

　　(4) If the manager of an enterprise declared bankrupt by a ruling of the people’s court applies for tax cancellation with a ruling of the people’s court to terminate the bankruptcy procedure, the tax department will immediately issue a tax clearance document.

　　(5) Before the taxpayer handles the tax cancellation, it is not necessary to apply to the tax authorities for terminating the "Entrusted Deduction Agreement". After the tax authorities complete the tax cancellation, the entrusted deduction agreement will be automatically terminated.

　　2. Apply for cancellation of enterprise registration.The liquidation group shall submit an application for cancellation of registration, resolutions of shareholders’ meeting, liquidation report and tax clearance certificate to the registration authority to apply for cancellation of registration. If the registration authority and the tax authority have shared the enterprise tax clearing information, the enterprise does not need to submit paper tax clearing documents; Those who have received the original and duplicate of the paper business license shall return the original and duplicate of the business license. When a wholly state-owned company applies for cancellation of registration, it shall also submit the decision of the state-owned assets supervision and administration institution. Among them, the approval documents of the people’s government at the same level shall also be submitted for the important wholly state-owned companies identified by the State Council. When an enterprise with a branch applies for cancellation of registration, it shall also submit the certificate of cancellation of registration of the branch.

　　3. Apply for cancellation of social insurance registration.An enterprise shall, within 30 days from the date of cancellation of enterprise registration, submit an application for cancellation of social insurance registration and other relevant cancellation documents to the original social insurance registration institution, and go through the formalities for cancellation of social insurance registration. Before the cancellation of social insurance registration, the arrears of social insurance premiums shall be paid.

　　4. Apply for the record cancellation of the customs declaration unit.Enterprises involved in customs declaration-related business can submit applications for cancellation of customs declaration units to the customs through the "single window" of international trade (http://www.singlewindow.cn) and "internet plus Customs" (http://online.customs.gov.cn), or through the cancellation "one-net" service platform networked by the market supervision department and the customs. For taxpayers who have filed with the customs and have tax arrears (including late fees) and fines and other tax-related matters that have not been settled, they should apply to the market supervision department for cancellation of enterprise registration after the customs declaration unit has filed for cancellation.

　　(2) Simple cancellation process

　　1. Applicable objects

　　Market entities without creditor’s rights and debts or having paid off creditor’s rights and debts (except listed companies). When applying for simple cancellation of registration, market participants should not have debts such as unsettled liquidation expenses, employees’ wages, social insurance expenses, statutory compensation, and taxes payable (late fees and fines).

　　In any of the following circumstances, the simple cancellation procedure is not applicable to an enterprise: it involves a foreign-invested enterprise that implements special access management measures as stipulated by the state; Being included in the list of abnormal business operations of enterprises or the list of serious illegal and untrustworthy enterprises; The stock right (investment interest) is frozen, pledged or mortgaged by movable property; Being under investigation or taking administrative enforcement, judicial assistance or being given administrative punishment; The unincorporated branch of the enterprise has not gone through the cancellation of registration; The summary cancellation procedure has been terminated; Laws, administrative regulations or the State Council decisions require approval before cancellation of registration; Other circumstances that do not apply to the simple cancellation of registration of enterprises.

　　If an enterprise is "listed in the list of abnormal business operations", "its equity (investment interests) is frozen, pledged or mortgaged by movable property", and "the unincorporated branch of the enterprise has not cancelled its registration", it is not necessary to cancel the simple cancellation of registration. After the abnormal state disappears, it can apply for simple cancellation of registration through publicity again. If the letter and form of the letter of commitment are not standardized, the market supervision department will accept its simple cancellation application after the market subject makes corrections, and there is no need to re-publicize it.

　　Taxpayers who meet the conditions of simple cancellation by the market supervision department, have not handled tax-related matters, have handled tax-related matters but have not received invoices (including invoicing), have no tax arrears (late fees) and fines, and have no other tax-related matters that have not been settled, are exempted from going to the tax department for tax clearance certificates, and can directly apply to the market supervision department for simple cancellation.

　　2. Handling process

　　(1) Enterprises that meet the applicable conditions log in and cancel the "One Network" service platform or the column of "Simple Cancellation Announcement" of the national enterprise credit information publicity system actively announce to the public the information such as the proposed application for simple cancellation registration and the commitment of all investors, and the publicity period is 20 days.

　　(2) During the publicity period, relevant interested parties and relevant government departments can raise objections and briefly state the reasons through the function of "Objection Message" in the column of "Simple Cancellation Announcement" of the national enterprise credit information publicity system. After the publicity period, the publicity system will no longer accept objections.

　　(3) After the tax authorities obtain the information pushed by the market supervision department to apply for simple cancellation of registration through information sharing, they should check the tax information system to verify the relevant tax-related situation in accordance with the prescribed procedures and requirements, and the tax authorities will not raise any objection to taxpayers who are shown by the inquiry system as follows: First, taxpayers who have not handled tax-related matters; Second, taxpayers who have handled tax-related matters but have not received invoices (including invoices), have no tax arrears (late fees) and fines, and have no other tax-related matters that have not been settled; The third is the taxpayer who has completed the tax clearance procedures such as paying off the invoice and settling the tax payable at the time of inquiry.

　　(4) After the expiration of the publicity period, if there is no objection within the publicity period, the enterprise shall handle the simple cancellation of registration with the registration authority within 20 days from the date of the expiration of the publicity period. If it is not handled at the expiration date, the registration authority may extend the time limit according to the actual situation, and the maximum extension period shall not exceed 30 days. After publicity, enterprises shall not engage in production and business activities unrelated to cancellation.

　　3. Simple cancellation of individual industrial and commercial households

　　Individual industrial and commercial households registered after the implementation of the "integration of two certificates" reform of business license and tax registration certificate need not submit a letter of commitment or publicize it if they cancel their registration through summary procedures. After the individual industrial and commercial households submit the application for simple cancellation of registration, the market supervision department shall, within one working day, push the relevant information about the individual industrial and commercial households’ application for simple cancellation of registration to the tax authorities at the same level through the provincial unified credit information sharing and exchange platform, government information platform and inter-departmental data interface (collectively referred to as the information sharing and exchange platform), and the tax authorities will give feedback on whether they agree to simple cancellation within 10 days. If there is no objection to the tax authorities, the market supervision department shall handle the simple cancellation of registration in time. For details, please refer to the Notice of State Taxation Administration of The People’s Republic of China, General Administration of Market Supervision on Further Improving the Simple Cancellation Registration and Convenient Market Exit of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (Guo Shi Jian Zhu Fa [2021] No.45).

　　V. Guidelines for handling special circumstances

　　(1) There are problems such as shareholders’ loss of contact and non-cooperation.If it is difficult to cancel the limited liability company due to the loss of shareholders’ association or non-cooperation, all shareholders shall be notified in writing and in newspapers (or the national enterprise credit information publicity system), and a shareholders’ meeting shall be held to form a resolution in accordance with the voting ratio stipulated by laws and articles of association, and a liquidation group shall be established, and then an application for cancellation of registration shall be made to the enterprise registration authority.

　　(2) There is a problem that enterprises cannot organize liquidation by themselves.For a company that has been dissolved, but the investors with liquidation obligations refuse to perform the liquidation obligations or cannot set up a liquidation group for liquidation due to the inability to get in touch, the relevant shareholders or creditors may apply to the people’s court to appoint relevant personnel to form a liquidation group for liquidation in accordance with the provisions of the Company Law. After clearing up the company’s assets, compiling the balance sheet and list of assets, the liquidation group finds that the company’s assets are insufficient to pay off debts, and shall apply to the people’s court for bankruptcy according to law. If the people’s court ruled that compulsory liquidation or bankruptcy was declared, the enterprise liquidation group and the bankruptcy administrator may directly apply to the registration authority for cancellation of registration with the ruling of the people’s court to terminate the compulsory liquidation procedure or the bankruptcy procedure.

　　(3) The business license and official seal are lost.For enterprises that have lost their business licenses, they can apply to the enterprise registration authority for cancellation with the announcement of the loss of licenses publicized by themselves in the national enterprise credit information publicity system, without applying for a new business license. Where the official seal is lost, it shall be signed and sealed by all shareholders or signed and confirmed by the person in charge of the liquidation group. For an unincorporated enterprise as a legal person, the legal representative of the superior competent unit shall sign and affix the official seal of the superior competent unit for confirmation, and the relevant cancellation materials may not be affixed with the official seal.

　　(4) The shareholder (investor) has been cancelled.For an enterprise whose shareholders (investors) have cancelled but failed to clean up the foreign investment, and the invested enterprise cannot cancel, if its shareholders (investors) have a superior competent unit, the superior competent unit of the cancelled enterprise shall handle the relevant cancellation procedures in accordance with the regulations; If the cancelled enterprise has a legal successor, the successor may apply for it in accordance with the relevant provisions; If the cancelled enterprise has no legal successor, the shareholder (investor) registered at the time of cancellation of the cancelled enterprise shall apply for handling.

　　(5) Other issues.

　　1. For enterprises whose business licenses loaded with unified social credit codes have been revoked without replacement, the market supervision department has assigned codes to such enterprises, and enterprises can use their unified social credit codes to handle cancellation business in relevant departments without replacing their business licenses loaded with unified social credit codes.

　　2. A taxpayer whose business license is revoked by the registration authority or whose registration is revoked by other authorities shall, within 15 days from the date when the business license is revoked or its registration is revoked, apply to the original tax registration authority for tax cancellation.

　　3. Before going through the tax cancellation, taxpayers in abnormal tax state need to remove the abnormal state and go through the tax declaration formalities. In case of any of the following circumstances, the tax authorities may print the corresponding tax types and the relevant additional Confirmation Form for Batch Zero Declaration, which will be processed in batches after being confirmed by taxpayers:

　　(1) During the abnormal state, the value-added tax, consumption tax and related additional declarations that need to be reissued are all zero declarations;

　　(2) During the abnormal state, the monthly (quarterly) advance payment of enterprise income tax required to be reissued is zero, and there is no situation to make up for the previous losses.

　　VI. Prompt for Cancellation of Legal Liability

　　(1) When the company is liquidated, the liquidation group fails to perform the obligation of notification and announcement in accordance with the regulations, resulting in creditors’ failure to declare their claims in time and not being paid off, and the members of the liquidation group shall be liable for the losses caused thereby. (According to Article 11 of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Company Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC))

　　(2) If the liquidation group’s execution of unconfirmed liquidation plan causes losses to the company or creditors, and the company, shareholders or creditors claim that the members of the liquidation group shall be liable for compensation, the people’s court shall support it according to law. (According to Article 15 of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Company Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC))

　　(3) If the shareholders of a limited liability company, the directors and controlling shareholders of a joint stock limited company fail to set up a liquidation group to start liquidation within the statutory time limit, resulting in the depreciation, loss, damage or loss of the company’s property, and the creditors claim that they are liable for the company’s debts within the scope of losses, the people’s court shall support them according to law. (According to the provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Company Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (II), Paragraph 1 of Article 18)

　　(4) If the shareholders of a limited liability company, directors and controlling shareholders of a joint stock limited company fail to perform their obligations, resulting in the loss of the company’s main property, account books, important documents, etc., and the creditors claim that they are jointly and severally liable for the company’s debts, the people’s court shall support them according to law. (According to the provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Company Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (II), Paragraph 2 of Article 18)

　　(5) If the shareholders of a limited liability company, the directors and controlling shareholders of a joint stock limited company and the actual controller of the company maliciously dispose of the company’s property after the dissolution of the company, causing losses to creditors, or defrauding the company registration authority to cancel the registration of a legal person with a false liquidation report without liquidation according to law, and the creditors claim that they should bear corresponding liability for compensation for the company’s debts, the people’s court shall support them according to law. (According to Article 19 of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Company Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC))

　　(6) The company shall apply for cancellation of registration after liquidation according to law. If the company cancels its registration without liquidation, which makes it impossible for the company to liquidate, and the creditors claim that the shareholders of a limited liability company, the directors and controlling shareholders of a joint stock limited company, and the actual controller of the company shall be liable for paying off the debts of the company, the people’s court shall support it according to law. (According to the provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Company Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (II), Paragraph 1 of Article 20)

　　(7) If the company goes through the cancellation of registration without liquidation according to law, and the shareholders or the third party promise to be liable for the company’s debts when the company registration authority goes through the cancellation of registration, and the creditors claim that they should bear corresponding civil liabilities for the company’s debts, the people’s court shall support them according to law. (According to the provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Company Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (II), Paragraph 2 of Article 20)

　　(8) When the company’s property is insufficient to pay off the debts, if the creditors claim that the shareholders who have not paid their capital contributions, and other shareholders or promoters at the time of the establishment of the company shall bear joint and several liabilities for paying off the debts of the company within the scope of unpaid capital contributions, the people’s court shall support them according to law. (According to the provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Company Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (II), Paragraph 2 of Article 22)

　　(9) If a member of the liquidation group violates laws, administrative regulations or the company’s articles of association and causes losses to the company or creditors, the people’s court shall support him according to law. (According to the provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Company Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (II), Paragraph 1 of Article 23)

　　(10) If an enterprise conceals the real situation or practices fraud in the cancellation of registration, the registration authority may cancel the cancellation of registration according to law, and at the same time, the enterprise will be included in the list of enterprises that are seriously illegal and untrustworthy, and will be publicized through the national enterprise credit information publicity system. Relevant interested parties can claim their corresponding rights through civil litigation. (According to Article 64 of the Regulations on the Administration of Company Registration and Article 10, paragraph 2, of the Measures for the Administration of the List of Serious Violations and Dishonesty in Market Supervision and Management)

　　(eleven) the taxpayer fails to declare the cancellation of tax within the prescribed time limit, and the tax authorities shall order it to make corrections within a time limit and may impose a fine of less than two thousand yuan; If the circumstances are serious, a fine of not less than two thousand yuan but not more than ten thousand yuan shall be imposed. (According to Paragraph 1 of Article 60 of the Law on the Administration of Tax Collection)

　　(12) A taxpayer who forges, alters, conceals or destroys account books and vouchers without authorization, or overstretches expenditures or omits or understates income in account books, or refuses to declare or makes false tax returns after being notified by the tax authorities, and fails to pay or underpays the tax payable, is tax evasion. If a taxpayer evades taxes, the tax authorities shall recover the taxes and late fees that he fails to pay or underpays, and impose a fine of not less than 50% but not more than five times the taxes that he fails to pay or underpays; If a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law. (According to the first paragraph of Article 63 of the Law on the Administration of Tax Collection)

The Outline of New World History, edited by Qian Chengdan, a professor of Peking University History Department, is the final result of a major special research project of humanities and social sciences of the Ministry of Education. This project aims to explore China’s knowledge system of world history and build a framework for writing China-style world history textbooks. "Outline" is equivalent to the curriculum standard, which provides ideas, expands the connotation on the basis of "Outline", and can form a rich and comprehensive knowledge system of world history, thus spreading the correct view of world history to Chinese people and providing complete knowledge of world history. This article is taken from the Outline of New World History and reprinted by The Paper with authorization.

With the arrival of the mercantilist period, the expansion process of the west began. Mercantilism theory holds that precious metals are the embodiment of wealth, so seeking gold and silver overseas has become the main policy goal of western European governments. They encouraged their nationals to explore the sea, to explore overseas trade and to rob colonies. Colonies are of special significance to the mercantilist policy. Colonies bring markets as well as commercial profits, gold and silver to the home country.

Portuguese navigators first entered the Atlantic Ocean, and they opened a sea passage from Europe to eastern Asia in a century. In 1415, the Portuguese captured the Arab city of Ceuta in northern Morocco, which marked the beginning of European exploration and control of overseas territories. In the 15th century, most of the gold that arrived in Europe came from West Africa and the Ashanti black community near Ghana today. Muslim merchants brought gold from Africa and then took it north across the Sahara to Mediterranean ports. Portugal intervened in this gold business by force. Under the rule of King Joao II (reigned from 1481 to 1495), the Portuguese established trading ports and border trading posts on the coast of Guinea, and entered the mainland directly to Timbuktu. Portuguese ships arrived in Lisbon loaded with gold and controlled the circulation of gold in Europe by 1500.

Portugal established more than 50 trading ports between Africa and East Asia, and established the earliest commercial port empire. In San Giorgio da Mina, they engaged in the slave trade in West Africa; In Mozambique, they tried to control the gold trade in South Africa; In the Strait of Hormuz, they controlled the entrance to the Persian Gulf; In Goa, they sell Indian pepper; In Malacca, they supervise cargo ships from the South China Sea of China to the Indian Ocean; Through Ternat Island, they also controlled the clove and nutmeg trade in Maluku spice islands. Alfonso de Abuquiki, commander of the 16th century Portuguese Indian Ocean Corps, led the fleet to capture Hormuz in 1508, Goa in 1510 and Malacca in 1511, thus controlling the trade in the Indian Ocean, forcing all merchant ships to buy safety passes before they could dock at Portuguese trading ports. Ships without passes will be confiscated together with the goods. Like Portugal, British and Dutch businessmen also set up commercial ports on the coast of Asia, seeking to establish trade routes through commercial ports, but they have not yet thought of controlling freight on the high seas. In 1565, the Spanish army came to the Philippine Islands and named it after King Philip II of Spain. During 1603-1819, Spanish colonists had six large-scale conflicts with Filipinos and China businessmen in Manila, killing thousands of China businessmen.

The original purpose of European navigation was to find a new route to the East. Columbus, an Italian navigator, loved sailing adventures since he was a child. He read The Travels of Marco Polo and longed for India and China. At that time, the theory of the earth circle was very popular, and Columbus believed it. He successively asked the kings of Portugal, Spain, England, France and other countries for funding to realize his plan of sailing westward to the eastern countries, but all of them were rejected. Finally, he persuaded the Spanish king on the grounds of oriental products such as silk, porcelain, tea and spices, and was able to make it. In 1492, under the orders of Spanish King Isabella and Ferdinand, Columbus took the credentials to Emperor China, led three ships and 87 sailors to sail from Barros Port and crossed the Atlantic Ocean, but ended up in Bahamas, Cuba and Haiti. In the next three voyages, I visited Jamaica, Puerto Rico and the coastal areas of the American continent. He crossed the Atlantic four times and "discovered" America, becoming a famous navigator in history. The Spanish immediately entered these areas for early colonization. They conquered South America, robbed local wealth, slaughtered local residents, and sent a large number of blacks from West Africa to America to engage in slave labor, thus developing America. These activities quickly wiped out the Indians in South America. When Columbus came to Hispaniola in 1493, the population there was nearly 100,000. By 1570, there were only 300 people left.

In 1519, the navigator Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) sailed westward, hoping to find a route to the southeast coast of Asia. Magellan traveled from San Roca to Brazil, passed through the strait between the South American continent and Tierra del Fuego, and crossed the Pacific Ocean, Guam and the Philippines in 1521. He was killed by local residents for interfering with the infighting on the island. After Magellan’s death, the voyage continued. In 1522, the Victoria returned to Spain via the Indian Ocean, the Cape of Good Hope and the Atlantic Ocean, completing the first voyage around the earth in human history. This voyage verified the theory that the earth is spherical and brought back a huge amount of information about the Pacific Ocean.

The above-mentioned exploration activities triggered the competition between Portugal and Spain for overseas colonies. In 1494, Spain and Portugal signed the Tolde-silas Agreement, which demarcated the north-south boundary 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands. It was stipulated that Spain’s sphere of influence was to the west and Portugal’s sphere of influence was to the east, which was the first time that western countries divided up the world.

Colonization opened the way for primitive accumulation of capital in Europe. According to statistics, from 1493 to 1600, the Portuguese plundered more than 270,000 kilograms of gold in Africa alone. From 1521 to 1600, Spain plundered more than 200,000 kilograms of gold and 18 million kilograms of silver from America. Most of the capital in western Europe comes from gold and silver in America, which is related to Spain’s overseas colonization and monopoly of trade with the East to some extent. During 1519-1521, Spain conquered Mexico and Peru, began to plunder gold and silver there in 1531, and began to organize mining in America with new technology in 1540. In the trade with the East, the king of Spain levied a 20% trade tax, so Spain gained huge wealth from overseas trade. However, Spain did not keep this wealth. On the contrary, gold and silver flowed into other European countries, which promoted the development of capitalism in other regions.

Later, British and Dutch businessmen also came to Asia to set up commercial ports on the coastline and establish maritime trade lines through these commercial ports. The activities of the colonists promoted commercial development and established a global trading system in a real sense. Before that, the world’s commercial trade was regional, but the expansion of European countries at sea connected the world in the same trading system. The products made in Europe crossed the Atlantic Ocean westward in exchange for silver from Mexico, minerals from Peru and agricultural products such as sucrose and tobacco in the Caribbean. European textiles, guns and other manufactured goods went south to West Africa in exchange for African slaves and then transported them to work in tropical and subtropical plantations in the Western Hemisphere. China’s silk and porcelain are directly transported to Europe, and are warmly welcomed by the courts and upper classes of various countries; Tea and spices were shipped to Europe and America and eventually became mass consumer goods. Through the establishment of the global trading system, "the transformation from history to world history" has begun.

In early modern times, the trade routes in Europe were basically the same as those in the previous two centuries. Northern Italy and Flanders are the most developed cities and industrial centers in Europe, and they are both suppliers of woolen clothes in the European market. Northern Italy is also a producer of silk and other valuable clothing materials, while Flanders produces linen, ribbons and carpets. These two regions also have advanced shipbuilding and metal processing industries. Venice monopolizes the eastern trade through the eastern Mediterranean countries and islands. The goods from the east are mainly spices and other luxury goods, which are sold in Europe by Italian and German businessmen. They can go southwest to France and Spain and northeast to Germany and Baltic countries via the Italy-Flanders axis. The British route on the Italian-Flemish axis is mainly responsible for transporting the semi-finished clothes from Britain to Flanders and brabant for processing.

Gold and silver from America entered the northwest of Europe through Spain, making these places eventually become the most developed economic centers in Europe, including low-lying countries, northwest France and southeast Britain. The "lowlands" used to be the commercial meeting place between Italy and the Hanseatic League, but Spain’s tight financial situation and huge trade deficit made businessmen and bankers in the lowland countries, Italy and Germany become the actual leaders of international trade. The low-lying countries were the bridge between the North and the South in the Middle Ages, so Antwerp became the trade center of Spain, Portugal and Germany. In the 16th century, Antwerp was the largest international financial market in Europe, and every move here affected the whole European economy. The delay of Spanish and Portuguese cargo ships can cause commercial chaos in Antwerp, and even lead to bank failures in augsburg and Ulm. After gaining independence, the Netherlands followed Portugal and Spain and rapidly expanded its overseas trade. It monopolized the spice trade and controlled the eastern routes by crowding out Portugal’s forces in the East through war. In the Atlantic, it can also squeeze into Spain’s sphere of influence and insert a foot in trade. The 17th century became the "century of Holland", and Holland was the "sea coachman" at that time. Britain and France also rapidly expanded overseas after the reunification of the country. They successively established colonies in America, Asia and Africa, and replaced the Netherlands in the second half of the 17th century, becoming the protagonists in the struggle for world commercial hegemony in the next century.

Author | Yifei

Do you prefer to brush videos on your mobile phone or watch videos on the big screen?

At the watermelon PLAY Curiosity Conference held yesterday, Ren Lifeng, President of Watermelon Video, delivered a speech entitledMulti-screen era of Chinese videoThe speech.

Why do you say "Chinese video" is on fire? Ren Lifeng believes that this is due toDiversification of broadcasting channels.At present, the mobile phone channel is close to the top, and new channels such as smart TV, TV set-top box and tablet still have incremental space. People have not only watched videos on their mobile phones.

Take Mr. Li Yongle, a well-known creator of watermelon video, for example. In the past month, the amount of his video played on TV has surpassed that on mobile APP, with the former playing 26.63 million a month and the latter 23.29 million.

Tuyuan Watermelon PLAY Curiosity Conference

Smart TV has the advantages of image quality and size, which can effectively enhance the user’s visual experience. In the past, TV platforms mainly focused on movies and dramas, and now it is expected to expand into the field of medium and short videos.

Users can brush videos on their mobile phones and watch videos on the big screen, and new user habits are being developed.

Obviously, watermelon video doesn’t want to miss the popularity of this new channel.

Fresh Time TV: Watermelon Video on TV

In June 2019, Watermelon Video cooperated with China Digital Media to launch "Fresh Time TV" for smart TV. Users can download and use it directly on smart TV.

Fresh Time TV’s homepage hastwentyA column,Only the three columns of "watching blockbusters", "cartoons" and "documentaries" are long video columns, and the rest are short video columns.The layout of the waterfall program list and the playing window is basically copied from the interface of the mobile phone. Users can switch videos directly with the remote control, and like, follow and collect them. The page also displays data such as the amount of play and the number of fans.

Judging from the video content, Fresh Time TV is the main one.Horizontal screen videoOnly the video content in the "Small Video" column is vertical. This is the same as the development route of watermelon video APP focusing on video for more than 3 minutes. The horizontal video has a high adaptability on the TV side, so the content on the APP side can be directly migrated to the TV side.

It can be seen from some recent actions that watermelon video intends to accelerate the promotion of "Fresh Time TV".On May 1st this year, National Film and Television IP Hi, Mom exclusively logged into Fresh Time TV, attracting viewers with the slogan "Free viewing within a limited time". This movie was only logged into the watermelon video mobile APP after 7 days. This is the first time that watermelon video puts the status of TV big screen in front of the mobile APP, which may be intended to fit the warm theme of the movie and render the atmosphere of family watching, but it can also glimpse the intention of watermelon video to drain the TV big screen.

China Guangshi Sophomore CSM once pointed out in the "Research Report on the User Value of Short Video in 2020": "With the continuous upgrading of technology, the interaction between large and small screens has become the norm, and the big screen of TV has become a new way to open short videos, among which the proportion of short video users who have used TV to watch short videos is about 55.8%." The entry of Internet short video APP conforms to this trend and accelerates the expansion of TV short video content ecology.

In addition to watermelon video, Aauto Quicker also launched the "Cloud Audio-visual Fast TV" application in April 2020. Since then, both short video platforms have landed on smart TV channels.

　How was the TV short video?

From the perspective of industry data, the head player of smart TV APP is still a long video platform, and the popularity of short video platform has not caught up. The "OTT Big Screen User Behavior Monthly Report in December 2020" released by Aowei Entertainment shows that the daily activities of the two short video platforms, China Digital Fresh Time TV and Cloud Audio-visual Fast TV, are only between 2 million and 3 million, while the top ones in the rankings are "Galaxy Kiwi Fruit" created by iQiyi and "CIBN Cool Meow Video" by Youku, both of which are mainly long video content such as dramas and movies.

The data shows that,TV short video is still in its infancy.For mobile short video apps that have entered the stock competition, the big TV screen may be able to give them new increments.

In the whole TV short video industry, the fresh time TV of watermelon video belongs to the content side.In addition to the content side, the industry also needs terminal manufacturers and licensees, all of which are indispensable.

Terminal manufacturers are also innovating in line with the trend of TV short video.For example, Konka, a smart TV terminal manufacturer, launched a short video product "Shake Screen" in December 2019, which is dedicated to improving the operating experience of short videos. "Shaking Screen" is also building its own content system. At present, the video content deposited has reached 1 million hours, and it is drained by popular movies such as My People My Homeland.

The licensee is the top priority of the whole industry.In 2009, in order to regulate the development of Internet TV, the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television began to issue TV licenses to TV groups. The State Administration of Radio, Film and Television has issued Internet TV licenses twice, and will not issue them in the future. The existing seven licensees are Guangdong CIBN, Galaxy Internet GITV, BesTV BESTV, China Digital TV, Southern Media, Mango TV and ICNTV. Internet TV products must cooperate with any of the seven licensees before they can broadcast content on TV.

Fresh Time TV is a cooperation with China Digital TV. Huashu TV was founded by Zhejiang Radio and Television, Hangzhou Wenguang Group and Ningbo Radio and Television, and has been invested by Ali. In April 2021, Fresh Time TV also signed a contract with Fujian Radio and Television, and users can watch the content of Fresh Time directly on Fujian Radio and Television Network TV.

At present, the business models of TV short video applications such as Fresh Time TV and Cloud Audio-visual Fast TV are still unclear. However, applications that focus on long videos and series movies, such as Galaxy Kiwi, have explored business models. Duan Youqiao, senior vice president of iQiyi, once proposedThree business models:First, diverse and interactive focus advertising, second, user members pay, and third, realizing around IP. All three business models are likely to migrate to short video platforms.

Users’ demands for TV short videos

Tencent Media Research Institute released a research report in April 2020, and investigated the pain points of users of smart TV short videos to 4364 users. The report pointed out: Long advertising time, poor remote control experience, and difficulty in finding video portals are the top three reasons why users are dissatisfied with TV short videos. In addition, there are pain points such as insufficient video clarity and slow update of TV content.

From the user’s experience, although the TV big screen and the mobile phone screen are both interactive screens, there is still a big gap in the specific operation. The touch experience of the mobile phone is different from the remote control of the TV. The latter is obviously not as flexible as the former and has a lot of room for improvement.

In addition, it is worth noting that the survey shows thatMore than one third of users watch TV short videos alone.The users who watch smart TV alone account for only 16% of the total users, and the former is 2.3 times that of the latter. It can be seen that although 83% of smart TVs are placed in the living room, short-sightedness still tends to be a tool for individuals to pass the time, and the personalized distribution mode on the mobile phone side is not suitable for family scenes.

For this pain point,Perhaps Ren Lifeng’s "Chinese video" strategy can effectively deal with it.. He pointed out that the classic programs we used to watch on old TV, such as Animal World and I Love My Family, all lasted for 1-30 minutes. These programs are suitable for many people to watch together, which is very suitable for the family living room scene.

It seems that watermelon video has found that supporting professional content that the public likes is an important way for short video platforms to adapt to home TV scenes.

At the watermelon PLAY conference, Xian Yubo, the head of watermelon content ecology, proposed to support Chinese video creation.Chinese video partner program”。 He pointed out that TV traffic has become a source that cannot be ignored, and the partnership plan will not only support mobile works, but also achieve "multi-screen coverage".

Under the background that the content of short video platform is richer, it is bound to differentiate the content that is more suitable for TV screen and the content that is more suitable for mobile phone screen. Nowadays, the competition of short video on mobile phone screen has fallen into the Red Sea, and the complete TV short video ecology has not yet formed. Perhaps, smart TV will become the next soil for short video platforms.

At that time, the rapid rise of Tik Tok and Aauto Quicker,It is largely due to the exploration of the 9: 16 vertical screen content mode.. Facts have proved that one-handed mobile phone browsing vertical screen content can best meet people’s real needs in the fast-paced era and stimulate users’ "addiction". After Jikuai swept through the short video industry, traditional video portals such as "Youaiteng" began to accelerate the layout of 9: 16 vertical screen content, but the market has been set, and it is too late.

Smart TV, a new channel, is on the rise, and the previous experience and lessons on the mobile side cannot be ignored. It is foreseeable that whoever can explore the TV short video mode that can attract users the most as soon as possible will occupy the forefront in this industry.

Watermelon video is determined to support the content of "Chinese video", which is an obvious signal: they want to attack the city and plunder the pool on TV media.

CCTV News:What you are looking at now is the Yunnan Huangguo Abies forest located in Chayu County, Linzhi City, southeast Tibet. These firs are very tall, and the tallest one is 83.2 meters high, which is equivalent to the height of 28 floors. Chayu has a warm climate and lush vegetation, with a forest area of more than 1.696 million hectares. A large number of rare wild animals and plants inhabit and grow here, and biodiversity is effectively protected.

1905 movie network news Domestic adults confirmed the file for the animated film on August 16th, and released the first preview and poster. The film was completed by director jiaozi and his team in five years. This is another heavyweight and large-scale original animated film after the three "big" series of domestic animation (,,). From the preview, it is not difficult to find that the film is rooted in the traditional culture of China and boldly made original adaptation. Different from the "comedy-filled" pilot preview, the final preview focuses on Nezha’s growing experience of "going against the sky and fighting to the end" although he was born as a demon. In the film, the "magic boy" in troubled times has caused all kinds of troubles, and it is distressing to be misunderstood and grow up alone.

Subverting traditional myths, national heroes change their lives.　

The film Ne Zha is based on the classic myths that Chinese people are familiar with, and has boldly made an original adaptation. From the preview of the "Born Lonely" version released this time, we can get a glimpse of one or two:

　

The film breaks through the tradition, boldly creates a brand-new image of Nezha, and shows a colorful and interesting story: in appearance, Nezha, who is always wearing two dark circles and causing trouble everywhere, presents a sad and cute "little bully" temperament. It is not difficult to see from the preview that the reason why Nezha is so cynical is related to his being misunderstood and growing up alone. In the film, Nezha’s growth is very bumpy: because he was born as a demon, he was ostracized by the world since he was a child, but in the process of growing up, he tried to prove that he was treated rudely until he died. Whether to accept other people’s definitions or go against the sky and decide your own life has become the biggest suspense in the notice.

　

In addition, the film releases the finalized poster at the same time, which is quite epic with Chinese style. On the screen, one side is a teenager "who makes trouble in the sea", and the other side is the Dragon Palace Prince "who flooded Chentangguan". They seem to have right and wrong points and the distinction between good and evil, but who can decide which is right and wrong? It is reported that the main line of the film will revolve around two people.

　

All-around directors pursue the ultimate for five years just to make an animation.

　

The film Ne Zha was directed by the post-80s all-around director jiaozi, who personally took the helm from the camera, expression demonstration, dubbing and poster. When talking about creative ideas, director jiaozi said that Nezha was the most rebellious hero, and his "cutting flesh and blood back to parents" challenged the mainstream moral concept of "filial piety first" at that time. In today’s society, he hopes that Nezha, as a warrior fighting against fate, can convince the audience that fate is in his own hands. At the same time, director jiaozi also said that in a tired social environment, the audience needs warmer works. Therefore, compared with the original work, the film will have more humane treatment. For example, Nezha not only has the experience of being criticized, but also has people who can defend him through public discussion.

　

Besides profound themes, comedy is another major feature of jiaozi’s works. His independent masterpiece "Fight, Fight a Big Watermelon" is a comedy short film with the theme of "anti-war", in which humorous fragments such as "Poker Plane" and "Nosebleeding Battle" are talked about so far. This work has won more than 30 awards such as the special prize of the jury of Berlin International Short Film Festival, and is known as "the best animated short film of Chinese". In Ne Zha, Nezha’s love of doggerel and pranks will also make people laugh and impress.

　

The film will be officially released on August 16th.

Author | Xi Nanhua

Source | Mathematical Translation Forest

Quantity and shape are the basic attributes of matter and things. They are the objects of mathematical research, which determines the value and significance of mathematics.

Mathematics is actually concerned with the mathematical laws of quantity and shape, which is a reflection of the real world. The law of mathematics is the law of the basic attributes of matter and things, and it is the most essential part of the laws of nature and society.

The meaning and value of mathematics seems needless to say, but the language of mathematics is abstract, and the abstract face is basically that people don’t like it, and it is often mistaken for being far away from the real world and human fireworks, which is quite unjust. The abstract value will be mentioned later.

1. What was mathematics like in the distant past?

Mathematics has a long history. It is generally believed that mathematics, as an independent and theoretical discipline, appeared between 600 BC and 300 BC, and Euclid’s Elements (about 300 BC) is a brilliant model.

It systematically sorts out the mathematical achievements of ancient Greeks by using axiomatic system, and its system, the expression of mathematical theory and the way of thinking embodied in the book have far-reaching influence on the development of mathematics and even science. Throughout the history of mathematics development, The Original is the most influential mathematics book.

Another great mathematical work in ancient Greece was apollonius’s "Conic Curve", which was later than "The Original" in time. In addition to synthesizing the achievements of predecessors, this book has unique innovation, excellent material organization and flexible writing. This book can be called the pinnacle of conic curve, and later generations can hardly say anything new on this subject, at least geometrically.

Almost at the same time, there was a study of the history of mathematics. Eudemus (about 370-300 BC), a student of Aristotle (384-322 BC), wrote books on the history of mathematics.

The history of human civilization is much longer. About 10 thousand years ago, human beings began to settle in a region and live by agriculture and animal husbandry. Writing appeared much later, around 3200 BC. Before that, the progress of human beings in mathematics was extremely slow, because the level of development was low, the demand for mathematics was extremely low, and it was very difficult to form abstract mathematical concepts from scratch.

The most basic concepts of mathematics, numbers and straight lines, took a long time to form.

At first, people’s concept of logarithm was associated with specific objects, such as a tree, a stone, two people, two fish, and so on. Time, constantly passing, … Gradually, people realized the common numerical attribute of a tree, a stone and other concrete objects, and the abstract concept of number was formed.

Similarly, at first, people’s concept of line was associated with specific line shapes such as trees, branches, ropes and edges of objects. Time goes by … gradually, people realize the common shape attributes of concrete objects such as straight trees, taut ropes and straight edges of some objects, and the abstract concept of straight lines is formed.

The formation of the concepts of number and straight line is a leap for human beings to understand nature.

The emergence and development of mathematics is driven by real life. Arithmetic and geometry were first produced.

Realistic needs have led to the calculation between numbers (such as distributing food, exchanging goods, the number of days before the specified date, etc.). So you need to give the number a name and write it down and tell others.

Digital symbols introduced from the beginning of writing have played a great role in the development of arithmetic.

This is the first step to introduce general mathematical symbols and formulas. In the next step, the introduction of arithmetic operation symbols and unknown symbols was completed very late, and it was constantly improved. For example, the familiar symbols of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division were not used until the 15th and 18th centuries.

Arithmetic was first developed in Babylon and Egypt, due to the practical needs of taxation, land measurement, trade, architecture, astronomy and so on. But here is mainly for the calculation and answer of specific problems. This form of arithmetic is not a mathematical theory, because there is no general property (or law) about numbers.

The transition to theoretical arithmetic is gradual. Ancient China, Babylonia and Egypt already knew the possibility of millions. Here has shown the possibility of infinite continuation of the series. But people didn’t realize this clearly soon.

Archimedes (287-212 BC) pointed out the method of naming the number of a large number of sand grains in the Sand Counting Law. This is a matter that needs to be explained in detail at that time. It’s not an easy thing today.

In the third century BC, the Greeks clearly realized two important ideas: the sequence of numbers can continue indefinitely; We can not only use specific numbers, but also discuss general numbers, and establish and prove the general properties of numbers.

For example, there are infinitely many proofs of prime numbers in the elements, and this conclusion and proof will be mentioned later. Arithmetic thus developed into theoretical arithmetic.

Theoretical arithmetic is actually the theory of numbers, and the calculation of specific local problems is not its main content, but the establishment of the laws and general properties of numbers by concepts and reasoning is its main content. Of course, this will, in turn, be helpful to specific calculations at a higher level.

The convincing source of theoretical arithmetic: its conclusion is drawn from the concept by using logical methods, and both logical methods and arithmetic concepts are based on thousands of years of practice and the objective laws of the world.

The concepts and conclusions of theoretical arithmetic reflect the nature and relationship of the quantity of things, summarize a lot of practical experience, and show the relationships that are often encountered everywhere in the real world in an abstract form. The objects can be animals, agricultural products and planets.

Therefore, the abstraction of arithmetic is not empty, but through long-term practice, it summarizes some universal properties, which has wide application. The same is true for all mathematics and any abstract concepts and theories. The possibility of wide application of the theory depends on the extensiveness of the original materials summarized in it.

Abstraction has its own limitations: when applied to specific objects, it only reflects one aspect of the object, and often only quantity is not enough. You can’t apply abstract concepts everywhere indefinitely. A sheep and a wolf are added together, and a liter of water and a handful of soil are not the place where arithmetic plus one is applied. Truth is concrete and mathematics is abstract. The application of abstraction to concreteness is often an art and technology.

The development of numbers is also very interesting. At first, it is a number associated with a specific object, then an abstract number, and then a general number. Each stage relies on previous concepts and accumulated experience. This is also one of the basic laws of the formation of mathematical concepts.

The origin and development of geometry is similar to that of arithmetic. The actual needs of measuring and calculating the area of land and the volume of containers, the volume of barns and water conservancy projects have led to the emergence and development of geometry, including the concepts of length, area and volume. For farmers, knowing the area of land is very beneficial to predict the harvest. For water conservancy projects, it is important to know how long the earthwork volume will take to complete the project.

Babylonians and Egyptians were the leaders in the initial years of geometric development (about 3000 BC to 700 BC). At first, geometry is some formulas summed up from experience, including the formulas for finding the area of triangles, rectangles, trapezoid, circles, cuboids, spheres, etc.

The formula A=(8d/9)2 used by the Egyptians to calculate the area of a circle was surprisingly good at that time, where d was the diameter. This formula is equal to taking π=3.1605 from the area formula of a circle. Geometric problems are also arithmetic problems in calculation.

Babylonians and Egyptians should not have realized at that time that their algorithms and rules needed to be based on, or could deduce some conclusions from others through deduction. The formulas or laws they get are not related to each other, so they are not systematic.

At this time, the Greeks appeared. They went to Egypt and Babylon to do trade, travel and study math and science. In this way, the arithmetic and geometry of the Egyptians and Babylonians spread to Greece around the seventh century BC. Then came the era when the stars shone and there were many schools of thought. Interestingly, China was roughly in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, with a hundred schools of thought contending, and many thinkers came forth: Laozi, Confucius, Mozi, Mencius, Zhuangzi, Xunzi and Han Feizi.

The influential schools in the classical Greek period (from 600 BC to 300 BC) are: Ionian School, Pythagorean School, Ernian School, Clever School, Plato School, Aristotle School, etc.

The most important ideological contributions of the ancient Greeks to mathematics include: mathematics studies abstract concepts, and all mathematical results must be deduced by deduction according to the axioms clearly defined in advance.

Geometry thus develops in the direction of geometric theory; Introduce concepts, draw conclusions from experience, clarify the relationship between them, and find new conclusions. In this process, abstract thinking plays an extremely important role. In the spatial form of real objects, geometric concepts are abstractly generated: points (without size), lines (without width and thickness), surfaces (without thickness).

Like arithmetic, geometry comes from practice and gradually forms mathematical theory. Geometric theory studies the abstract forms and relationships of space.

This is different from other sciences that study the spatial form and relationship of objects, such as astronomy and measurement, or art such as painting and sculpture. It is impossible to do experiments in abstract space form, and only logical reasoning can be used to establish the connection between conclusions and derive new conclusions from known conclusions.

The obviousness of geometric concepts, the method of reasoning and the convincing conclusion are all based on thousands of years of practice and the objective laws of the world, just like arithmetic.

When we emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary to scientific development today, looking back at history, we will find that it is a specious formulation.

The intersection of disciplines has been very active in history, which is an important source of further general concepts, methods and theories, and has a great impact on the development of human civilization and science. The greatest scientists, such as Archimedes, Newton, Leibniz, Euler, Gauss and Einstein, have made great contributions in many aspects.

Let’s say that arithmetic and geometry, the earliest two branches of mathematics, were inseparable and influenced each other from the beginning. Simple length measurement is already a combination of arithmetic and geometry. When measuring the length of an object, put a single position of a certain length on the object, and then count how many times it is put together. The first step (placement) is geometric, the geometric concept behind it is congruence or coincidence, and the second step (number) is arithmetic.

When measuring, it is often found that the selected unit cannot be placed on the measured object for an integer number of times. At this time, the unit must be divided, so that a part of the unit can be used to measure the object more accurately, that is to say, not only the integer, but also the fraction can be used to represent the length of the measured object.

The score is thus generated. This is the result of the cooperation between geometry and arithmetic, which produces an important new concept-fraction, and causes the popularization of the concept of number from integer to fraction.

The discovery of irrational numbers also comes from the combination of geometry and arithmetic, but the discovery of irrational numbers cannot be realized by measurement, because the accuracy is always limited in actual measurement, and irrational numbers are infinite acyclic decimals.

Pythagorean theorem tells us that the diagonal length of a square with unit side length is the square root of 2, which is an irrational number. In this way, the concept of number is further developed. Moreover, people gradually understand the number as the ratio of a certain quantity to the quantity taken as a unit.

The discovery of irrational numbers is a typical example that reflects the power and profundity of mathematical theory in revealing natural laws and phenomena. Without mathematics, many phenomena and laws can’t be understood.

The further development of number is the concept of real number, and then the concept of complex number. Then there is the algebraic structure.

Hua Luogeng, the late great mathematician, made an incisive comment on the relationship between logarithm and form: when the number is missing, it is less intuitive, and when the number is missing, it is difficult to be nuanced.

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1. The original poem: number and shape are interdependent, so how can they be divided into two sides? When the number is missing, it is less intuitive, and when the number is missing, it is difficult to be nuanced; The combination of numbers and shapes is good, and everything is separated; Don’t forget, the unity of geometry and algebra is always connected and never separated! See Selected Poems of Hua Luogeng, China Literature and History Publishing House, 1986.

2. number (sh) number (sh)

Speaking of it, mathematics should start with numbers (sh) and numbers (sh). Who among us can’t count? Soon after we can talk, our parents will tell us to count, and our ability to count will definitely be greater when we get to kindergarten. We usually count

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6，……

It seems that most people don’t think of counting all the integers with positive integers. In fact, this is possible, and a number method is:

0, 1，-1, 2，-2, 3，-3，……

In this way, all the integers are counted with positive integers.

Ordinary people should not even think of counting rational numbers (fractions) with positive integers. Intuitively, this seems impossible. Surprisingly, this is also possible.

Fractions can be written as the ratio of integers: 0, p/q, where p and q are positive integers not equal to 0, and there is no common factor greater than one.

First, according to the size of the value of p+q, it is divided into several parts to sort, and each part is counted again, so one number method is:

0，1，－1，1/2，2，－1/2，－2，1/3，3，－1/3，－3，

1/4，2/3，3/2，4， －1/4，－2/3，－3/2，－4，……

In this way, we also counted the rational numbers with positive integers.

Curiosity certainly can’t end like this. We may wonder how to count real numbers with positive integers. This time there is really nothing to do: positive integers can’t count real numbers clearly. This can be strictly proved, but we won’t talk about it here, although it is not difficult.

The story is not over yet.

A question arises here: Is there a set of numbers between the whole of natural numbers and the whole of real numbers, which can’t be counted by positive integers (that is, it can’t establish a one-to-one correspondence with natural number set), and real numbers can’t be counted by this set?

Cantor, the founder of set theory (a branch of mathematics), suspects that such a set does not exist. This is the famous continuum hypothesis. Hilbert gave a report at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1900, and listed 23 problems, the continuum hypothesis being the first one. This shows the importance of this issue. These 23 problems have a great influence on the development of mathematics in the future.

Godel is a great mathematical logician. In 1940, he proved that there is no contradiction between the continuum hypothesis and the axiomatic system we usually use. Just because there is no contradiction doesn’t mean it is right.

In 1963, Cohen established a powerful method-the forced method. By this method, he proved that there is no contradiction between the hypothesis of continuum and the axiomatic system we usually use. That is to say, in our commonly used axiom system, adding this assumption will not produce contradictions; If this assumption is not added, there will be no contradiction.

This is obviously beyond the expectation of ordinary people. An important and natural question cannot be judged true or false in our commonly used axiomatic system. This shows the strangeness of logic. Cohen won the Fields Prize in 1966 for his work on the continuum hypothesis.

The continuum hypothesis seems to have been understood, but in fact, the thinking on this issue has not stopped, and profound mathematics is still being produced.

We can compare the continuum hypothesis with the parallel axiom of plane geometry. The thinking and research on parallel axioms leads to the emergence of non-Euclidean geometry such as hyperbolic geometry. Riemannian geometry is a kind of non-Euclidean geometry and a mathematical framework of general relativity.

Curiosity, simple good questions can always take us far, far away.

3. Know infinity

In our limited life, it seems to be a difficult thing to know infinity, and it may even be a disturbing thing. The ancient poem "Born less than 100 years old, always worried about being a thousand years old" shows that we are not willing to be confined to our limited time and space.

But infinity is awesome. Pascal said, "When I think of my short stay in life, swallowed up by the eternity before and after, and the small space I occupy, submerged by the infinite and vast space that I know nothing about, I feel scared. The eternal silence of these boundless spaces scares me. "

There are infinite integers and infinite real numbers. In the game of counting, we know that these two infinity are essentially different.

Only mathematics can study the infinite, reveal the magical infinite world, and use the infinite to study the limited. Examples include limit, series, infinite set …

The following two equations can make people feel the infinite magic of mathematical utilization:

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2.When I consider the short duration of my life, swallowed up in an eternity before and after, the little space I fill engulfed in the infinite immensity of spaces whereof I know nothing, and which know nothing of me, I am amazed. The eternal silence of the infinite spaces frights me. Blaise Pascal, in "pensé es" (originally in French, meaning meditation), 1670.

Hilbert, a great mathematician, has a profound understanding of infinity: "No other problem has ever touched people’s hearts so deeply;" No other thought can stimulate people’s logical understanding of thinking so fruitfully; However, there is no other concept that needs to be clarified more than the concept of infinity. "

4. Some opinions

Great people never skimp on their awe and praise of mathematics:

Mathematics is the core of reality.

-Pythagoras School, Plato School

We often hear the view that "everything is number" comes from Pythagoras, and he has a similar expression: number rules the universe; Number is the essence of everything. Plato School was deeply influenced by Pythagoras School and put mathematics in the highest position: the highest form of pure thought is mathematics.

On the gate of Plato’s Academy, it is written that "those who have no knowledge of geometry are not allowed to enter this gate".

In the seventh chapter of Plato’s Republic, there is a long dialogue to discuss the importance of arithmetic and geometry. The conclusion is that arithmetic forces the soul to use pure reason to lead to truth, geometry is to know eternal things, and arithmetic and geometry are the first and second courses that young people must learn.

Mathematics is the true essence of nature.

-ancient Greece

With this understanding, it seems not surprising that ancient Greece can make epoch-making achievements in mathematics.

Physics is written in the big book of the universe, and it keeps opening before our eyes. But we can’t read this book until we learn to write the characters and language of the universe. It is written in mathematical language, and the characters are triangles, circles and other geometric figures. Failure to understand these means that it is impossible for human beings to understand every word of this book. Without these, people can only wander in the dark maze.

-Galileo

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3.“Das Unendliche hat wie keine andere Frage von jeher so tief das Gemüt der Menschen bewegt; das Unendliche hat wie kaum eine andere Idee auf den Verstand so anregend und fruchtbar gewirkt; das Unendliche ist aber auch wie kein anderer Begriff so der Adfkl?rung bedürftig.” David Hilbert: In address (4 Jun 1925), at a congress of the Westphalian Mathematical Society in Munster, in honor of Karl Weierstrass. First published in Mathematische Annalen (1926), 95, 161-190 with title über das Unendliche.

Galileo was one of the founders of modern experimental science and mechanical materialism. He established the law of falling body, discovered the law of inertia, and determined the "Galileo relativity principle". He is a pioneer of classical mechanics and experimental physics. He was also the first person who made great achievements in observing celestial bodies through telescopes. Galileo’s view of mathematics can be regarded as a development of the view of the ancient Greeks.

Mathematics is the queen of science.

-Gauss

Gauss is known as the prince of mathematics in the 19th century, the greatest mathematician in the 19th century, and an outstanding physicist, astronomer and geodetic scientist. His words are often quoted, but I don’t know where Gauss took the emperor.

In natural science, mathematics is incredibly effective.

-eugene wigner

Wigner put forward the theory that the nucleus absorbs neutrons and discovered the Wigner effect, so he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963.

This introduction was the topic of Wigner’s report in Courand Institute of Mathematics of new york University on May 11th, 1959. The article was published in the journal Communications in Pure and Applied Mathematics sponsored by Courand Institute of Mathematics in February, 1960. This view of Wigner has a great influence, and the discussion and extension of this view have never stopped since it came out.

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4.Philosophy (i.e. physics) is written in this grand book, the universe, which stands continually open to our gaze. But the book cannot be understood unless one first learns to comprehend the language and read the letters i n which it is composed. It is written in the language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures without which it is humanly impossible to understand a single word of it; without these, one wanders about in a dark labyrinth.” Galileo Galilei, The Assayer (Il Saggiatore (in Italian)), as translated by Stillman Drake (1957), Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo pp. 237-8.

5. "Die Mathematicist Die Knigin der Wissenschaft en und Die Zahlen Theorist Die Knigin der Mathematik", Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen: Gauss Zum Ged Chtnis (Biography of Gauss), 1856.p.79. 。

God is a mathematician of very high rank. He used very advanced mathematics when he built the universe. Our attempt to be weak in mathematics enables us to understand a little bit of the universe. As we continue to develop more and more advanced mathematics, we can hope that we can better understand Universe 6.

-Dirac

Dirac discovered a fruitful new form of atomic theory, so he won the Nobel Prize in Physics with Schrodinger in 1933. The Dirac equation he put forward was hailed as a groundbreaking work, which predicted the existence of positrons and was later confirmed by experiments. The δ function he proposed was very creative and shocking, which was unacceptable in the mathematical theory at that time, but it was very useful in physics.

Later, when the generalized function theory appeared, mathematical theory could explain and deal with the δ function, which turned out to be a generalized function.

Mathematics must control our rational flight; Mathematics is a crutch for the blind. Without it, it is difficult to move. Everything in physics is undoubtedly due to mathematics and experience.

-Voltaire

Voltaire was a French philosopher and writer in the 18th century and a leading figure in the French bourgeois enlightenment. His thoughts represented the thoughts of the whole Enlightenment, enlightened people’s minds and influenced a whole generation.

The strength of French mathematics is not only the achievement of French mathematicians, but also profound cultural factors.

The development and perfection of mathematics is closely related to the prosperity of the country.

-Napoleon

Napoleon was a great French strategist and politician in the 19th century, and the founder of the First Empire of France. People generally pay attention to his military and political achievements. In fact, his achievements in science and education are also crucial to the future development of France.

During the First Empire of France, France established a national education system that has been preserved to this day, and established public middle schools and French universities to train talents and encourage the rise of scientific research and technical education.

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6. “God is a mathematician of a very high order, and He used very advanced mathematics in constructing the universe. Our feeble attempts at mathematics enable us to understand a bit of the universe, and as we proceed to develop higher and higher mathematics we can hope to understand the universe better.” P. A. M. Dirac: The Evolution of the Physic ist’s Picture of Nature. Scientific American, May 1963, Volume 208, Issue 5.

7. “Mathematics must subdue the flights of our reason; they are the staff of the blind; no one can take a step without them; and to them and experience is due all that is certain in physics.” Francois Marie Arouet Voltaire, Oeuvres Completes, 1880, t. 35, p. 219.

8. “The advancement and perfection of mathematics are intimately connected with the prosperity of the State.” Napoléon Bonaparte: Correspondance de Napoléon, t. 24 (1868), p.112．

Napoleon paid great attention to science and culture. After taking power, he regularly attended the meetings of the French Academy of Sciences, invited academicians to report on scientific progress, and awarded many awards to scientists, including foreign scientists.

Napoleon’s concern promoted the prosperity of French science, and a large number of dazzling scientific stars appeared, such as Laplace, Lagrange, Gaspard Monge, sadi carnot, Fourier, Gay-Lussac, Lamarck and Ju Weiye.

Mathematical science presents one of the most brilliant examples. Without the help of experience, pure reason can successfully expand its territory.

-Kant

Kant was a German philosopher in the 18th century and was considered as one of the greatest philosophers of all times. He has profound knowledge of natural science and a deep understanding of morality. His philosophy has a profound influence on German classical philosophy and western philosophy, and also on the birth of Marxist philosophy. Critique of Pure Reason is his most famous work.

Strange as it may sound, the strength of mathematics lies in its avoidance of all unnecessary thinking and its pleasant saving of mental labor.

-Mach

Mach was an Austrian physicist and philosopher from the 19th century to the early 20th century. The Mach number of high-speed flight is named after him. His most important achievement was that he found the shock wave when he was studying the high-speed motion of an object in gas. Mach’s Mechanics had a profound influence on Einstein. Mach has also been nominated by many people as a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Physics.

Mach’s above viewpoint is a specious truth, which will be explained later by the problem of the seven bridges in Konigsberg and the classification of crystals.

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9. “The science of mathematics presents the most brilliant example of how pure reason may successfully enlarge its domain without the aid of experience Immanuel Kant and F. Max Mü ller (trans.),’ Method of Transcendentalism’, Critique of Pure Reason (1881), vol. 2, p.610. See also: Critique of Pure Reason, p.575, by Kant, translated by Wang Jiuxing, Commercial Press.

10. “Strange as it may sound, the power of mathematics rests on its evasion of all unnecessary thought and on its wonderful saving of mental operations.” Ernst Mach: in E.T. Bell, Men of Mathematics (1937), Vol. 1, l (Roman numeral ‘l’)).

If I feel sad, I will do math and become happy; If I am happy, I will do math to keep happy.

-Renee

Alfréd Rényi is an outstanding Hungarian mathematician in the 20th century. He mainly studies probability theory, combinatorial mathematics, graph theory and sequence. Renee told us how good it is to do math!

Pure mathematical structure enables us to discover concepts and laws that relate to these concepts, and these concepts and laws give us the key to understanding natural phenomena.

-Einstein

One reason why mathematics enjoys special respect over all other sciences is that his propositions are absolutely reliable and indisputable, while all other scientific propositions are debatable to some extent and are often in danger of being overturned by newly discovered facts. There is another reason why mathematics has a high reputation, that is, mathematics gives precision nature a certain degree of reliability. Without mathematics, these sciences cannot achieve this reliability.

-Einstein

Einstein is the greatest scientist in the 20th century, and is well known to all women and children. Its scientific achievements have changed people’s understanding of the world.

He is not only a great scientist, but also a great philosopher and social activist, deeply concerned about the fate of mankind. The profound understanding of nature, society and human beings makes people marvel at his superhuman intelligence and great heart.

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11. “If I feel unhappy, I do mathematics to become happy. If I am happy, I do mathematics to keep happy.” Alfréd Rényi: In P. Turán, ‘The Work of Alfréd Rényi’, Matematikai Lapok (1970), 21, pp.199-210.

12. “pure mathematical construction enables us to discover the concepts and the laws connecting them, which gives us the key to understanding nature.” Albert Einstein, In Herbert Spencer Lecture at Oxford (10 Jun 1933), ‘On the Methods of Theoretical Physics’. Printed in Discovery (Jul 1933), 14, 227. Also reprinted in Philosophy of Science, Vol. 1, No. 2, (Apr., 1934), pp. 163-169. For Chinese translation, please refer to the first volume of Einstein’s Collected Works, translated by Xu Liangying and others, Commercial Press, 2010.p.448. 。

13.“One reason why mathematics enjoys special esteem, above all other sciences, is that its propositions are absolutely certain and indisputable, while those of all other sciences are to some

extent debatable and in constant danger of being overthrown by newly discovered facts. … But there is another reason for the high repute of mathemati cs, in that it is mathematics which affords the exact natural sciences a certain measure of certainty, to which without mathematics they could not attain.” Albert Einstein: Geometry and Experience, Published 1921 by Julius Springer (Berlin), also reprinted in “The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein”, Translation Volume 7, Princeton University Press, 2002. For Chinese translation, please refer to the first volume of Einstein’s Collected Works, translated by Xu Liangying et al., Commercial Press, 2010.p.217. 。

The universe is big, the particles are tiny, the speed of rockets, the cleverness of chemical engineering, the change of the earth, the mystery of biology and the complexity of daily use, and mathematics is everywhere.

-Hua Luogeng

Hua Luogeng’s comments on the use of mathematics are extremely incisive.

5. the spirit of exploring the world

In practice, knowledge is gained through sensibility and thinking. Furthermore, through abstract thinking, the connection between knowledge is established and science is formed. At this point, reason and thinking have their own free kingdom.

In one’s own kingdom, thinking often goes far beyond actual needs. For example, some large numbers such as one billion or ten billion are generated on the basis of calculation, and the actual needs of using them are later; Imaginary numbers are generated by solving the equation x2+1=0, and then they are widely used.

Mathematics is concerned with the mathematical laws of quantity and shape, and it is an elf to explore the world. In the free kingdom of thinking, it is dexterous and has a lot of free space to fly, and many achievements will take a long time to be applied after completion. Famous examples include:

The study of conic curve by Greeks more than two thousand years ago was used to describe the motion of celestial bodies in the 17th century.

L Riemannian geometry is the mathematical framework of general relativity.

The role of fiber bundle theory in gauge field theory.

The role of l matrix and infinite dimensional space in quantum mechanics.

The application of probability theory in statistical mechanics, biology and finance.

l ……

Our country’s culture and tradition are pragmatic, focusing on immediate interests. Here, I would like to quote the philosopher Whitehead’s advice:

"For those who limit their knowledge and research to obvious usefulness, there will be no more impressive warning, such as the following example: conic curves have been studied as abstract science for 1,800 years, without any practical consideration except to satisfy mathematicians’ thirst for knowledge. However, at the end of this long abstract research, they were found to be essential keys to acquire knowledge of one of the most important laws of nature."

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14. Hua Luogeng: "Great use of mathematics", originally published in People’s Daily on May 28, 1959. Reprinted in "Great Mathematics for Use" (selected works of Hua Luogeng’s popular science works), Shanghai Education Press.

6. The wisdom of mathematics

Most people are willing to stay away from mathematics, but Mach said that mathematics can save brains pleasantly (see the previous section 4: Some opinions), which is really confusing. Maybe Mach is talking about the wisdom of mathematics. We use two examples to illustrate this point.

The first example is the problem of the Seven Bridges in Konigsberg. This problem occurred in the 18th century, when Konigsberg was the city of Prussia, and now it is Kaliningrad, Russia. There is a river crossing the city, which divides the city into four parts, and there are seven bridges connecting these four parts, as shown in Figure 16 below.

It is said that a popular pastime of the citizens at that time on weekends was whether a route could be designed to cross each bridge just once. No one has ever succeeded, but that doesn’t mean it is impossible. In 1735, the mayor of Danz Creek (about 140 axioms west of Konigsberg) was entrusted by a local mathematician to find Euler. Euler was the greatest mathematician in the 18th century. At the age of 28, he was already famous.

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15. “No more impressive warning can be given to those who would confine knowledge and research to what is apparently useful, than the reflection that conic sections were studied for eighteen hundred years merely as an abstract science, without a thought of any utility other than to satisfy the craving for knowledge on the part of mathematicians, and that then at the end of this long period of abstract study, they were found to be the necessary key with which to attain the knowledge of one of the most important laws of nature.” A. N. Whitehead, Introduction to Mathematics, London WILLIAMS & NORGATE, pp110-111.

16. Source: https://plus.maths.org/content/bridges-k-nigsberg

Euler thought about the problem like this. The river divides the city into four parts, and the size of each part is not important. What matters is the route design of crossing the bridge. Thus, the land can be abstracted into points, and the bridge can be abstracted into connecting lines 17 between points.

So the problem becomes to design a route on the right picture above, which passes through each connecting line (bridge) exactly once.

Suppose there is such a route. If a point is neither the starting point nor the end point, then the route to this point (that is, the bridge) is different from the route to leave this point. This requires that the number of lines connecting this point must be even.

The picture above has four points, and the starting point and ending point of a line add up to at most two. That is to say, no matter how the route is designed, at least two of the four points are neither the starting point nor the end point, and the number of routes connecting such points must be even. However, the lines (bridges) connecting the four points in the above picture are all odd numbers, namely, 5, 3, 3, 3. This means that it is impossible to design a route for the above picture, passing through each connecting line (bridge) exactly once.

Euler’s way of solving this problem shows the abstract value and the wisdom of mathematical thinking. Euler’s work also marked the birth of a branch of mathematics-graph theory. Graph theory is very useful in information science, including network and chip design.

The second example is the classification of crystals. Diamonds and snowflakes are crystals, which are very beautiful. Crystals have good symmetry. In fact, the symmetry of crystals has a strong constraint on the types of crystals. The branch of mathematics that studies symmetry is group theory. So mathematics has played a great role in the study of crystals. In 1830, German hessel (1796-1872) determined that there were 32 symmetrical forms of crystal shape (called 32 point groups).

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17. Two sources: https://plus.maths.org/content/bridges-k-nigsberg

After determining the symmetrical form of the shape, people turn to the internal structure of the crystal. Frangen Heim (1801-1869), a 19th century German, proposed that the internal structure of crystals should take points as the unit, and these points are arranged periodically in three-dimensional space.

Later, the French Blavy (A. Bravais, 1811-1863) put forward the theory of spatial lattice, which holds that the center of mass of the material particles in the crystal is distributed at the vertex, face or body center of the parallelepiped unit of the spatial lattice, and the particles are periodically arranged repeatedly in the three-dimensional space. They identified 14 forms of space lattice.

Abandoning all the physical properties of crystals and considering crystals only from the perspective of geometric symmetry, Russian crystallographer Fedorov determined that there were 230 kinds of microscopic symmetry forms of crystals, that is, there were only 230 kinds of spatial (symmetry) groups inside crystals.

Fedorov’s work was the mathematical theoretical basis of the later crystal experiment, which played a great role in determining the internal structure of the crystal. All these 230 symmetries were found in the experiment. In 1912, M．V．Laue, a German, revealed the periodic structure inside the crystal for the first time through X-rays, and confirmed the geometric theory of crystal structure.

Since then, the British father and son Prague (William Henry Bragg, 1862-1942; William Lawrence Bragg, 1890-1971) and Russian Ulf (георгий (юрий) викт). In particular, they measured some crystal symmetries that Fedorov thought were imaginary (that is, symmetries that existed only in theory).

Laue and Prague won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1914 and 1915 respectively. In the future, there are many works about crystal research that won the Nobel Prize.

7. The beauty of mathematics

Mathematicians, as well as some physicists, have a strong feeling for the beauty of mathematics, and their pursuit for it is endless:

My job always tries to unify truth and beauty, but if I can only choose one or the other, I often choose beauty 18.

-Waier

Weil is probably the greatest mathematician after Poincare and Hilbert in the 20th century, and he also put forward the gauge field theory in physics. His book Group Theory and Quantum Mechanics was first published in 1928.

It is said that theoretical physicists at that time would put this book on the shelf, but they didn’t read it because the mathematics in it was too difficult. Wail seems to believe that beauty is a higher level of truth, because what we see and understand should be only a part of truth.

And beauty can often bring us to a more comprehensive truth.

Beauty is the first test: ugly mathematics has no place in this world.

-hardy

Hardy was an outstanding analyst in the 20th century and the most outstanding mathematician in Britain in his time. His Monologue of a Mathematician expresses his views on mathematics and has a wide influence.

God created the world with beautiful mathematics. When trying to express the basic laws of nature by mathematics, researchers should mainly strive for the beauty of mathematics.

-Dirac

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18. “My work has always tried to unite the true with the beautiful and when I had to choose one or the other, I usually chose the beautiful.” Hermann Weyl, In Obituary by Freeman J. Dyson, ‘Prof. Hermann Weyl, For. Mem. R.S.’, Nature (10 Mar 1956), 177, p. 458. Dyson notes that this was told to him personally, by Weyl who was “half joking”.

19.Beauty is the first test: there is no permanent place in the world for ugly mathematics. — G. H. Hardy: In it A Mathematician’s Apology (1940) . First Electronic Edition, Version 1.0, March 2005, Published by the University of Alberta Mathematical Sciences Society, Available on the worldwide web at http://www.math.ualberta.ca/mss/. has a Chinese translation: A Mathematician’s Pleadings.

20. “God used beautiful mathematics in creating the world.” “The research worker, in his efforts to express the fundamental laws of Nature in mathematical form, should strive mainly for mathematical beauty.” Paul A. M. Dirac: in Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac: Reminiscences about a Great Physicist (1990), Preface, xv; p.110.

Dirac’s feeling of mathematical beauty is unique. Dirac’s equation is the perfect combination of experiment and mathematical beauty. In Dirac’s view, the equation derived from the experimental results only at that time does not have mathematical beauty, so he modified the equation according to his own understanding of mathematical beauty, and predicted the existence of positrons according to the modified equation, which was later confirmed by experiments. Dirac’s view seems to have something in common with Weil’s.

Dirac should like his equation very much. He first met Feynman at a meeting. After a long silence, Dirac said to Feynman, "I have an equation. Do you have one?". I guess Feynman was very depressed at that time.

Mathematics, if viewed correctly, not only possesses truth, but also possesses supreme beauty.

-Bertrand Russell

Russell, a mathematician and philosopher, won the Nobel Prize in Literature. The History of Western Philosophy, written by him, looks at the history of western philosophy from the perspective of a philosopher rather than a philosopher historian. It has a unique perspective, clear context, smooth writing and no lack of humor. His understanding of beauty naturally has a very broad background.

………

There is no doubt that the meaning of mathematical beauty has some similarities with other beauties such as art in formal beauty, but it is more a beauty of thinking and logic, wisdom and has its own characteristics. Everyone’s understanding of the beauty of mathematics is different, but the following views are helpful to grasp some meanings of the beauty of mathematics:

W form: clear, concise, simple, original, novel, beautiful, the connection between different objects.

W connotation: profound, important, basic and rich in meaning.

W proof: clear, neat and ingenious

Let’s illustrate the above point with some examples.

The first example is Pythagorean theorem, which is called Pythagorean theorem in the west. Hooking three strands, four strings and five is a special case of this theorem, which was put forward by Shang Gao in the early Western Zhou Dynasty. This theorem says that the sum of the squares of two right-angled sides of a right-angled triangle is equal to the square of the hypotenuse:

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21. “Mathematics, rightly viewed, possesses not only truth, but supreme beauty.” Bertrand Russell, Essay, `The Study of Mathematics’ (1902), collected in Philosophical Essays (1910), pp.73-74.

The proof is simple. The area of the big square in the above figure is the square c2 of the hypotenuse, which is equal to the sum of the areas of the four right triangles inside and the area of the small square:

Simplify, expand and gain.

So a2+b2=c2.

The form and proof of this theorem can reflect the meaning of the form and proof part of the mathematical beauty mentioned above. This theorem is basic, and its connotation is profound and rich.

An application of Pythagorean Theorem: On the plane coordinate, the coordinate (x,y) of a point satisfies the equation.

If and only if this point is on the circumference with radius r and the center of the circle is on the origin.

Pythagorean theorem is widely used, which is a manifestation of its basicity. Its profound connotation also lies in that many problems can be derived from it, such as:

What positive integers A, B and C can be the sides of a right triangle?

Is the area of a right triangle with integer sides an integer?

If the sides of a right triangle are all rational numbers, when is the area an integer (for example, 3/2, 20/3 and 41/6 are the three sides of a right triangle, and the area is 5. ) Such integers are called harmonious numbers or congruences.

The third question is closely related to the BSD conjecture of the Millennium problem. Who can solve the BSD conjecture, in addition to honor, can get one million dollars. 157 is a harmonious number, and the length of the three sides of the "simplest" rational right triangle with 157 as the area is:

The complexity and difficulty of the third question and BSD conjecture can be seen from this.

When talking about the meaning of beauty in mathematics, one of them is "the connection between different objects". This seems to have nothing to do with beauty, but it is actually a very important point of thinking, logic and wisdom. We look at Pythagorean theorem from this point of view.

Generally, people look at Pythagorean theorem as follows: knowing the length of two sides of a right triangle, we can find the length of the third side. This pragmatic thinking hinders our exploration and innovation. Looking at it from another angle, Pythagorean theorem reveals the relationship between the three sides of a right triangle.

This angle gives us a broad view at once. For example, the square of three numbers can be related to Pythagorean theorem or higher power:

This is the famous Fermat equation in number theory. Whether they have integer solutions without zero (that is, A, B and C are integers, but none of them are zero) is a problem that has puzzled mathematicians for more than 300 years.

In order to solve this problem, a great mathematics, algebraic number theory, has emerged, and now it is a very active research direction, with many famous scholars. The Fermat equation problem was finally solved by Wells in the 1990s, which was a great mathematical achievement in the last century. It was a sensation and the story behind it was unusually wonderful.

The second example is from Euclid’s Elements, which asserts that there are infinitely many prime numbers. There is a beautiful proof in Euclid’s book: If the conclusion is incorrect, then there are only a limited number of prime numbers, which are set as p1, p2, …, pn. Multiply them all and add 1 to get a number.

m＝1＋ p1p2 …pn

Then p1, p2, …, pn are not factors of M, so the prime factors of M are different from those N prime numbers. This is a contradiction, so there are infinitely many prime numbers.

This proof is neat and ingenious, which can make people feel happy mentally. Prime numbers seem easy to understand, but they are probably the most mysterious and elusive objects in mathematics. For prime numbers, it is easy to ask some questions that primary school students can understand, but the most intelligent mathematicians for hundreds of years can’t solve them.

For example, how much prime number occupies in natural numbers?

Goldbach conjecture: Every even number greater than 2 is the sum of two prime numbers.

Twin prime conjecture: There are infinitely many prime numbers P, so that p+2 is also a prime number.

The formulation of the first question is not clear enough. We can make the question more clear: how many prime numbers are there between 1 and n for any natural number n. Nobody can answer this question. But mathematicians have made a lot of progress.

At the beginning of 19th century, German mathematician Gauss and French mathematician Legendre put forward a famous conjecture about the proportion of prime numbers in natural numbers. At the end of 19th century, Adama and Dellavalle-Posen first proved this conjecture respectively, which is the famous prime number theorem. In 1949, Selberg and Erdis respectively gave elementary proofs of the prime number theorem. This is part of Selberg’s important work of winning the Fields Prize in 1950.

The second question is easy to understand, and it is easy to give examples, such as

12=5+7, 88=5+83=17+71=29+59=41+47， ….

So far, the best work on Goldbach’s conjecture is still the result of Chen Jingrun. His paper published in 1973 proved that every sufficiently large even number can be written as a prime number plus another number, and the number of prime factors of the other number does not exceed 2 (for example, prime numbers and 6=2×3 are such numbers, but 12=2×2×3 has three prime factors, which is not satisfactory).

Chen Jingrun’s result is known as Chen’s theorem in the world. In China, it has a misleading name: Chen Jingrun proved that 1+2 is a by-product of Xu Chi’s influential reportage "Goldbach conjecture".

Xu Chi’s reportage inspired a generation’s enthusiasm for mathematics and respect for Goldbach’s conjecture. Chen Jingrun also received a huge amount of letters of admiration and affection. This grand occasion never happened to mathematicians again.

Someone once told me about Chen Jingrun’s work, and he understood 1+2 completely literally. I tried to explain to him the meaning of 1+2 in Chen Jingrun’s work. He gave me an oblique look and said, "You don’t understand". I cried speechless and sighed deeply that it was not easy to do popular science.

At the same time, it is also found that sometimes people are obsessed with their own unrealistic understanding, which seems to be inseparable from their self-esteem and mental security.

The third question is also easy to understand. For example, 3, 5 and 41, 43 are all prime pairs with a difference of 2. The question is whether there are infinite such prime pairs.

In 2013, Zhang Yitang, a Chinese mathematician, made a great breakthrough in this issue. He proved that there are infinite pairs of prime numbers, and the difference between each pair of prime numbers is less than 70 million. Zhang Yitang’s result was a sensation, and the story that he kept pursuing his ideal in adversity was also very inspiring and touched the world.

Prime numbers are one of the most basic objects in mathematical research. So far, it seems that human beings have not shown enough intelligence to fully understand them. The most famous problem in mathematics is Riemann hypothesis, which is closely related to the study of prime numbers. In fact, Riemann put forward this conjecture at that time in order to study prime numbers. It is not surprising that Riemann’s hypothesis has not been solved yet.

The third example is the irrationality of the root number 2, which was a number that brought many troubles in ancient Greece. Theorem: If x2 = 2, then x is not a rational number.

We can also give an aesthetic proof. If the conclusion is incorrect, there will be integers a and b so that x = a/b. It can be assumed that a and b are coprime. Square both sides of XB = A, and you get X2B2 = A2. That is 2b2 = a2, so a is even and a = 2p.

So 2b2＝4p2 and b2 = 2p2, so b is an even number. Therefore, A and B are even numbers, and there is a common factor of 2, which is contradictory. So x is not a rational number.

Here, maybe we will suddenly think of whether pi, which was learned in primary school, is irrational? It seems that no one in primary school or middle school has talked about it. In fact, this is a good question, which is closely related to the famous problem of turning a circle into a square in ancient Greece.

This question says whether a square can be made only by ruler (without scale) and compass, and its area is the area of a given circle. It was not until Lin Deman proved the transcendence of π in 1882 that the answer was no.

Lin Deman’s work tells us that π is actually an extremely unreasonable number, called transcendental number, which is much more unreasonable than root number 2. The study of transcendental numbers is also very interesting and an important part of number theory. In the last century, Becker won the Fields Prize in 1970 for his research on transcendental numbers.

It is impossible to fully understand the beauty of mathematics without talking about its formal beauty. There are many important geometric objects in geometry that are extremely beautiful and amazing.

(1) Minimal surface: Minimal surface is very important in differential geometry. Minimal surface is the main tool in Qiu Chengtong’s proof of positive mass conjecture in general relativity.

(2) Fractal geometry: Fractal was discovered in the study of coastline in the last century, and later became an important branch of mathematics.

(3) Power system: Power systems are everywhere. The study of dynamic system in mathematics originated from Poincare’s study of three-body motion in astronomy, and now it is a very active branch of mathematics, and many people have won Fields Prize for the study of dynamic system.

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22. The following four color maps and the graphics in the next section are all from the Internet.

(4) Karabi-Chueh Manifold: Karabi-Chueh Manifold is a very important manifold, which has many researchers and plays a basic role in string theory.

There is no doubt that we can show the beauty of quality and form in mathematics indefinitely, but due to the limitation of space, we should give up this idea and leave more mathematical beauty to readers to explore.

8. Mathematicians

Mathematicians are a group of people with special talents, and their personalities and anecdotes are also colorful.

Weiner, the founder of cybernetics, is moving. On the day of moving, his wife repeatedly told him to go to the new address after work. Of course, as usual, Weiner forgot to return to the old site after work and found something different. I found a girl next to me in the dim light and asked, "I’m sorry, maybe you know me." I’m Norbert Weiner. We just moved. Do you know where we moved? " The girl replied, "Yes, Dad, Mom knew you would forget."

Wiener visited China in 1930s and gave lectures in Tsinghua. He appreciated Hua Luogeng very much.

Deligne was brilliant and won the Fields Prize for proving Wei Yi’s conjecture. He said: Whether you can do math problems is just a psychological problem. This is quite a bit like saying that I can do it, and saying that I can’t do it. This statement also echoes a widely circulated story.

One day, a student was late for a class in a cow university, and the class was over when he got to the classroom. There are seven topics left on the blackboard, which he thinks are homework. He will do these homework when he goes back. A week later, it was time to hand in homework. The student felt very painful. He only worked out two questions. Although he had a good idea for the third question, he had no time to finish it. When he threw his partially finished homework on the professor’s desk in frustration,

Professor: What is it?

Student: Homework.

Professor: What homework?

Only then did the students understand that what the professor wrote on the blackboard last week was the seven most important unsolved problems in this direction. It is said that this student has never done such an excellent job since he became a professional mathematician.

Hungarian mathematician Erdis is legendary, has no fixed residence, always travels, and cooperates with mathematicians there whenever he arrives, so the number of his collaborators is amazing. He believes that mathematicians are devices that turn coffee into theorems.

Siegel, a German mathematician, won the first Wolff Prize. He is a very smart and hardworking mathematician. Hiroyuki, a Japanese mathematician, won the Fields Prize. He often said that he was not talented, but he was meticulous and devoted himself to his work. When he first learned Algebra written by Vander Waals, he almost didn’t understand it, so he began to copy books until he understood it.

A mathematician talked about his late colleague: "He made many mistakes, but they were all made in a good direction. I tried to do this, but I found it difficult to make good mistakes. "

Physicist Kelvin (after whom Kelvin temperature is named) looks at mathematicians like this: Mathematicians are people who think the following formula is obvious:

Descartes was a mathematician and philosopher. Mathematically, he founded analytic geometry. Philosophically, he put forward "I think, therefore I am", which caused people to think deeply about the relationship between consciousness and existence.

There is a rumor that he is in love with Princess Christina of Sweden, and the writing communication is blocked by the royal family, so he uses the equation r=a(1-sinθ) to express his passion. The princess quickly understood this unique love letter after reading it. This equation is a polar coordinate equation, and its image is

It seems that mathematics is not only a language to describe nature, but also a language to describe love.

This paper is based on the author’s report of the same name. Most of the materials in this paper are well known. The main reference materials for the historical part are as follows:

1. Mathematics, its contents, methods and significance, Volume I, A.D. Alexandrov et al., Science Press, 2001.

2. Ancient and modern mathematical thoughts, Volume I, by M. Klein, Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 1979.

Other references are quite complicated, including network resources, some of which are listed in the notes in the article, and there are still many references that are difficult to list one by one.

Welcome attention

Popularization of science Liaoning

Original title: "Academician Xi Nanhua: The Meaning of Mathematics"

Read the original text

　　In December 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and the Pacific War broke out. Since then, the Japanese divided forces to attack all parts of Southeast Asia, and the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway and Hong Kong Passage, two major transportation lines connecting China and the outside world, were cut off one after another. Western aid materials to China could only be delivered to Yangon, Myanmar, and then to Kunming via the Yunnan-Myanmar Highway. "If the Japanese invaders invade Myanmar, the soldiers and civilians behind us will be trapped in the isolated city and sit still."

　　In December 1941, the vanguard troops of the 15th Army of the Japanese invaders invaded southern Myanmar, pushing Yangon. China, Britain and the United States held a joint military meeting in Chongqing that month, and decided that China would "send troops to Myanmar in a few days to fight a decisive battle with the Japanese aggressors".

　　One hundred thousand troops marched south.

　　For Chinese, which is in the arduous period of Anti-Japanese War, ensuring the security of Myanmar is directly related to the safety of the rear area of the Anti-Japanese War. But for Britain, Myanmar is at best a peripheral barrier of India. Although the British who colonized Myanmar have taken care of their own affairs, they have not forgotten to plan their own "career"-what if China’s army beat the Japanese away in Myanmar and persisted? In this way, the Chinese Expeditionary Force’s operation in Myanmar was delayed by the British, and it lost its excellent fighter plane to "strike it halfway" while the Japanese army was unstable in Myanmar. American President Roosevelt was determined to convince the British, because he knew that only China persisted in the war of resistance in Asia could Britain and the United States concentrate on dealing with Nazi Germany in Europe. At the end of 1941, the Allied Forces decided to merge the war zones of Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam and China into the China-Myanmar-India war zone. In order to coordinate the relationship between the British and Chinese armies, Roosevelt also sent General Stilwell as the chief of staff of the theater.

　　While Roosevelt was busy threading a needle between China and Britain, the Japanese were not idle. On December 23, 1941, the Japanese army began a full-scale invasion of Myanmar. In January of the following year, the British garrison collapsed and Yangon fell on March 8. However, the Japanese did not expect that at this time, the 100,000 troops of the 5 th, 6 th and 66 th armies of the Chinese Expeditionary Force were marching into Myanmar. China National Government took out 9 of all 15 mechanized divisions to fight in Myanmar, which shows that it attaches great importance to this campaign.

　　In March, 1942, Dai Anlan led the 200th Division to leap thousands of miles and arrived in Tonggu, an important town in southern Myanmar.

　　Tonggu is located 260 kilometers north of Yangon, which is at the crossroads of land and water. When the 200th Division arrived here, the first thing they saw was not the Japanese army, but a large number of British troops defeated from Yangon. These British troops were really frightened by the Japanese, and many of them, together with the ancient capital, fled to Mandalay in the north, leaving a large number of abandoned weapons on both sides of the road. It was here that the Chinese Expeditionary Force fought the first fierce battle with the Japanese aggressors since they entered Myanmar. From March 19th, the 200th Division, which was alone, and the 55th Division of the Japanese Army in the north were killed in utter darkness. On the 24th, more than 100 Japanese death squads touched the most cup position, and the platoon leader Ma Licheng was killed by six bullets. On the 26th, the Wudun position was lost twice, and the 3rd Battalion of the 597th Regiment repeatedly fought with the Japanese army, all of them died heroically … Although the Japanese army dispatched more than 100 sorties every day to bombard the ancient city, the Tonggu defense line was still not broken. However, 11 days later, the Japanese army tore open the defense line of the 200 th Division. The reason is not that Hironaka Takeuchi, the head of the 55th Division, has made any amazing move, but that their reinforcements, the 56th Division, suddenly appeared. On the evening of the 30th, under the cover of the new 22nd Division, the 200th Division fought its way out and successfully broke through. In the end, the Great War with Ancient China ended with the active withdrawal of China troops.

　　In April, 1942, the Chinese Expeditionary Force set out for a decisive battle with the Japanese main force in the Pingmanna area of central Myanmar. The war is just around the corner, but the British on the west side of the front line have lost their chains again. On 16th, the 33rd Division of the Japanese army quickly crossed the three lines of defense of the British army and surrounded nearly 10,000 British troops in yenangyaung. On the evening of 17th, at the moment when the British commander began to pray to God, a miracle really appeared-an China army suddenly appeared, and a United wing of the Japanese aggressors was destroyed, which opened a retreat channel for the trapped British army. This unit is the new 38 th Division of the 66 th Army of the Chinese Expeditionary Force. To thank China’s army for its rescue, the Queen of England awarded the "Commander of the Empire" to General Sun Liren, the commander of the new 38th Division. Although the victory of the battle of Ren ‘an Qiang can’t be called "brilliant", it was the first victory of the Chinese expeditionary force after it entered Myanmar, which dealt a severe blow to the arrogance of the Japanese aggressors.

　　Poor cooperation leads to a thousand miles of failure.

　　Due to the British army’s flight on the West Road and the defeat of the Chinese Expeditionary Force on the East Road, the plan of Pingmanna Battle fell through. At that time, however, the strength of the allied forces in Myanmar was still stronger than that of the Japanese army. Based on Mandalay, an important town in central Myanmar, they planned to concentrate the 5th, 6th and 66th armies of China and five British divisions, with a total of 250,000 troops to fight the Japanese aggressors. However, the British once again abandoned his China allies. On April 20th, 1942, the British and Burmese troops on the front line in Mandalay once again began to retreat without informing the friendly forces in China. The treacherous British completely shook the last confidence of China’s army, and the expeditionary force was forced to change the battle plan of Mandalay to "defense in depth" to keep the enemy out of the country and focus on defense in Lashio.

　　腊戍是滇缅公路的门户和远征军回国的通道。1942年4月28日，由日本本州造船工厂工人组成的第56师团奔袭1500公里绕到了盟军防御空虚的后方，对腊戍发起了猛攻，当天腊戍失守。此时中国远征军被三面包围，留给他们的出路只有撤退。然而，日军第56师团并没有停止进攻。4月30日，该师团分兵两路，一路扑向缅甸密支那，以切断中国远征军的退路，另一路沿滇缅公路向中国境内推进。一周后，密支那被攻占，中国远征军回国的最后一条通道被掐断了。

　　此刻，摆在远征军面前的只有两个选择——要么往北杀回祖国，要么往西退入印度。以师长孙立人为首的新38师果断撤往印度，实力得到较好保存。而远征军指挥官杜聿明则坚持把部队带回祖国，其心情亦可以理解——回想当初远征军是以消灭日军为目的开赴缅甸的，而今不仅没能歼灭日寇，还被追得狼狈不堪，要是连所剩部队都没带回国内，他还有什么脸面去见江东父老？于是，杜聿明带领主力大部队向北进发。1942年5月10日，当他们来到缅北境内的野人山附近时，侦察部队传来消息：日军正张网以待。杜聿明决定扔下重武器，率部队一头扎进野人山，而这个决定竟成为生还远征军军人心中永恒的噩梦！

　　After the main force of the expeditionary force fled into Savage Mountain, the 200th division, which served as a defender, was divided by the enemy. Dai Anlan was fearless in the face of crisis and decisively commanded the troops to break through. Unfortunately, he was seriously injured in the fierce battle and died heroically on May 26, 1942, at the age of 38. Like the 200th Division, other troops of the Chinese Expeditionary Force who withdrew from the north also paid a heavy price in the savage mountain. The unpredictable climate, poisonous snakes and beasts, plagues and hungry teams went hand in hand, and this black jungle swallowed tens of thousands of expeditionary officers and men. According to the figures released by the allied forces after the war, the number of Chinese expeditionary forces entering Myanmar for the first time was 100,000, with a total of more than 61,000 casualties, of which nearly 50,000 people died or disappeared during the retreat.

　　远征军在野人山苦苦挣扎的同时，日军攻入滇西。从1942年5月2日开始，日寇相继攻陷畹町、遮放、腾冲等地，所幸惠通桥守军及时炸毁了这座连接天险怒江两岸的唯一通道，日军前进的铁蹄才被迫停止。不久前热播的电视剧《我的团长我的团》中龙文章带领大伙在南天门抵挡日军，讲述的应该就是这段历史。之后，中国守军和日本侵略者在怒江两岸对峙了1年多。剧中炮灰团在祭旗坡上的那段“安逸”日子，也正源自于此。

　　重整旗鼓痛击日寇

　　1942年5月2日，史迪威在给美国总部的一份急电中，首次提到在印度建立基地训练中国军队和反攻缅甸的计划。随后，中国国民政府将退到印度的新22师、新38师残部整编为X部队,将撤退到云南的远征军与新增派的部队整编为Y部队。

　　1943年，为提高部队战斗力，中国的昆明、大理和印度的兰姆伽等地分别设立了干部训练团和训练学校，对官兵进行兵器、射击、战术等训练，并配备盟军提供的新式装备。

　　1943年10月20日，在中国远征军曾经的伤心地——野人山，孙立人率领的新38师对素有“丛林作战之王”之称的日军第18师团发起攻击。上午11时，新38师搜索连在行进途中与日军的一个大队遭遇，双方几乎同时向对方开火。从前，日军一个营的战斗力相当于或超过中国军队一个师。所以，此次战斗一开始，日军根本没把中国士兵放在眼里，立即发起冲锋。他们做梦也没想到，此时的中国军队已今非昔比：搜索连配有迫击炮12门，反坦克炮3门，轻重机枪25挺，300余名士兵人手一支美制“汤姆逊”冲锋枪。战斗一打响，手持“三八大盖”的日本人便被密集的子弹打得血肉横飞。

　　接下来，X部队势如破竹，连克欣贝延、达邦加、孟拱、密支那等战略要地。“孙立人”这个名字更是让日寇闻风丧胆。值得一提的是，曾有名军官请示孙立人如何处理一个被擒的日本兵，孙立人大喝：“你去审审，只要到过中国的一概枪毙，以后都照此办理。”

　　与X部队相呼应，1944年5月中旬，中国远征军Y部队近20万人也渡过怒江向日军据点发起雷霆般的攻势。《我的团长我的团》结尾描写的攻击南天门战斗，应该是取自Y部队发起的松山大反攻。和剧情相比，真实的战斗更加惨烈——

　　One morning in July, an expeditionary force commander rushed to the front to fight the enemy. Lao Cui, the cookhouse squad, took out the most exquisite craftsmanship and prepared to greet the brothers with a delicious meal. After the meal was ready, Lao Cui waited from noon to evening, and finally there was good news from the front. He shouted excitedly, "What are you waiting for? Go! " After that, he led the cooking soldiers to pick up the food and send it to the front line. The Songshan Mountain in the sunset is a river of blood. The cookhouse squad turned several hills and didn’t meet a brother. Suddenly, someone exclaimed, "Brothers are here!" Old Cui hurried over, but tears streamed down. I saw that the brothers were bloody one by one, and lying with them were double the dead bodies of the Japanese army. Counting carefully, all 141 officers and men of the company died … The kitchen soldiers cried into tears one by one. Lao Cui wiped a tear and cried, "We can’t let the brothers be starved to death. Even if we feed them, we have to feed them and send them on their way!"

　　In the process of the Expeditionary Force’s counterattack against western Yunnan and northern Myanmar, there are many tearful stories like this. It is this indomitable spirit that enabled the Chinese Expeditionary Force to conquer several cities and kill tens of thousands of enemies, and won the counter-offensive operations in western Yunnan and northern Myanmar. It is also this kind of loyalty that casts the unyielding soul of the Chinese nation! History will not forget, and we should not forget this group of magnificent China soldiers on the battlefield in Yunnan and Burma more than 60 years ago!

Editor: Li Yongchao

Keep watch | focus on insurance innovation

After a month’s time, the 2022 InsurStar selection campaign finally came to an end. As one of the "most important" things to protect the concept every year, we hope to find the "most advanced productivity" of the industry through the selection of the InsurStar project, and also find the direction for the development of the industry in the next year.

Since last year, the selection of InsurStar project has been carried out by means of user voting and expert selection, which has been welcomed and recognized by everyone. So this year, we followed this selection method.

According to statistics, there are 89 finalists in this selection, including 31 enterprises, 50 projects and 7 brands. In the selection process of nearly one month, we went through four processes: primary selection, expert evaluation, online voting and final selection, among which online voting won nearly 140 thousand votes, and finally 44 enterprises won 46 awards.

Here, I would like to thank you for your continued support of Baoguan. It is with your active participation that this activity can be carried out smoothly.

It is foreseeable that 2023 will be a year for the industry to usher in recovery. Signs of recovery have gradually emerged. In the external environment, we will gradually get out of the interference of the epidemic in the past three years, and the increase in business behavior will also strengthen the demand side of the insurance industry. In the internal environment, the reform measures of the insurance company have basically landed, the number of agents tends to be stable, and the quality of agents has been greatly improved.

Therefore, after the internal and external environment has improved, the supply and demand sides of the insurance industry are expected to usher in a new balance, and this year will be a big year for the industry.In fact, in the A-share market, insurance stocks have already started trading recovery expectations. Since November last year, the A-share insurance index has rebounded by over 30%.

Under the expectation of strong recovery, it is very important to find the "leaders" in the market.These enterprises, which are still developing and progressing in the industry downturn, are likely to lead the development of the insurance market in 2023 and achieve greater performance growth.

The purpose of the InsurStar selection campaign is to find these outstanding enterprises and find new driving forces for the industry. Without much to say, the list is presented!

(Note: This list is ranked in no particular order, and the final interpretation right belongs to Bao Guan)

The following are the short-listed enterprises and projects, and the reasons for selection.

Enterprises are the driving force to promote the development of the market. Focusing on the main links and sub-sectors of the insurance value chain, we selected reinsurance companies, insurance companies, intermediaries and technology companies with outstanding performance and continuous iteration in business, technology and service in the past year.

Excellent insurance company of the year

Zhong’ an online property insurance co., ltd

Zhongan is the first Internet insurance company in China. It was listed on the main board of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange on September 28th, 2017 with the stock code of 6060. Zhongan is headquartered in Shanghai, without any branches, and its exhibition industry is entirely through the Internet. Driven by the twin engines of "insurance+technology", Zhongan focuses on reshaping the insurance value chain by applying new technologies, serving the new generation with technology around the four major ecosystems of health, digital life, consumer finance and automobiles, and providing personalized, customized and intelligent new insurance for them.

Taikang online property insurance co., ltd

Taikang Online is a professional Internet insurance company under Taikang Insurance Group, a fortune 500 company in the world. As a wholly-owned subsidiary of Taikang Insurance Group, Taikang Online is committed to building a "new insurance ecology" strategy of "insurance+technology" and "insurance+service", focusing on the innovation and development of Internet insurance business. Through in-depth insight into users’ needs, continuous adjustment of service perspectives and change of service ideas, Taikang Online continues to innovate its products and services, with a view to creating products and services that are highly consistent with people’s better lives, while continuing to empower products and services with technology and continuously improving service efficiency and quality.

Outstanding reinsurance company of the year

Qianhai reinsurance co., ltd

Qianhai Reinsurance is the first mixed-ownership reinsurance company controlled by state-owned capital in China. It is characterized by professionalism, stability and innovation, and specializes in risk management, providing customers with products and services such as property and accident reinsurance, life and health insurance reinsurance, investment and consulting business. At present, the company’s business is mainly in the domestic market, and has gradually laid out overseas markets, building a multi-regional and multi-line business portfolio to spread risks. Among them, property insurance business has established good and stable cooperative relations with more than 10 major insurance companies and intermediary channels in domestic and Asian markets.

Excellent intermediary agency of the year

I yunbao

As an insurance technology service platform focusing on empowering insurance practitioners, I Yunbao uses artificial intelligence, big data and other technologies to provide "technology+service" solutions for insurance institutions and insurance practitioners, and is committed to empowering the traditional insurance industry with technology. I Yunbao independently developed and established the "Cloud Picture Big Data Lab". By building a "Cloud Picture Intelligent Data Center" and a super data warehouse, it deeply analyzes consumer behavior data, realizes efficient matching of insurance products, and truly meets the protection needs of consumers.

Xiao umbrella insurance broker co., ltd

As a national insurance brokerage company officially established with the approval of China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, China, Little Umbrella Insurance Brokerage Co., Ltd. provides users with a simple, transparent, flexible and convenient one-stop online insurance transaction service in a customized way, aiming to contribute to the development of the insurance industry with the power of science and technology. In 2021, Little Umbrella launched the brand service promise of "knowing to buy and paying with confidence" and provided insurance solutions for users from the perspective of "users first".

Outstanding Insurance Innovation Service Enterprise of the Year

Beijing Che Xiao Technology Co., Ltd.

Che Xiao Science and Technology is a professional cornerstone service provider focusing on credit risk control. The company independently develops core ecological products such as Xinbao risk control platform, auto finance risk control platform, commercial vehicle auto insurance risk control platform, technology asset management platform, technology insurance smart trading platform, new insurance platform, channel management platform, government intelligent supervision risk control platform, and institutional intelligent rating platform. The core is to provide penetrating, full-chain risk control protection and value-added services for insurance+finance; At the same time, the products provide support services such as technology trading, technology risk control, technology output, etc. for the asset side, and provide the entire chain of "Insurance+New Services" with risk control as the core for regulators, insurers, funders, assets, channels and end customers.

Beijing yuanbao technology co., ltd

Yuanbao Technology is the first scientific and technological enterprise in China to focus on the quantitative management of network security risks. With the quantitative management of network security risks as the core, the company has taken the lead in building an all-round quantitative management ecosystem of risks including products, services and solutions, realizing clear and accurate quantification of network risks, and forming a diversified business layout from technical support of network security insurance, enterprise risk management to attack surface management, supply chain security, intelligent networked automobile-related insurance and risk management.

Beijing yuanmeng healthy technology co., ltd

Beijing Yuanmeng is a platform-based company specializing in smart rescue business. With the service brand of "Power Code Rescue" and the smart rescue service platform as the engine, it independently develops a number of patent rescue systems, empowers the efficient allocation of rescue and medical and health resources with smart technology, expands the innovative path and utilization efficiency of traditional rescue services, and provides "risk awareness-risk early warning-risk intervention-rescue management" for life insurance companies and insured persons, enterprises, institutions and their employees, Internet enterprises and their users.

Outstanding health insurance technology enterprise of the year

Shanghai nuanwa technology co., ltd

Nuanwa Technology is an insurance technology company focusing on the big health field. It is committed to deeply integrating health insurance and medical ecology. Relying on professional health insurance capabilities and rich medical data resources, it provides a complete set of technology and operational solutions related to digital transformation for over 80 insurance companies and Internet platforms, covering digital consulting, digital customer management, digital marketing, intelligent claims and risk control, health and medical management, and core systems of Italian health insurance, thus helping insurance companies to accelerate their digital transformation in the field of health insurance.

Hao life (Shanghai) healthy technology co., ltd

Good Life Technology is an insurance technology company under the Good Life Group. As a digital application hub of the insurance industry, Good Life Technology has long been committed to consolidating the accumulation of artificial intelligence intermediate layers, providing multiple innovative applications of scene models and algorithms for the industry, and the innovation speed has hit record highs, which has achieved remarkable results in promoting the high-quality development of the insurance ecological value chain economy. Its two major products are [Jianbaoyun] serving in the field of health insurance and [Digital Smart Empowerment Auto Insurance Innovation Platform] serving in the field of auto insurance.

Shanghai Meixin Healthy Technology Co., Ltd.

As an innovative medical and health service platform, Meixin Health is driven by intelligent technology and centered on medical and insurance platforms, and is committed to providing users and families with more comprehensive, more economical and better medical and health services. Meixin Health plays the role of a bridge, connecting and empowering the medical and insurance industries, and improving the accessibility of medicines through its business segments such as Kangfu Health, Kangfu Smart Medicine and Kangfu Smart Insurance, helping the innovation and upgrading of commercial health insurance, making up for the health protection gap of the sick people, and constantly contributing to the construction of a multi-level security system.

Shenzhen Xiao bu Ben pao technology co., ltd

Shenzhen Small Step Running Technology Co., Ltd. focuses on insurance and technology empowerment in the field of big health, and is the leading technology management generation (MGA) of big health insurance in China. The company adheres to the five-in-one strategy of "medical health and business insurance", and opens up insurance and big health ecological links based on artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain and other technologies to provide scientific and technological solutions for insurance companies, insurance sales channels and insurance agents. Le Orange Cloud Service, an innovative technology platform of medical health insurance, is committed to building an intelligent hub of insurance supply chain to promote the development of the industry.

Insurance geek

Insurance geeks have been focusing on the digital overall solution of group insurance, and now they have become the absolute leader in this segment. The overall solution of digital group insurance for insurance geeks is a complete closed loop from enterprise group insurance marketing front-end, product scheme design and quotation, insurance company underwriting security, underwriting claims, online medical treatment, etc., through self-developed underlying system and promotion of group insurance industry data and technology standardization. Promote enterprises as the entrance, and commercial health insurance covers employees and families in an all-round way. Up to now, digital group insurance has covered more than 10,000 enterprises and more than 1.6 million employees and families.

Outstanding insurance marketing technology enterprise of the year

Shence Network Science and Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd.

Shence Data is a big data analysis and marketing technology service provider, which helps enterprises to collect omni-channel marketing data, get through user ID, conduct comprehensive data analysis and realize digital marketing. Shence Data provides an enterprise service model of "PaaS+SaaS", and customers can choose to privatize the deployment, which can improve the security and redevelop the functions at the same time.

In the process of insurance industry transformation, technology and service are the two driving forces. In the past year, many insurance institutions started with digital innovation and quality service, and iterated over all aspects of insurance business, further improving efficiency and user experience, and making beneficial explorations for the high-quality and differentiated development of the industry.In addition to the outstanding representatives, the awards of "Excellent Digital Innovation of the Year" and "Excellent Service of the Year" show the diversified innovation achievements of the insurance industry in China.

Outstanding digital innovation of the year

Pu Yun Lan (Guangzhou) Digital Technology Co., Ltd.: spectral Yun Lan number

Spectrum Blue Cloud SCRM, independently developed by Spectrum Yun Lan, combines three services: "Causal AI algorithm, Spectrum Yun Lan system and in-depth operation methodology of insurance customers" to provide an effective and in-depth overall solution for digital transformation of insurance peers. Eleven years’ experience in the insurance industry has provided a wealth of insurance experience, ideas and team building ideas for Spectrum Blue Cloud SCRM. Using the capabilities of Spectrum Blue Cloud SCRM, insurance companies can experiment in small teams or empower the whole team to realize digital transformation in all aspects of business development, customer operation and team building.

China life insurance co., ltd.: gold collection

"Golden Collection" is a scientific and technological support tool for the normalized customer management system of Chinese Life Insurance Company (601628). It deeply combines technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence to open up the whole process of customer management. Through accurate customer push, fine action support, selected business clues and accurate process records, intelligent services are applied to all aspects of customer management, team management and workplace operation, so as to enhance the independent exhibition ability of marketing partners and the management and operation ability of the workplace. Achieve measurable, low-cost and accurate customer push through the digital platform, and greatly improve the service efficiency of the business front line.

Shanghai Baoyun network information service co., ltd: I Cloud Smart Mirror Risk Control System

I Yunbao Smart Mirror Risk Control System provides full-process risk control for consumers and insurance practitioners before, during and after insurance. Based on the risk knowledge map, the system forms an efficient risk decision engine, which helps insurance institutions to reduce costs and risk control to the greatest extent. Smart Mirror Risk Control System is based on rich and multi-dimensional underlying data layers, and a system layer consisting of an automated modeling platform and a three-party data call engine is built. Combined with rich insurance scenarios, multi-dimensional models such as claim risk model and surrender probability model are built to realize application and empowerment in multi-business scenarios.

Beijing ruikelun intelligent technology co., ltd: Conversation Analysis Insight System

Circular Intelligence and Conversation Analysis Insight System is a personalized communication content analysis and management platform for managers at all levels, which helps managers to restore key nodes in the online and offline communication process, track the real implementation of business strategies and SOP, provide a "grasping hand" for personnel management and provide a basis for SOP iteration. As a new generation of sales management weapon, in the insurance industry, the conversational analysis Insight system of circular intelligence has served many head insurance customers including PICC P&C Insurance Company of China (601319), Taiping Life Insurance Company, Taikang Life Insurance Company, MetLife Insurance Company and Zhongan Insurance Company, helping enterprises to achieve a two-fold increase in sales management efficiency, a 30% increase in the opening rate of key businesses and a 20% increase in the per capita productivity of front-line business personnel.

Shanghai jianjiao technology service co., ltd: Commercial Insurance Big Data Service Platform IDS

Data in Taiwan -IDS commercial insurance big data service platform, with more data running, less people running errands, the pioneer of digital health and the owner of high-tech barriers. Original ARS technology system, focusing on vertical innovation of health care and insurance big data. The original ARS technology system of Jianjiao Technology is a combination of artificial intelligence systematic thinking of "data+computing power+algorithm" and cross-disciplinary systematic innovation based on health economics and actuarial science of health insurance. It uses artificial intelligence big data to accelerate the realization of digital therapy, health management, health risk prediction, etc. At the same time, the results can be accurately applied to multiple scenarios of health insurance protection ecology to reduce costs and increase efficiency.

Beijing you quan zhi hui information technology co., ltd: Intelligent risk control system of Bao Zhun Niu-Aegis

Baozhuniu Company made use of more than three years’ experience in risk control to build a Aegis intelligent risk control system, and constructed a closed loop of data before insurance, during insurance and after insurance, which greatly reduced the risk of compensation and realized the linkage between risk and price. Data-based and intelligent Aegis risk control system can build a risk control model based on massive big data, which can quickly and effectively identify risks, and at the same time, dynamically assess risks and dynamically link pricing with intelligent underwriting, monitor key risk indicators (CRI), monitor risk strategies, dynamically iterate case evaluation and deal with risk control strategies and rules, and finally review risk control strategies retrospectively, and iterate and optimize them.

Zhongan information technology service co., ltd: R&D operation and maintenance integrated platform

Zhongan Technology’s R&D, operation and maintenance integrated platform is the basic idea of Zhongan Technology around "improving efficiency, ensuring quality, reducing cost and visualizing value", which empowers the whole business R&D process of enterprises. After years of experience in supporting Zhongan insurance business and customer service in the financial industry, it has created a set of mature product platforms and solutions, which is the best practical achievement of Zhongan Technology’s combination with foreign technology output, and can provide enterprises and organizations with one-stop DevOps system capacity building programs. At the same time, combined with supporting consulting services, knowledge transfer, and training empowerment, the DevOps system can be successfully implemented within enterprises and organizations, thus helping enterprises and organizations to improve the efficiency and quality of software development and enhance business continuity.

Beijing Shen zhi heng Ji technology co., ltd: Intelligent service platform for insurance operation

As an intelligent operation service platform for insurance claims, Shenzhi Hengji’s self-developed artificial intelligence technology combines with various rule engines to reconstruct the traditional insurance claims business process. With the improvement of Shenzhi Hengji’s product matrix, it gradually has the ability to build a complete intelligent claim service and integrate these core capabilities into an "intelligent service platform for insurance operations". Comprehensively solve the pain points of low operating efficiency, slow claims timeliness, high operating cost and high risk of fraudulent insurance claims, empower the digital operation of health insurance and auto insurance intelligent claims, and reduce the operating costs of enterprises.

Yibao Network Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.: Yi Baoyun Zhongtai

Yi Bao? Cloud platform? It is an insurance middleware platform for insurance companies, insurance brokers/agencies, part-time channels, insurance technology companies and start-ups Support the use of any insurance products and sales channels. Provide all-round technical empowerment for the insurance ecology, support insurance companies to quickly create products, solution providers to achieve rapid innovation, and empower distributors to efficiently develop and embed various insurance apps. Develop new insurance applications, digitize existing insurance applications, and connect insurance with the world. Through Epro Cloud, customers can build an architecture based on cloud, micro-service and scenario application, and provide an extensible architecture for large-batch, high-variability and high-speed insurance solutions in the fast-growing insurance online market. Yibaoyun Zhongtai is a proven enterprise-level solution.

Datong insurance sales service co., ltd: DAC digital customer acquisition and empowerment system

DAC Digital Acquisition of Customer is the first enterprise platform systematic acquisition and empowerment mode launched by Datong Insurance Service. Relying on quick insurance APP and taking service as the starting point, the online closed loop of the whole process from customer acquisition, content, operation, ability growth and evaluation feedback is realized, forming an efficient system for creating value for customers and consultants. DAC digital customer acquisition and empowerment system can achieve innovative customer acquisition and modularization of operation at the same time, establish a sustainable customer acquisition and empowerment system, and cultivate the new ability of service consultants facing the future.

Shenzhen baolian technology co., ltd: Insurance intermediary core system "Tibetan Insurance Map"

The "Tibetan Insurance Map" system is an insurance technology system integrating sales, training and management after ten years’ polishing and six iterations. It can solve a series of pain points such as exhibition billing, product signing, data transmission, system compliance, marketing training, etc., and realize the comprehensive empowerment of insurance intermediaries. The "Collection and Protection Map" system is divided into front-end mobile exhibition system and back-end core business system. Through API, H5+CPS feedback, it has directly connected with the core business systems of nearly 90 insurance companies (including 50 life insurance companies), which can realize real-time data feedback, reconciliation and settlement of insurance companies, and can realize the transaction, payment, reconciliation, settlement and double recording of all kinds of insurance products such as life insurance and property insurance.

Shanghai zhanlve data technology co., ltd: RPA+AI one-stack insurance intelligent risk control service platform

Stack data is an insurance technology company focusing on the field of health insurance risk control. Based on the world’s leading RPA+AI technology, data-driven and combined with insurance business experience, the company has built an integrated health insurance service platform based on knowledge mapping technology and evolutionary machine learning system for customers such as commercial insurance companies and social security agencies, which can effectively solve the problems of serious social security fraud, inefficient claims/underwriting and single insurance product design in the insurance industry.

Beijing yuan Xin hui Bao technology co., ltd: actuarial platform of Center-of-the-Circle Huibao special drug insurance products

The actuarial platform of special drug insurance products developed by Center Huibao has completed the processing and analysis of medical insurance big data and drug use data, and provided an intelligent platform for actuarial assumptions of special drug insurance related responsibilities according to multiple factors such as cancer incident frequency, indication ratio, treatment cycle and dosage, drug cost, population structure, deductible and compensation ratio, and pricing logic algorithm. It is an actuarial wisdom brain integrating data, rules and algorithms. Through this platform, the product actuarial team can quickly maintain information and measure products.

Hangzhou mishu technology co., ltd: Meter Intelligent Medical Audit System

The meter intelligent medical examination system can seamlessly connect with the multiple claims system of insurance companies and manage the data in a unified way. The big data processing and analysis ability of the meter intelligent medical examination system can empower the internal management and visual management data panel of insurance companies, and transform the work tracks of hospitals, doctors, institutions and frontline personnel into visual data, which can be updated in real time and truly reflect the work efficiency and results. Based on convolutional neural network and deep learning technology, the claim data are processed electronically and structurally, and the functions of intelligent non-medical insurance adjustment, unreasonable expense elimination, auxiliary negotiation, litigation support, liability judgment and claim risk control are realized, which helps insurance companies to carry out intelligent audit of medical expenses.

Shanghai shangyong technology co., ltd: Health Beidou Customer Service Insight and Service Platform

"Healthy Beidou" customer service insight and service platform includes three modules. Based on health event radar and service demand recommendation algorithm, the main body of Health Beidou can track the changes of customers’ health status in real time and classify customers. Then, through the "Zhiduoxing" customer portrait system, the accurate customer portrait is carried out, and the most personalized and urgently needed health risk solution is provided for customers by combining the health Beidou service demand recommendation algorithm. For customers who have insight into possible risks, they will provide an active claim settlement plan through "Smart Easy Compensation" to let customers experience the ultimate claim settlement service and payment experience.

Shanghai pingjia technology co., ltd: Eye of the Sky Channel Empowerment Platform

The Eye of the Sky channel empowerment platform is a one-stop service platform to solve insurance transactions and regulatory compliance, which helps automobile manufacturers to realize digital management of insurance business, improve business efficiency and customer data quality, and then promote the renewal business and after-sales output value. The Eye of the Sky-channel empowerment platform is based on the overall technology of the platform, providing services to OEMs and dealers in the form of insurance billing and various management tools, solving the problems of one-click insurance pricing and billing for dealers, customer (new or renewed warranty) management, push repair management, service package operation of non-auto insurance products, promoting the rate of car owners returning to stores, etc., and empowering dealers and OEMs.

Huize insurance broker co., ltd: Jumi innovation model

Jumi platform provides rich product matrix supply chain, efficient online exhibition tools, 7*24-hour operation support such as consultation, underwriting, security and compensation coordination, safe and compliant risk control system and other services, helping independent agents to build personal IP brands, providing service support for like-minded excellent brokers and independent agents from business learning to sales, billing and income, helping to reduce the difficulty of insurance sales, improving the business income of front-line sales personnel and fully satisfying the platform.

Annual quality service

Shuidi company: Water Drop WFind System-Insurance Innovation Service

Shuidibao launched the "W Find" (water drop family insurance needs diagnosis) water drop family security needs diagnosis system. Empower brokers to provide doctor-like demand diagnosis services according to customers’ family population, financial income and expenditure and future expectations. "WFind" family security needs diagnosis system has six steps: sorting out family income and expenditure and financial situation, defining family security needs, understanding family risk gap, designing insurance portfolio solutions for users, making multi-dimensional product comparison, and finally discussing with customers to determine the most suitable family security plan.

You Jia Jian Bao Healthy Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd.: excellent care of family doctors

Youjia Health is the first to put forward the service mode of "home medical care", that is, by linking the core medical service providers-doctors and nurses at the same time, to create a closed-loop service covering the whole scene of online and offline. By meeting the diverse needs of users, the trust relationship between doctors and patients is established, so as to provide personalized medical and health services throughout the life cycle. Online, doctors are the entrance to medical and health services. Youjia Health has a self-built Internet hospital, and its own and contracted doctor team has reached more than 20,000. Offline, Youjia Health insists on building a nurse network, and has signed more than 30,000 certified nurses, covering 330 cities across the country.

Shenzhen Huada Gene (300676) Co., LtdLife science and technology help insurance, and build an integrated solution of "pre-screening, diagnosis, protection and rehabilitation" for tumors.

As an active practitioner of the construction of a healthy China, Huada Gene adheres to the vision of "gene technology benefits mankind", always puts the service of people’s life and health in a prominent position, actively explores a new mode of joint insurance for genetic testing, and is committed to creating an integrated comprehensive solution of "pre-screening, diagnosis, protection, treatment and health" throughout the whole life cycle of cancer. The customized detection of minimal residual tumor (MRD) can tailor a personalized monitoring scheme for tumor patients. By monitoring the ctDNA in patients’ blood, whether there is minimal residual tumor can be evaluated. In the case of inconclusive imaging, the positive ctDNA can prompt tumor recurrence or metastasis earlier, which is suitable for recurrence monitoring and curative effect monitoring after patients receive radical treatment.

Chongqing dadi finance technology co., ltd: Dadi Jinke Pet Digital Service Platform

In 2020, Dadi Jinke began to lay out the pet service ecology, assisting the parent company Dadi Insurance to build an integrated pet service platform of "service+insurance". The digital platform for pet service consists of five core systems, namely, the value-added service core system, the pet risk control core system, the pet hospital service applet, the self-operated pet mall "Mengpaw Medical Treasure" and the supply chain system.

Shenzhen pilotage new generation technology co., ltd: Zizaixiong Pet Insurance

At the end of 2020, OneDegree Group set up an operation organization in China Mainland in Qianhai, Shenzhen, with the brand name "Free Bear". Free bear relies on Hong Kong OneDegree Insurance Technology Company. Free Bear successfully introduced the experience and resources of Hongkong star pet insurance products in the Mainland, served the new generation of pet owners in China, and provided customers with professional and comprehensive pet medical insurance products and perfect reimbursement process services. In the risk control practice of pet insurance, Zixiong has realized basic identity verification before insurance, anti-fraud verification, personalized premium pricing, risk probability evaluation and risk early warning during insurance, intelligent refusal, compensation evaluation and intelligent flash compensation after insurance.

Brand is an important asset of insurance institutions.This list selected the brands of insurance companies, intermediary companies and agent training brands that performed well in brand building in the past year. They used rich communication channels to convey valuable information and brand image to users, which was recognized by the majority of users.

Insurance industry IP of the year

Zhunzhi insurance broker co., ltd: Shen Lanbao

Deep Blue Insurance is a brand of Concentrated Insurance Brokerage Co., Ltd.. Since its establishment in 2017, Deep Blue Insurance has always adhered to the concept of "neutrality, professionalism and integrity", deeply cultivated the fields of insurance science popularization and product evaluation, and insisted on being good to users, creating a large number of images and videos related to commercial insurance and social security. The content matrix covers all platforms such as WeChat, Tik Tok, Aauto Quicker, Xiaohongshu, bilibili and Zhihu, and has accumulated over 9 million high-viscosity users so far.

New Force of Insurance Brand of the Year

Beijing jiaoyin interactive technology co., ltd: IFA Independent Financial Advisor

IFA Independent Financial Advisor certification, issued by China Business Federation, is a professional competence certificate generally held by wealth management posts in the investment and wealth management industry and generally recognized by insurance, securities, funds and wealth management institutions.

The original intention of IFA independent financial advisor certification program is to provide more and more comprehensive empowerment support for insurance practitioners, help them build their own professional core competitiveness, and meet the diversified financial services needs of customers in a more professional manner.

Excellent new media of the year

Huize insurance broker co., ltd: "Qi Xin Yun Fu" video number

"Qixin Yunfu" is the official self-media account of Qixin Yunfu platform under Huize Insurance Broker for internal and external communication. Since its establishment, it has successively created a number of featured articles and video columns, such as Qixin Small Trend, Big V Talking about Insurance, Bao Si Da Di, and Xiao Q Q Q&A Special Session, to provide 3W+ partners with the viewpoint, content and methodology of self-media account operation, boost the in-depth construction of professional science popularization in the industry, and contribute to consumers’ understanding of insurance.

Brand breakthrough of the year

Huagui Life Insurance Company Limited

Since 2022, the luxury insurance brand has been completely renewed, and the brand image of "Guardian of a Better Life Around You" has been completely displayed, which has diverted the propaganda trend of "Guarding a Better Life" in the industry. At the same time, luxury insurance has blossomed in the new media field. Weibo’s topic "Small goal that can be achieved in five years" and "wish blind box" have repeatedly broken the circle, showing the power of insurance protection to the public. Wechat content, little red book and other platforms have planted grass, and the dissemination content is varied. The planning of "Good Life Calendar" and "Luxury Guardian Series Posters" are deeply in line with the preferences of young people, making insurance show its youthful vitality again and the brand influence of luxury insurance has steadily increased.

In addition to the above-mentioned participating brands, we selected the hot Internet insurance products in 2022 based on the data provided by major insurance sales platforms and the product popularity of major insurances from the media.

Hot Internet Insurance Products of the Year

Hongkang China life

Happy ever after increased whole life insurance.

Pacific health

Enjoy worry-free million medical insurance

Everyone insurance

Yangduoduo No.3 endowment annuity insurance

Guolian life insurance

Darwin 7 critical illness insurance

Picc property and casualty insurance

Big armor No.5 adult accident insurance

China Property Insurance/Yong ‘an Insurance

Blue Ocean No.1 and No.2 Critical Illness Insurance

2023 will be an important year of recovery. At this important node, we should strengthen our confidence, seize the opportunity together with these excellent enterprises, and make unremitting efforts for the development of the insurance industry.

This article first appeared on WeChat WeChat official account: Bao Guan. The content of the article belongs to the author’s personal opinion and does not represent Hexun.com’s position. Investors should operate accordingly, at their own risk.

　　Lead: Send off the keyboard man of New York Fashion Week, get ready for ammunition and wait for London Fashion Week. About London, I really want to see adjectives other than "unconstrained style", because there are also bare breasts and dragon and phoenix dancing! (Editor: Du Mingwei)

　　The following is a group chat record that took place after 11 noon. After that, I completely gave up the idea of sleeping on weekends.

　　The background of the dialogue is after Pam Hogg’s spring and summer 2019 show in London Fashion Week, which has just been "bombed".

　　I just want to say one thing to you: Eat, drink and be merry!

　　I don’t know if you big V bloggers who flew to London from new york are prepared psychologically. After all, this is the place where the design ghosts of Alexander McQueen, Vivienne Westwood and John Galliano, with the titles of "British fashion hooligan", "mother of punk" and "hopeless romantic master", get rich.

　　Fine, at the end of the story, can you please explain that this spinning and jumping dancer suit can still shake your rock sexy disco?

　　If new york is a city with high acceptance, then London is trying to show us how unlimited people are. Or in other words, ask the anti-vice inspection team to find out.

　　In addition to yo-yo color matching and fried crispy Pipi shrimp, Pam Hogg’s show sign is more like a masquerade ball in the old design era.

　　As the song goes: "I wore a veil and a headpiece with fake diamonds to attend this long-awaited masquerade ball." I know this will be my only chance, to be familiar with you but unfamiliar with you … You finally came to me gently and drove away Cinderella’s inferiority complex. "

　　Almost completely changed the shape of the body and the appearance of the face, which may really give Cinderella some courage and look at the prince in the eye. Anyway, you can’t recognize me, so what if it’s a fire.

　　Yes, this understanding must be a standard textbook answer.

　　Ps: The kind that can only appear in old magazines and never appear in real life.

　　Compared with other famous designers in London Fashion Week, she started her own fashion industry in the 1980s, and she is a young designer. At about the same time, Japanese designers broke into the European fashion circle and dismantled the fashion with various tricks that challenged the physical limits, which must have had a profound impact on Pam Hogg.

　　At the same time, she has the dual identity of a designer and a musician. From 1990 to 2000, Pam Hogg made many achievements in the music industry, not only formed the band Doll and Hoggdoll to write lyrics for this band, but also held a roving art exhibition to show the fashion films she directed.

　　It is said that Rhianna (Rihanna), Kylie Minogue (kylie minogue), rock women Alison Mosshart and Siouxsie Sioux, who are friends in the music circle, all love her clothes very much.

　　Everyone loves the clothes she designed. ……

　　I love the clothes she designed. ……

　　Love the clothes she designed ……

　　However, no matter how you recite the scriptures, there is no doubt that China Keyboard Man will never buy it.

　　@ Fanxi: Just fashionable orchid

　　@ Go to Qian Shan to see the setting sun.

　　@ Meng always loves art: I don’t understand the ninth picture.

　　The one on the first floor, if I guess correctly, must be from Zibo. But is it really appropriate for you to describe it as "fashionable"?

　　But there is also a very bad point. Will this give many cutting-edge designers the idea that no matter how much I go too far, there will always be countless fashion editors to give me a round trip?

　　With a strong heart that has seen Pam Hogg, I can finally watch all the shows and spit in London Fashion Week today.

　　On MATTY BOVAN’s runway this year, we finally breathed a sigh of relief about the world’s environmental protection problems, and finally we don’t have to worry about the transition and waste of garbage storage, because no matter how many surplus resources there are, they will be piled up on his clothes in the new season.

　　@ Ayu Xiao Bao: I don’t understand, after all, I’m not an artist.

　　@ Not in the search range: This ….. I don’t understand.

　　Contrasting colors, piling up, modern Superman or Contra, it is really easy to gradually adapt to all kinds of shameful and abnormal elements in London. I even feel that I want to try it, just for a moment.

　　Well, congratulations, it’s about to start to be very BIAN TAI.

　　Britain, of course, it is one-sided to use a country’s design to hold a certain type in place. But from the usual London Fashion Week, there are really few cool or flat designs. If we have to explain, the post-war material shortage more than 50 years ago and the rationing system that was not enough for anything really had a great influence on the designers at that time.

　　However, this kind of London, which is often called "creative", has always proved to be beneficial, always bringing fresher elements to fashion. When these elements are gradually integrated with the actual clothing structure, it will become more and more forward-looking.

　　Soon, I’ll get used to the rhythm of galloping cars on the runway of London Fashion Week.

　　@ 京京京京京京: This series is good.

　　@ Strawberry is just beautiful: it’s really beautiful.

　　@ Xiaobai Meets Cat: Good-looking

　　　　　　 After watching several "accidents" in London Fashion Week all day, RICHARD MALONE finally showed us creativity and fashion, not tit for tat.

　　How about it? Are you getting closer and closer to your ideal street style?

　　Has London Fashion Week just started seen something exciting to look forward to?

　　　Click on the link to review the previous fashion porridge:

　　Fashion porridge Vol.7 | new york’s final article: Laoganma of new york and Lin Yongjian female model who hit her face.

　　Fashion porridge Vol.6 | After watching several shows in new york, it is particularly difficult to turn off the lights when sleeping.

　　Fashion porridge Vol.5 | Black Naomi on the first day after the catwalk? Hack her? Hack her?

　　Fashion porridge Vol.4 | These "shut-up stunning" have seriously caused physical discomfort.

　　Beijing, April 24 (Leng Haoyang), the client of Zhongxin. com, is also in the graduation season. At this time of the year, the whereabouts of college graduates will attract social attention. This year, more than 8.2 million college graduates will leave school. How will they choose between starting a business and getting employment? At the same time, what about the view that "employment is a compulsory course before starting a business" in recent years?

　　On April 12, a graduate double election meeting was held in a university in Beijing. Photo by leng Yuyang

　　Choose entrepreneurship or employment?

　　"I have the idea of starting a business, but I feel that the time is not ripe. I’d better find a job first and get familiar with the social environment before watching." A senior student of Beijing Normal University told the reporter of Zhongxin.com..

　　In the interview, the reporter found that there are not a few students with similar ideas. According to the 2017 China University Students’ Entrepreneurship Report released by China Renmin University, China university students’ entrepreneurial will continues to rise, and nearly 90% of them have considered starting a business, among which 26% have a strong or strong entrepreneurial will.

　　In September 2017, at the press conference held by the Ministry of Education, Wu Yan, director of the Higher Education Department of the Ministry of Education, introduced that the entrepreneurial rate of China university graduates has reached 3%, nearly double the level of 1.6% in developed countries.

　　Zhang Yuan was admitted to Sichuan University in 2011. During his stay at school, he participated in many college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship competitions and won awards. In the eyes of many students, Zhang Yuan has always been associated with entrepreneurship.

　　In 2015, after graduating from college, Zhang Yuan did not choose to start a business. In his view, the lack of social resources and the lack of ability to control the market are still stumbling blocks on his entrepreneurial road. So, he joined a consulting company, prepared to exercise himself, and wanted to take the opportunity to see if there was market demand for his entrepreneurial projects.

　　In June 2017, Zhang Yuan, who has been working in the consulting industry for two years, embarked on the road of entrepreneurship. With his carefully prepared projects, he not only got the investment smoothly, but also got the qualification to settle in Tianjin and the tax exemption for enterprises.

　　Now, Zhang Yuan, who is about to start a business for one year, has set up a team of five people and got his share in the market. Zhang Yuan said that the feeling after starting a business is still very different. "It is a great sense of accomplishment to see that your project can grow up gradually through your own efforts."

　　"But I often feel that it is difficult to ride a tiger." Zhang Yuan told the reporter of Zhongxin. com that after starting a business, the work intensity suddenly increased and the pressure was much greater, so he had no time to take care of his own life. "I can’t slack off for my own entrepreneurial dream and for the efforts of every member of the team."

　　Data Map: On March 29, 2018, Xiamen University College Students’ Innovation and Entrepreneurship Practice Base, the college students’ team demonstrated the robot football they developed. China News Service reporter Sun Zifa photo

　　Employment is a compulsory course before starting a business?

　　Although the entrepreneurial enthusiasm of graduates is high, the success rate of entrepreneurship is not high. In recent years, there is a voice in the society that employment is a "compulsory course" for college graduates who have just left school. How should this view be viewed?

　　Chu Zhaohui, a researcher at China Academy of Educational Sciences, said in an interview with Zhongxin. com that rationality is very important for graduates to choose entrepreneurship. In his view, many graduates are impulsive in choosing to start a business, and the risk will be higher if they choose to start a business without corresponding social resources and sufficient entrepreneurial ability.

　　But he also believes that the term "compulsory course" is not accurate. "You don’t have to find a stable job before starting a business. Some students pay close attention to the social environment at school and take part in many social activities. Entrepreneurship is a good choice for students with this ability and resources. " Chu Zhaohui said.

　　Zhang Baoyi, director of the Institute of Sociology of Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences, told Zhongxin. com that after leaving the campus, college students have entered the society for a short time and their understanding of the market is not clear enough. It is best to observe the market and gather resources through employment first, so as to accumulate experience and ability for starting a business.

　　At the same time, he also said that students with strong entrepreneurial will had better choose Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Shenzhen and other cities to start businesses, because the entrepreneurial environment in these cities is relatively mature, entrepreneurs have good projects, and there are many opportunities for other marketing and venture capital.

　　Data Map: Job seekers communicate with employers. Xiang Fei photo

　　Career planning is very important.

　　"Whether it is employment or entrepreneurship, it is a stage to realize the value of life. For graduates, the most important thing is to make a good career plan. " Huang Feikai, head of the student section of the School of Public Administration of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, told the reporter of Zhongxin.com.

　　In addition, he also said that employment and entrepreneurship have different emphases and different requirements for students’ ability. There is no absolute advantage or disadvantage. What really matters is to choose the one that is more suitable for you. I hope students don’t follow the trend and think carefully about their own situation and market environment.

　　A person in charge of the recruitment of a company in Beijing told the reporter of Zhongxin.com that many job seekers she came into contact with lacked clear career plans. "Many students don’t know what they want to do in the future and lack understanding of their core competitiveness. Such job seekers will naturally lack competitiveness." The person in charge said.

　　In this regard, Chu Zhaohui suggested that graduates should first grasp the general direction in their career planning. One is to be clear about their aspirations, advantages and potential. The second is to find the needs of society and know whether their own advantages are compatible with the needs of society.

　　Chu Zhaohui suggested that graduates should combine these two points. First set the general development direction, and then consider other factors comprehensively. (At the request of the interviewee, some characters in the text are pseudonyms) (End)